Chapter 7 Chapter 6 Development of landscapes in the Song and Song dynasties

The chaotic situation in the late Tang and Five Dynasties did not end until Zhao Kuangyin established the Northern Song Dynasty in AD 960.Although the commercial economy of the Northern Song Dynasty has further developed, and there has been a peaceful climate for more than 100 years, the national defense force is weak, the territory is small, and the style cannot be compared with that of the Tang Dynasty. In 1127, the Jurchens of the Kingdom of Jin entered the Central Plains.Zhao Gou, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty, established a small court of the Southern Song Dynasty in Hangzhou, which confronted the Jin Dynasty in the north for more than 100 years.The Southern Song Dynasty was only half of the country, but due to the south of the Yangtze River, the area of ​​farmland reclamation increased greatly, and the grain output generally increased.The arms industry developed rapidly, and the production capacity of the textile industry surpassed that of the Northern Song Dynasty.In addition, papermaking, printing, waterway transportation and commercial trade are also increasingly developed.The speed at which the entire southern China developed was unmatched by the previous dynasties.Soon after the Mongols destroyed the Jin Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty fell into war, and was finally destroyed by Yuanmeng in 1279, which ended the history of China's north-south division.

The prosperity of the commercial economy in the Song Dynasty surpassed that in the Tang Dynasty. Not only did the number of commercial cities increase greatly, but even the trade activities in the capital Bianjing (now Kaifeng) were much more lively than those in the Tang Dynasty.In the Tang Dynasty, commercial activities in Chang'an City were limited to the eastern and western cities, and nights were banned, and citizens were not allowed to go out.The population of Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty is estimated to be ten times that of Chang'an.Song Taizu issued an edict not to ban night markets, and commercial trade was not restricted by time and place, so markets and streets that exclusively sold certain types of commodities appeared throughout the city.Some streets also have night markets selling all kinds of snacks.An important downtown, doing business all night.In addition to shops, there are regular market trades every month. For example, the famous Daxiangguo Temple can accommodate 10,000 people for transactions.Today's Kaifeng still retains the style and features of an ancient cultural city, but it is no longer the old city of the Song Dynasty. Because of the wars and the flooding of the Yellow River, the old city has long been buried under the mud.The surviving relics of the Northern Song Dynasty include Daxiangguo Temple, Dragon Pavilion, Iron Tower and so on.The Daxiangguo Temple is not the original appearance, but was rebuilt during the Qianlong period, and the scale is far less than that of the Song Dynasty.There is only a big bell in the bell pavilion, which weighs more than 10,000 jins. It can also remind people of one of the eight scenic spots in Bianjing - "Xiangguo Frost Bell".The Dragon Pavilion was originally a part of the Imperial Palace of the Northern Song Dynasty. The current Dragon Pavilion hall was also rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty. In the main hall there is a large stone pier carved with dragons, which is said to be the throne of Zhao Kuangyin.Kaifeng Iron Tower is the original Song Dynasty.The art of fan iron in the Northern Song Dynasty has reached a very high level. Some iron towers cast at that time, such as the iron tower of Yuquan Temple in Dangyang, Hubei, and the iron tower in Jining, still exist today, with fine casters and beautiful shapes.However, this iron tower in Kaifeng City is not made of iron. Because the body of the tower is inlaid with brown glazed tiles, it looks like iron from a distance. It was commonly known as the iron tower in the Yuan Dynasty.It is actually a glazed brick pagoda, which was built during the reign of Emperor You of the Northern Song Dynasty (1049-1054 A.D.). It is an octagonal 13-storey pavilion with a spiral staircase on the inner wall.The whole tower is crystal clear and magnificent.There are more than 50 kinds of decorations carved on the glazed bricks, such as flying Apsaras, subduing dragons, Buddhist monks, unicorns, lions, music, flowers, etc. It is a masterpiece of brick carving art in the Song Dynasty.The positions of the doors and windows on the tower are staggered. It can be seen that during the construction of the tower, the problem that the doors and windows are on a straight line up and down is easy to collapse.The tower body is extremely strong in earthquake resistance, and has not been damaged after many earthquakes and floods.

When mentioning Kaifeng Mansion, people will think of Baogong, an upright official.Bao Zheng did exist in history. He was born in 999 AD and died in 1062 AD. He was a famous minister in the Northern Song Dynasty.He has outstanding political achievements, is honest and upright, enforces the law strictly, and is not afraid of the powerful.At that time, there was a saying that "if there is no joint, there is Yan Luo Lao Bao", which means that Bao Gong is as selfless as King Yama, and it is impossible to use favors to bribe him to open the joint.Now in the Kaifeng City Museum, there is a stele inscribed by Kaifeng Prefecture, on which are engraved the titles of 183 prefects and prefects of Kaifeng from the first year of Jianlong in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 960) to the fourth year of Chongning (AD 1105).According to the inscription, Bao Zheng served as governor of Kaifeng from February of the second year of Emperor Renzong Jiayou (AD 1057) to the third year of Jiayou, a total of about one year.After the Song Dynasty, people often pointed to the stele and praised Bao Gong, so that the name of Bao Zheng on the stele had been wiped into a deep pit by fingers.In addition, in Baohe Park, Hefei City, Anhui Province, there is Bao Gong Temple in Xianghuadun, which displays cultural relics unearthed from Bao Gong Cemetery, statues and stone carvings of Bao Gong.Because Baogong was from Hefei, Xianghuadun was the place where he studied, so a special shrine was built here in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

There are innumerable relics of celebrities in the Song Dynasty all over the country. The most famous ones are Yueyang Tower by the Dongting Lake, Su Causeway and Yue Tomb of West Lake in Hangzhou. In the west gate of Yueyang City, Hunan Province, facing Dongting Lake, it is one of the most famous pavilions in the south of the Yangtze River. It is also known as the three ancient buildings in the south of the Yangtze River together with the Yellow Crane Tower in Wuchang and Tengwang Pavilion in Nanchang.It has always been known as "the water in Dongting, the building in Yueyang".At the end of the Han Dynasty, Lu Su first built a military parade building here. Zhang Shuo, the Prime Minister of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, was stationed in Yuezhou, and the building was greatly repaired (qi masonry), and it was officially named "Yueyang Tower".In the fourth year of Qingli in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1044), Teng Zijing, who was exiled to guard Baling County, rebuilt the building and invited Fan Zhongyan, a famous statesman at that time, to write an article "The Story of Yueyang Tower".This prose first summarizes the vast scene of Dongting Lake with mountains and rivers in a magnificent manner, and then expresses feelings from the fact that Yueyang has always been the place where exiles live, and describes the time when the exiled literati climbed the tower to watch the different scenery of Dongting Lake. The resulting sorrow and joy.And further pointed out: Whether it is sad because of leaving hometown, fear of slander, or joy because of being happy and forgetting all honor and disgrace, they are all inspired by foreign things and expressed for themselves. Joy and joy", is in line with Gu Renren's heart.The presentation of this glorious thought is the main reason why this "Yueyang Tower" can be passed down through the ages.Yueyang Tower is also more famous because of this article.

They were all left by Su Dongpo, a great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, when he was dredging the West Lake.In the fourth year of Yuanyou in the Northern Song Dynasty (1089 A.D.), Su Shi came to Hangzhou to serve as magistrate.At this time, the West Lake was half silted up.He submitted a memorial to the emperor requesting the excavation of the West Lake in Hangzhou, and organized more than 200,000 migrant workers to dig out the grassy silt in the lake and build a long embankment across the lake from north to south. This is the famous Su Causeway.It starts from Nanping Road in the south and connects with Quyuan Fenghe in the north, with a total length of 2.8 kilometers.There are six bridges on the embankment, named Yingbo, Suolan, Wangshan, Yadi, Dongpu, and Kuahong. Peach willows are planted all over the embankment. Walking on the embankment in spring morning, you can watch the West Lake wake up in the morning mist, and the spring breeze is blowing. , The new willows are like smoke, so it is called "Su Causeway Spring Dawn", and it is the first of the ten scenic spots of West Lake.In addition, Su Shi also organized migrant workers to use lake mud to build a small island in the shape of a ring-shaped embankment, and erected three stone towers outside the island as a symbol of deep water. ], to prevent lake mud silting.The original pagoda has been destroyed, and the present three stone pagodas were rebuilt in the first year of Tianqi (AD 1621) in the Ming Dynasty. The pagodas are shaped like bottles, and each is more than two meters high.The three pagodas stand tall, and whenever the bright moon is in the sky, candles are lit in the pagoda, and the hole is covered with thin paper, so that the light shines out, like small moons, reflecting the reflection of the moon in the lake.There are three deep pools in the Jiuchuan Lake, so this scene is called "Three Pools Reflecting the Moon".

Su Dongpo, his father Su Xun, and his younger brother Su Zhe are all great writers.Among the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, there are the three great masters of their father and son, collectively known as the "Three Sus".Now there is Sansu Temple in the southwest corner of Meishan County, Sichuan, which was originally the former residence of Sansu.In the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1368 A.D.), the local people commemorated them and changed their houses into temples for the statues of Sansu.Rebuilt during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, there are buildings such as the main hall, Qixian hall, Baoyue Pavilion, stele pavilion, Yunyu building, cloak building, and wooden rockery hall, most of which are wooden bungalows.The wooden rockery hall is inspired by the "Wooden Rockery" written by Su Xun. The article says that there are three wooden rockery in Su's family, "the big shore is squatting, and the spirit is heavy", "the Zhuang Li is carved and cut, and it is hard to violate." It is also the portrayal of the spiritual temperament of Sansu and his son.Now the ancestral hall has been refurbished, with verdant trees and pavilions, restoring the old view of the garden ancestral hall.

Su Dongpo was upright all his life and was demoted many times.Everywhere he went, he recited poems and compositions, leaving many relics behind.In his later years, he was demoted to Huizhou (now Huiyang County, Guangdong Province) and Qiongzhou (now Danxian County, Hainan Province). He still maintained an optimistic attitude towards life and worked hard to do good things for the local people.When he was in Huizhou, he donated money to assist the monk Xigu to build an embankment and bridge on the West Lake in Huizhou, connecting the lonely mountain and lion mountain in the lake with the land. This embankment is also called Su Causeway. "Playing with the moon on Su Causeway" has become one of the eight scenic spots of Huizhou West Lake.The former residence of Dongpo was originally on the Baihe Peak by the lake, and Dongpo Pavilion was built later.When he was in Qiongzhou, the local people built him a simple thatched hut-like residence with a scorpion (guangguang) nut.The site is still in Zhonghe Town, east of Dan County.Between Haikou and Qiongshan County, there are Sugong Temple and Dongpo Academy built in the Ming Dynasty.When Su Shi was relegated to Hainan, he saw that the place was suffering from a long drought, so he led people to dig a well. When the spring water gushed out, there were corn floating on the water surface, and it was named "Floating Millet Spring".The strange flowers and trees in the temple are elegant and clean, and the Fusu spring dug by Su Shi still exists.

The tomb of Yue Fei, a famous anti-gold general in the early Southern Song Dynasty, is at the foot of Qixia Ridge by the West Lake.Yue Fei (1103-1142 A.D.) was born in a poor peasant family in Tangyin County, Henan Province.He joined the army at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty.After the establishment of the small imperial court in the Southern Song Dynasty, he gathered his troops to fight against the gold, and made great achievements repeatedly, which made the enemy frightened.Later, he cooperated with the rebel army in the Central Plains and once fought near Bianjing, but was recalled by the corrupt court with 12 gold medals a day.Due to the envy of Emperor Gaozong of Song Dynasty and Qin Hui, the treacherous minister who collaborated with the enemy, Yue Fei was finally poisoned to death in prison by Qin Hui and his henchmen on the charge of "unnecessary" crimes. He was only 39 years old when he was killed.The jailer Kui Kui Shun secretly carried his body to Beishan for burial.After Song Xiaozong came to the throne, he actively advocated the war of resistance, recovered Yue Fei's official title, and reburied his remains under Qixia Mountain according to official rituals.The name of the cemetery is "Jingzhong Garden".Kneeling under the tomb are four cast-iron portraits, hands tied behind their backs, kneeling facing the tomb. These are the four people who framed Yue Fei, Qin Hui, Qin's wife Wang Shi, Zhang Jun, and Wan Qi Xie (mo qi xie Mo Qixie).It is said that during the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty, there were first statues of Qin, Wang, and Wan. They were cast in bronze and were smashed by angry tourists. Later, a statue of Zhang Jun was added. been reviled for centuries.

The Southern Song Dynasty was on the south side of An'an, and made great contributions to the development of Hangzhou West Lake and Guilin's landscape.Hangzhou has become one of the economic centers of Jiangnan since the Sui and Tang Dynasties.During the Five Dynasties, King Qian Liu (liu Liu) of Wuyue established his capital here, built a palace, built more Buddhist temples and pagodas, dredged the West Lake and various rivers, built embankments where the Qiantang River entered the sea, and surrounded many polders, making Hangzhou more prosperous. The saying "There is heaven above, and Suzhou and Hangzhou below" was spread from this time.Now the famous stone pagoda of Lingyin Temple and Baochu (chuchu) pagoda in Hangzhou are relics of Wuyue Kingdom.

On the Yuelun Mountain beside the Qiantang River stands an octagonal tower, which is the Liuhe Pagoda.In the third year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 970), Qian Chu, king of Wuyue, built it to suppress the tide of the Qiantang River.The tower has nine floors and is more than 50 feet high. There are lights on the tower to guide the ships sailing at night on the river.It was destroyed by war at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, and rebuilt in the 23rd year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1153).The current pagoda temple is a relic of the Ming Dynasty, and the external wooden corridor eaves were rebuilt in the 25th year of Guangxu.The rest remains as it is.It is now 59.89 meters high, with eight sides and seven levels, and 13 floors of wooden eaves on the outside.There are small rooms in the center of each level and corridors outside.The levels are connected by spiral stairs, and there are patterns of various figures, flowers and birds, fish and insects on the xumizuo on each level.The architectural form is exactly the same as that recorded in "Zao Fa Shi" written by Song Lijie. It is a precious evidence in the history of Chinese architecture and a masterpiece of architectural art.

At the foot of Lingyin Mountain in the northwest of West Lake, there is a Feilai Peak.At the beginning of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (about 326 A.D.), the eminent Indian monk Huili climbed this mountain and said that this is the small ridge of Lingjiu Mountain in Tianzhu.Therefore, it is named Feilai Peak or Lingjiu Peak.There are many natural caves under the peak, and there are cold springs in front of them.Huili built a temple here and named it Lingyin.With the development of the temple, many Buddha statues were built in Feilai Peak.Lingyin Temple was very prosperous during the Five Dynasties Wuyue Kingdom.There are 9 floors, 18 pavilions and 72 halls, more than 1,200 houses, and 3,000 monks.It was later destroyed by war in the Yuan Dynasty.It was destroyed and rebuilt six times in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the existing hall is the remains of the Qing Dynasty.Behind the sitting statue of Maitreya Buddha in the Hall of Heavenly Kings is a statue of Wei Tuo carved from a whole piece of camphor wood, which is a relic of the Southern Song Dynasty.Of the relics of Wuyue Kingdom, there are only two stone scripture buildings in front of the Hall of Heavenly Kings.There are more than 380 stone statues of the Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties on Feilai Peak. Amitabha, Guanyin, and Dashizhi Bodhisattva on the right rock wall of Qinglin Cave were made in the first year of Guangshun in the Later Zhou Dynasty (951 A.D.). of the statue.Most of the statues in the Song Dynasty have complete structures and exquisite techniques.In the Northern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou had become the first state in the southeast.Soon after the capital was moved in the Southern Song Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong began to build the capital city and palace city in Hangzhou.Numerous palaces, imperial gardens and water pavilions were built around the West Lake, peaches, plums, and weeping willows were planted all over the banks of the Imperial Road, and there were many shops on both sides of the Imperial Street.Now there are several famous scenic spots in West Lake, which were formed in the Southern Song Dynasty.For example, "Willow Waves Hearing the Orioles" was originally the imperial garden of the small imperial court of the Southern Song Dynasty.This area is located on the south bank of the West Lake, and there are many willow trees. When the spring breeze blows, the willows turn over the green waves, and the singing of birds and swallows can be heard everywhere.Another example is "Quyuan Fenghe". In the Southern Song Dynasty, there was a Quyuan brewing official wine in the south of Hongchun Bridge on Lingyin Road. Lotus flowers were planted in the courtyard.During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, lotus was introduced here, pavilions and steles were built, and it was changed to "Fenghe in Quyuan".Another example is "watching fish in Huagang". In the Southern Song Dynasty, the third bridge of Su Causeway and the fourth bridge on the west bank faced each other.Lu Garden is the villa of Lu Yunsheng, a servant in the Song Dynasty. In the garden, ponds were dug to raise fish.When Ma Yuan, a famous court painter in the Southern Song Dynasty, included Lu Garden in his paintings of the ten sceneries of West Lake, it was called "Viewing Fish in Flower Harbor".It has now been expanded into a large park covering an area of ​​more than 20 hectares, and has developed the characteristics of flowers, ports and fish. There is an island between the inner lake and the outer lake of the West Lake. It is connected to the Baidi in the east and the Xileng (Lingling) Bridge in the west. It is 38 meters high and is called Gushan.There are many places of interest here.Lin Hejing, a poet in the early Northern Song Dynasty, lived here in seclusion and never served as an official or married.Planted 300 plum blossoms and raised a crane. There is a good story about "plum wife and crane son".He has a famous poem "Plum Blossoms", in which the two lines "Sparse shadows slant horizontally, water is clear and shallow, dark fragrance floats at moon and dusk", which expresses the posture and charm of plum blossoms very vividly, and has been praised by people all the time.After his death, he was buried in Gushan.There are Fanghe Pavilion and Mei Pavilion beside the tomb.There is also Wenlan Pavilion at the southern foot of Gushan Mountain, which is one of the seven royal library buildings in the Qing Dynasty where the "Siku Quanshu" was stored.Together with Wenhui Pavilion in Yangzhou and Wencong Pavilion in Zhenjiang, it is also known as the "Three Pavilions in the South of the Yangtze River".Among the three pavilions, only Wenlan Pavilion remains, so it is extremely precious.The west of Wenlan Pavilion was originally the palace of Shengyin Temple built by Kangxi and Qianlong, and it is now Zhongshan Park.The tomb of Qiu Jin, a martyr of the modern democratic revolution, is beside the Xiling Bridge at the west end of Gushan Mountain.The Xiling Yinshe on Gushan Mountain is a famous academic group studying inscriptions and seal carvings in modern my country.It was established in the 29th year of Guangxu (1903 A.D.), and the inaugural meeting was held in 1913. Wu Changshuo, a famous calligrapher, painter and epigrapher, was publicly elected as the president.The inner pavilions and pavilions of the printing house are very elegant and quiet, and the portraits and stone carvings of the printing people in the Qing Dynasty are preserved. It refers to the landscapes distributed within 2,000 square kilometers along the Lijiang River Valley from Xing'an in the north to Yangshuo in the south.This area is a typical karst terrain, and the mountains are all uprooted from the ground, as if cut into pieces.There are strange peaks, like bamboo shoots and long swords.Various stalactites, stalagmites, stone flowers and stone mantles in the caves in the mountains form a variety of wonders.The Lijiang River originates from Miaoer Mountain in Xing'an County, flows through Guilin, and passes through thousands of peaks. The river is crystal clear and smooth like a mirror. The beauty of Guilin is both natural and artificial.Many famous peaks and caves have been developed and constructed from the Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, surrounded by ancient buildings of past dynasties, and there are many cliff carvings on the mountains and in the caves.In the Song Dynasty, more people came here to inscribe the statues.For example, dozens of cliff statues in the wind cave of Diecai Mountain are all sculptures of the Song Dynasty, with 25 niches and 97 bodies, including Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, and supporters, most of which are in the Northern Song Dynasty style.In Reed Flute Cave, there are also many inscribed ink books written by Song people.In Qixingyan, the stone carving of "Bixu Ming" by Fan Chengda, a writer of the Southern Song Dynasty, is very good in calligraphy.Among the stone carvings on the cliff of Huanzhu Cave in Fubo Mountain, the most famous ones are the self-portraits and inscriptions of Mi Fu (fu Fu), a calligrapher and painter of the Song Dynasty, which was copied by Fang Xinru in the Southern Song Dynasty.According to records, there are several kinds of Mi Fu's self-portraits handed down from generation to generation.One is wearing the clothes of the ancients, and there is a postscript approved by Mi Youren, the son of Mi Fu. The statue is one foot three inches high, standing in a natural and unrestrained posture, and it is a very precious historical material of painting. This is the one.There are more than 60 pieces of cliff carvings on the cliff next to the Elephant Trunk Shanshuiyue Cave, most of which are carved in Song Dynasty.Among them are Lu You's poems, Zhang Xiaoxiang's "Chaoyang Pavilion Poems and Preface", and Fan Chengda's "Fushuiyuedong Ming".All three were famous patriotic poets in the Southern Song Dynasty.The famous stone carving area in Guilin also includes Longyin Cave and Longyin Rock at the southern foot of Yaoguang Peak on Yueya Mountain in Qixing Park.The rock walls here are densely inscribed, known as "the wall is endless", so it was named "Guihai Forest of Steles".There are more than 210 stone carvings from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty in total.The most famous of them is "Yuan He Dang Ji Monument".In the fourth year of Chongning (AD 1105), Cai Jing was the prime minister, and listed 309 Conservative Party members Sima Guang, Wen Yanbo, Su Shi, and Huang Tingjian who opposed the new law during Song Zhezong's Yuanyou period (AD 1086-1094) as traitors , Huizong issued an order to engrave stones and erect steles throughout the country.The comet appeared in the second year, Huizong thought it was ominous, and ordered the whole country to destroy the stele.The existing stele was re-engraved by Liang Lv, the great-grandson of Liang Tao, a member of the Yuanyou Party, in the fourth year of Qingyuan (1198 A.D.) after a lapse of 93 years.Another famous stele is "The Monument Inscribed by Three Generals of Pingman", which records the historical facts of the Song Dynasty sent Di Qing, Yu Jing and others to pacify the Tongzu Nong Zhigao.Nong Zhigao was the leader of the Nong surname in the left and right river valleys of Yong [Yongyong] Prefecture in the 1140s. He tried to separate himself from Lingnan and proclaimed himself emperor.He led his army to fight all the way to Guangzhou, burning and killing people along the way, and was defeated by the Song army and fled to Dali.There are also many poems inscribed by celebrities in the Song Dynasty in Guihai Forest of Steles, such as the stone inscription of Julujie by Shi Manqing, a poet of the Northern Song Dynasty, and "Ode to Five Monarchs" by Yan Yanzhi, a scholar of the Southern Dynasty, written by Huang Tingjian, and so on. "Guilin's scenery is the best in the world", "Yangshuo's scenery is the best in Guilin".Yangshuo County is in the southeast of Guilin and is the most beautiful place in Guilin.The 83-kilometer waterway of the Li River from Guilin to Yangshuo is an important part of Guilin's landscape.The mountains in this area are tall and straight, surrounded by clear water.Taking a boat from Guilin to the south, the trees on both sides of the bank are verdant, green bamboo forests, steep peaks, mountains and rivers complement each other, and green fields are dotted with cottage villages.Along the way, there are not only beautiful mountains and green waters, but also beautiful scenery such as deep pools and dangerous beaches, waterfalls and flowing springs, forming a beautiful picture scroll nearly a hundred miles long.The painted mountains in the North Lijiang River in Yangshuo County, the Rongyin Ancient Ferry in the south of the city, and the Moon Mountain are all masterpieces of nature. The culture of the Song Dynasty was more bookish than that of the Tang Dynasty.Academies are flourishing and spread all over the country, which is a major feature.The four most famous academies at that time (Songyang, Yingtianfu, Bailudong, Yuelu) still exist today.Among them, Bailudong Academy and Yuelu Academy had the greatest influence because of Zhu Xi's teaching.Zhu Xi (1130-1200 A.D.), born in Yanping, Fujian, was a profound scholar and the largest Confucianist in the Southern Song Dynasty.He made annotations to many important Confucian classics, making the thoughts of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, Dali scholars in the Northern Song Dynasty, more complete and systematic, thus forming "Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism".Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism was regarded as the orthodox thought by the feudal rulers during the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Zhu Xi became the most respected Confucian teacher. In the valley under the Wulao Peak of Mount Lushan.Zhu Xi came here to give lectures during the Chunxi period of the Southern Song Dynasty (1174-1189 A.D.), rebuilt the courtyard, established religious regulations, and asked the emperor to grant plaques and imperial books.Now there are more than 360 ancient buildings in the courtyard, mainly including the Hall of Rites, Yushu Pavilion, Minglun Hall, Sixian Terrace, etc., which house the statue of Confucius painted by the famous Tang Dynasty painter Wu Daozi, as well as the inscriptions and inscriptions of previous dynasties. It was very famous in the Northern Song Dynasty.During the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty, the famous scholar Zhang Shi [shishi] was invited to preside over the teaching affairs. Zhu Xi came to Changsha from Fujian to discuss learning with Zhang Shi and gave lectures in the academy. More than 20 years later, Zhu Xi served as the appeasement envoy of Hunan, expanded the scale of the academy, and increased the number of students. At that time, it was said that "there are three hundred people in Daolin, and one thousand disciples in the academy".When Zhu Xi gave lectures, the academy was too crowded to sit down, and it was very popular for a while.During Song Lizong's reign, Zhu Xi's Confucianism was advocated in major events, and he was honored as a grand master and enshrined as the Duke of Xin.Xiazhao Xuegong offered sacrifices to Zhu Xi and gave Yuelu Academy a plaque.The current building was built in the seventh year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1868). It is simple and elegant, and you can still imagine the grand occasion at that time. Wuyi Mountain in Chong'an County, Fujian Province is a famous scenic spot in my country, with a radius of 60 kilometers, surrounded by valleys on all sides, and is not connected to the outer mountains. It is known as "the most beautiful in the southeast".The whole mountain has 36 peaks, 99 rocks, 72 caves, and 108 views.The main scenic spots are concentrated in the Jiuqu River area.To visit the Jiuqu Mountains and Rivers, take a bamboo raft down the river from Xingcun, coiling around the mountain for about 7.5 kilometers, and you can see the peaks on both sides in half a day.Among them, Dawang Peak in Xikou, Yunv Peak in Erqu, and Tianyou Peak in Wuqu are all famous scenic spots in Wuyi Mountain.Zhu Xi once wrote a song "Jiuqu Ou Ge", which described in detail the scenery seen along the Jiuqu River.He is very familiar with this place because he studied with Liu Zihui (huihui), a scholar in Wuyi Mountain, when he was young.Later, with the position of "promoting", he was in charge of the Chongyou Wannian Palace under the Dawang Peak, which was a famous Taoist activity center in the Song Dynasty.From the tenth year of Chunxi (AD 1183), Zhu Xi gave lectures at Ziyang Academy under the Yinping Peak of Wuqu for 10 years, with many students and great influence.Now there are still Renzhi Hall, Yinqiu Room, Guanshanzhai, Hanqi Pavilion, Wandu Pavilion, Tiedi Pavilion and other buildings, collectively referred to as the "Old Site of Ziyang Academy".Zhu Xi also studied the boat coffins in the cliffs and caves on both sides of the Jiuqu River. This is the burial utensil of a branch of the ancient Yue nationality, which looks like a boat.Zhu Xi believed that it was the remains of minority tribes.According to the investigation and textual research of the Fujian Provincial Museum in the 1970s, these ship coffins have a history of more than 3,400 years.The stone carvings of famous people in Wuyi Mountain are all over the cliffs of the peaks and valleys, most of which were left by celebrities, scholars, civil servants, generals, monks and monks since the Song and Ming Dynasties. Although Buddhist art in the Song Dynasty was not as prosperous as in the Tang Dynasty, its achievements were also very high.The stone carvings in Dazu County, Sichuan Province, like Yungang, Longmen and Dunhuang, occupy an important position in the history of Chinese culture and art.There are tens of thousands of Tang and Song stone statues in Dazu County, with Song carvings being the most.Distributed in more than 20 stone carving areas.Among them, Beishan and Baoding districts are the essence of the whole county and even the whole province.The stone carvings in Beishan are most concentrated in Fowan, with a total of 264 niches, of which the 136th cave, named "Cave of the Runner Sutra", is particularly famous.On the front wall of the grotto is Buddha, and on the left and right walls are eight Bodhisattvas, plus warriors, boys and maids, forming a large group of statues with a symmetrical layout.The eight-bodied Bodhisattva statues are plump, round, elegant and generous, which is the essence of the stone carving art in this cave.Avalokitesvara, with her upper body turned slightly backwards, with a slight smile on her brows and mouth, has a chic and charming expression, commonly known as "Avalokitesvara".Puxian Bodhisattva rides on a white elephant, with a plump and delicate face, soft lines, elegant and serene expression, strong skin texture, clear folds and folds of clothes, finely carved crowns and ornaments, sharp knives, sharp edges and corners, The turning point is smooth and natural.Baoding Mountain was excavated in the Southern Song Dynasty. The project started in the second year of Chunxi (AD 1175) and lasted for more than 70 years, so it is mainly in the style of the Song Dynasty.Most of the content is Buddhist stories, which are quite interesting and well preserved.For example, "Hell in Disguise" in Xiaofowan originally portrayed all kinds of horrible scenes in hell, but the characters are all based on social life and local customs. There are mothers who feed their children, and there are also suffering people squatting on the snow in the cold and hunger. The images are simple and healthy, and they are also very interesting. There is hardly any religious intention.There are also many vivid shapes in the carving groups of other Buddhist stories. For example, in the "Cow Herding Picture", the happy expressions of two cowherd boys leaning on each other and laughing are vividly portrayed. In "The Picture of the Six Masters Slandering Buddha", the girl who is concentrating on blowing the 筚篥 [bi li Bi Li] is also delicately chiseled.Generally speaking, the Song carvings in Dazu Buddha carvings are not as magnificent as Tang carvings, nor are they as vigorous and powerful as Tang carvings.The images of gods and Buddhas are closer to real people, and most of them are beautiful and exquisite.Due to the general tendency of realism, the texture is stronger than that of Tang sculpture, and the expression is more detailed and complicated, and it is more full of life. The Jin Temple was founded before the Northern Wei Dynasty in memory of Shuyu, the second son of King Wu of Zhou.Shuyu was enshrined in the Tang Dynasty. Because of the presence of Jinshui, the name of the country was later changed to Jin, and later generations used "Jin" to name the temple.Jinci Temple was already a famous tourist attraction in the Tang Dynasty. The great poet Li Bai once wrote a poem describing the scene of "the flowing water of Jinci Temple is like jasper, the floating boats are playing with water flutes and drums, and the microwave dragon scales are green with sedges".After repeated repairs and changes, it was built on a large scale during the reign of Tiansheng in the Northern Song Dynasty.In the temple, a large-scale Notre Dame hall was built for Yijiang, the mother of Shuyu.This hall is the main building of the Jinci Temple. Although it was repaired in the Yuan and Ming dynasties, it still retains the shape and structure of the Song Dynasty.The main hall is surrounded by corridors, and there are eight wooden carved dragons on the pillars in front of the hall. This style is consistent with the system of "sub-order Zhouzai" mentioned in "Zaofashi" written by Li Jie in the Song Dynasty.The main hall has a wide interior space, large bucket arches, far-reaching eaves, and prominent side feet. It is a large-scale wooden structure of the Song Dynasty in China.There are 43 painted sculptures of the Song Dynasty in the hall of the Virgin Mary. The style of the painted sculptures is similar to that of the Dazu stone carvings.The Holy Mother is draped in a phoenix crown, sitting on a phoenix-headed chair.The maids hold the serving things in their hands, some serve the food, some are in charge of grooming, and some are in charge of cleaning, with expressive eyebrows and eyes, natural posture, and exquisite molding work, they are treasures among Song sculptures.In addition to the colored sculptures of the Song Dynasty in the Hall of the Virgin Mary, the "three wonders" in the Jinci Temple also have Zhou Bai and Sui Huai, which are still lush and lush since the Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasties.There is also Nanlaoquan, the source of Jinshui, with a flow rate of 1.8 cubic meters per second, and the water temperature is kept at 17°C, and the flow continues for a long time. It is a famous ancient temple that preserves the architectural style of the Song Dynasty.It is located in Zhengding County, Hebei Province. It was founded in the sixth year of Emperor Kaihuang (AD 586). It was originally named Longzang Temple.The whole temple covers an area of ​​about 50,000 square meters. It is an earlier, larger-scale, and relatively complete Buddhist temple complex in China. There are Mani Hall, Zhuanlunzang Pavilion, Cishi Pavilion, and Tianwang Hall in the architectural style of the Song Dynasty. .The Mani Hall is the essence of the remaining buildings of the whole temple. It was built in the second year of Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty (AD 1050).The shape is very special: the plane is square, surrounded by thick walls on four sides, and there is a building in the middle of each side, forming a cross-shaped plane. The overall architectural shape forms a majestic and stable basic style, but at the same time it does not lose the beauty of magnificence and lightness.This kind of shape is the only example among the existing Song Dynasty buildings in my country. The beam structure of the main hall is stable, and a large number of oblique arches are used under the eaves.There is also the tallest bronze Buddha statue in the country in Longxing Temple. In the Dabei Pavilion, it is 22 meters high, and there is a 2.2-meter-high stone Xumizuo below.The figure of the Buddha is tall and well-proportioned, the clothes are smooth, and the cast is especially fine below the waist, which is obviously the artistic style of the Song Dynasty.The 40 arms on both sides of the bronze statue have been changed to wood in the late Qing Dynasty, and only the arms on the front chest are made of copper.On the pedestal of the statue, on the inside of the pot (kun bundle) door, and on the pillars of the compartment, there are various decorative patterns such as Jiyue, Feitian, and Panlong, all of which are carved in the Song Dynasty and are very exquisite.There is also a "Longzang Temple Stele" on the southeast side of Dabei Pavilion, which is the most famous masterpiece in regular script.The history of the temple's founding is engraved on the inscription. The script is neat and square, strong and thick.Calligraphers believe that it is the first stele among the Sui steles, which gathers the culmination of calligraphy in the Six Dynasties. It plays an important role in inheriting the past and ushering in the future in the history of calligraphy art development from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties.