Chapter 5 Chapter 4 Relics of Buddhist Culture in the Six Dynasties

After the Eastern Han Dynasty perished in the Yellow Turban Uprising, it was replaced by the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu.The history of this period of feudal lords vying for the throne is so full of legends that later generations also attached many relics of the Three Kingdoms based on the plot in the novel. There are many historical sites in the Three Kingdoms, among which the most popular ones are Chibi and Wuhou Temple. There are true and false points.The real Chibi is located on the south bank of the Yangtze River 36 kilometers northwest of Puqi (Qi Qi) County, Hubei Province. This is the ancient battlefield of the Chibi War.In 208 AD, after Cao Cao unified the Yellow River Basin, he captured Jingzhou.At this time, only Sun Quan in Jiangdong and Liu Bei in Jingzhou were fighting against Cao Cao.Cao Cao claimed to have an army of 800,000, but the soldiers in the north were not familiar with water warfare, and the soldiers in Jingzhou surrendered and their morale was unstable.Lu Su, Sun Quan's assistant minister, suggested to Sun Quan to join forces with Liu Bei, and Liu Bei followed Lu Su's strategy and stationed in Fankou, E County.Cao Cao was going to lead his army down the river from Jiangling to the east.Zhuge Liang went to Chaisang to meet Sun Quan and conspired against Cao Cao.With the firm support of Lu Su and Zhou Yu, Sun Quan dispatched 30,000 elite soldiers and sent Zhou Yu to Fankou to meet Cao Cao at Chibi.At that time, Cao Cao's army was plagued by an epidemic, and the first battle was unfavorable, so he temporarily stationed in Jiangbei.On the south bank, Zhou Yu adopted Huang Gai's strategy of attacking with fire. He used 10 warships filled with firelights to pretend to surrender, and took advantage of the strong southeast wind to go straight to Cao Ying, burning Cao Cao who was connected with him. The fire on the warship spread all the way to the shore, and Cao Cao had no choice but to lead his troops away.Liu Bei and Zhou Yu advanced by land and water, and chased them all the way to Nanjun, forcing Cao Cao to return north.This battle established the situation of the Three Kingdoms.Now Chibi Mountain has been turned into a tourist attraction. There are Fengfengtai and Fengchu Nunnery on the mountain, all of which were built according to additions.There are several false red cliffs, the most famous one being Dongpo Red Cliff.When Su Dongpo, a great writer of the Northern Song Dynasty, was demoted to Huangzhou (now Huanggang County, Hubei Province) in the third year of Yuanfeng (1080 AD), he saw Chibiji on the north bank of the Yangtze River. It was said at that time that it was the ruins of Chibi, and he felt nostalgic for the past. He wrote Famous works such as "Red Cliff Fu" and "Nian Nujiao Chibi Nostalgia". "Ode to the Former Red Cliff" uses the form of subject-object question and answer to describe the beautiful scenery of boating on the river in autumn, express the sigh of the infinite universe and the short life, and talk about the dialectical relationship between the change and the invariability of everything in nature.The poetic, picturesque and philosophical aspects of the article are integrated to form a beautiful and lofty artistic conception. "Hou Chibi Fu" describes the scene of stepping on the moon on the banks of the Chibi River in winter. "Chibi Nostalgia" is a poem:

The great river goes east, the waves wash away, and there are romantic figures through the ages.On the west side of the old base, the human way is, Zhou Lang Chibi of the Three Kingdoms.The rocks pierced through the sky, the stormy waves hit the shore, and thousands of piles of snow were rolled up.Picturesque, a moment how many hero! Back in the day when Gong Jin was young, Xiao Qiao got married for the first time.Majestic and heroic, feather fans [guanguan] towels, talking and laughing, masts and sculls disappear in ashes.If you travel in the motherland, you should laugh at me passionately, and you will be born early.The world is like a dream, and one is still drunk [lei tired] Jiangyue.

This poem praises Zhou Yu's handsome and majestic posture and the magnificence of Jiangshan. While recalling the achievements of the ancients, it also expresses his depression of political frustration.However, the scope of the poem is extremely broad and bold, and it has always been known as the swan song of Chibi nostalgia.Therefore, although this is a fake Chibi, it also attracts countless tourists from future generations to come here to chant.During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, in order to distinguish it from the real Chibi, a memorial pavilion was rebuilt here, and it was named Dongpo Chibi.

It is a temple built to commemorate Zhuge Liang.The well-known figure in the Three Kingdoms is Zhuge Liang.He used to live in seclusion in Longzhong. After Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage three times and invited him out of the mountain, he made an alliance for Liu Bei with Sun Quan in the east, took Jingzhou and Sichuan in the west, and waited for the opportunity to return to the original plan in the north, and helped Liu Bei establish the Shuhan regime.After Liu Bei died of illness, he assisted his successor Liu Chan and marched into Yunnan to improve relations with the ethnic minorities in the southwest.He went out of Qishan six times to compete with Cao Wei for the Guanlong area, and finally died of illness in the army due to overwork.After Zhuge Liang's death, there are many temples in Sichuan commemorating him, among which the Wuhou Temple in Chengdu is the most famous.The ancestral hall covers an area of ​​37,000 square meters. It was built by Li Xiong, who became a state during the Sixteen Kingdoms period at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty.The existing hall was rebuilt in the eleventh year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1672 A.D.).The first half of the ancestral hall is the Zhaolie Temple to commemorate Liu Bei, and next to it is the joint burial tomb of Liu Bei, Mrs. Gan and Mrs. Wu, called Huiling.Behind Zhaolie Temple is Zhuge Liang Hall, which is called Jingyuan Hall.The three niches in the hall enshrine the seated statues of Zhuge Liang, his son Zhuge Zhan, and his grandson Zhuge Shang.Zhuge Liang is sitting in the middle, holding a feather fan, with a serene face.The temple is full of ancient cypresses, which are tall and dense, symbolizing Zhuge Liang's loyal character and immortal achievements.

Liu Beituogu's Baidi City is on the north bank of the Yangtze River four kilometers east of Fengjie County, Sichuan.In 219 AD, Guan Yu was killed by Soochow, and in 221 AD, Zhang Fei was assassinated by his subordinates.In order to avenge Guan Yu, Liu Bei personally led a large army to attack Wu. From Wuxia Jianping to Yiling, he formed an 800-li company.After being attacked by Lu Xun, the general of Eastern Wu, the Shu army was defeated, and Liu Bei fled into Baidi City.He became seriously ill the following year and ordered Zhuge Liang to assist the prince, who died soon after.There is a Baidi Temple on Baidi Mountain, which was originally built by Gongsun Shu at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. It was changed into a temple in the Qing Dynasty.There are statues of Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang and others in Mingliang Hall.According to Su Shi's "Dongpo Zhilin": Zhuge Liang also made eight formations on Pingsha near Baidi City.This is a combat formation, about a hundred feet long, with eight rows of stones.Looking down from the mountain, there are 64 positions.Up close, they are all pebbles, unrecognizable.According to records, there are three relics of Zhuge Liang's Eight Arrays: one is on Baidi Pingsha, on the bank of the Nanjiang River in Fengjie County today; the other is in the east of Zhuge Liang's tomb in the southeast of Mian County (now Mian County), Shaanxi; Limimou Town.There are still five and a half stone barriers in the Bazhentu site in Mimou Town.

After Zhang Fei died, Liu Bei pursued him as Marquis Huan.Zhang Huanhou Temple is located at the foot of Feifeng Mountain on the south bank of the Yangtze River outside Yunyang County, Sichuan.Here is surrounded by mountains and rivers, and the environment is quiet.It is said that after Zhang Da and Fan Qiang, Zhang Fei's subordinates assassinated Zhang Fei in Langzhong, they ran eastward with his head and threw Zhang Fei's head into the Yangtze River when they arrived in Yunyang.It was caught by fishermen and buried by the river. There is a saying that "the body is in Langzhong and the head is in Yunyang".So later generations set up a shrine to commemorate.According to legend, this temple existed before the Tang Dynasty, and it was destroyed by floods in the Tongzhi year of the Qing Dynasty.Most of the existing temples were built after the flood.The buildings in the temple are magnificent and majestic.There are Jieyi Building, Wangyun Pavilion, Main Hall, Zhufeng Pavilion, Dujuan Pavilion and other main buildings.There are many inscriptions in the temple, including Yue Fei's cursive script of Zhuge Liang's "Chu Shi Biao", Su Shi's ink writing of "Red Cliff Fu" and so on.There is a Longji Stone in the Miaoqian River, which is a famous historical hydrological inscription on the dry water level in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River.Part of the dry water in winter and spring is exposed to the water, like a dragon's spine.The stone beam is about 200 meters long from east to west and about 10 meters wide.The inscriptions that can be seen on the stone include more than 170 sections of stone inscriptions by tourists and poets since the third year of Yuanyou in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1088), of which 68 sections are below the average dry water level, from which we can see the changes in the water level of the Yangtze River in history .On the stone wall behind the Rhododendron Pavilion in Zhangfei Temple, there is a cross inscribed on the cliff in 1870 A.D. "The Gengwu flood in Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty has come to this point", which provides precious information on the flood level in the Tongzhi year.

The ancient city of Jingzhou is the ancient city of Jiangling, which was built in the Han Dynasty.According to legend, during the Three Kingdoms period, Guan Yu built a new city beside the old city.When Huanwen guarded Jingzhou in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the old city and the new city were combined into one city, which was destroyed and restored many times later.The current city wall was rebuilt in the early Qing Dynasty and has been well preserved.The circumference of the city is about 10 kilometers. Under the city wall, the foundation is built with strip stones, the outer shell is built with big city bricks, and the inside is filled with loess for compaction.There are six city gates, three caves for hiding soldiers, and 24 enemy towers and forts.The city wall is surrounded by moats that are more than three meters deep and five to ten meters wide.There is a famous "Zhongxuan Tower" in the southeast corner of the city wall.Zhongxuan is the character of Wang Can, a literati in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.After Dong Zhuo's death, his subordinates caused chaos in Chang'an. To avoid the chaos, Wang Can went south to Jingzhou to attach himself to Liu Biao and was not reused. The feeling of returning home.Wang Can later became Cao Cao's staff. He had relatively high achievements in literature and was known as the crown of the "Seven Sons of Jian'an".The Seven Sons of Jian'an are seven famous literati during the Jian'an period of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, and six of them were in Cao Cao's curtain.Together with Cao Cao and his son, they created the prosperity of Jian'an literature.The story of Wang Can ascending the tower was adapted into a play in the Yuan Dynasty.

Soon after the Western Jin Dynasty unified the Three Kingdoms, it perished in the melee of the northern minorities.Since then, the north has experienced the change of dynasties such as the Five Hus and Sixteen Kingdoms, the Northern Wei, the Eastern and Western Wei, the Northern Qi and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and the south has experienced the changes of the Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen.The war destroyed countless precious historical and cultural heritages, and only the Buddhist culture has been passed down to this day through some grottoes and pagodas. There are different opinions on when Buddhism was introduced to China, and it is difficult to determine.During the Yongping period of Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty (58-75 A.D.), he sent envoys to the Western Regions to seek Buddhism. After returning, he built the Baima Temple in the west of Luoyang City to collect scriptures. This is the beginning of the introduction of Buddhism to China.

Built in the eleventh year of Yongping (AD 68), it is the first Buddhist temple in my country and is known as "the first ancient temple in China".According to records, Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty dreamed that the golden man's head radiated white light and flew in the palace. He asked his minister Fu Yi why, and Fu Yi said that there is a god named Buddha in the West, and it looks like this.So Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty sent people to the Western Regions to seek Buddhism. When they went to the Yuezhi (zhi branch) country, they met two eminent monks, Kasyapa Moten and Zhu Falan.Invited by the Han envoy, the two took 42 chapters of the scriptures and carried them back to Luoyang on a white horse.Emperor Ming built a jingshe outside the west gate to welcome him. This is the White Horse Temple.Kasyapa Moten and Zhu Falan lived here to translate Buddhist scriptures.The current White Horse Temple was rebuilt during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty. There are only four main halls left. On the east and west sides of the mountain gate are the tombs of two monks, Kasyapa Moteng and Zhu Falan.The Duanwen stele in the backyard adjacent to [pi pi] Lu Pavilion is engraved with the history of Baima Temple.There is a pair of white horses carved in round bluestone at the main gate of the White Horse Temple, which were carved in the Song Dynasty.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism spread very rapidly.The emperors of the Northern and Southern Dynasties believed in Buddhism and built large temples and statues of Buddha.In the Southern Dynasties, metal statues were mostly used, and there are few remains.Stone carvings were mostly used in the Northern Dynasties, which are not easy to be damaged, so the historical sites of this period are mainly concentrated in the north.During the Northern Wei Dynasty, worshiping Buddhism reached its peak. Following the excavation of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and Maijishan Grottoes in the Former Qin and Later Qin Dynasties of the Sixteen Kingdoms, the Northern Wei Dynasty excavated the Yungang Grottoes in the capital Pingcheng (now Datong City), and moved the capital to Luoyang. After the excavation of the Longmen grotto.There are more than 1,000 monasteries in Luoyang, and more than 30,000 monasteries in the entire north.The temples were all burned down later, but Yungang, Longmen Grottoes, Beiyue Xuankong Temple, Songyue Temple Pagoda, etc. have been repaired and are still intact, becoming the most important witness of the culture of the Northern Dynasties.

On the north cliff of Wuzhou Mountain in the western suburbs of Datong City, stretching for one kilometer from east to west, there are 53 main caves and more than 51,000 large and small statues.The excavation period was from the Heping period of Emperor Wencheng of the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 460-465) to the eighteenth year of Emperor Xiaowen Taihe (AD 494).At the beginning, it was presided over by a famous eminent monk, Tan Yao (yao Yao), who excavated five grottoes in Wuzhou Sai, which are the famous "Five Grottoes of Tan Yao".Most of the other grottoes were completed before the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang.Therefore, this large-scale grotto group mainly represents the sculpture achievements of the early Northern Wei Dynasty. Yungang's stone carving skills have inherited and developed the artistic traditions of the Qin and Han Dynasties, and absorbed the essence of ancient Indian Buddhist art.The shape of Buddha statues is generally thin lips, high nose, long eyes, plump cheeks, and broad shoulders. It is said that they are sculpted to imitate the faces of the founding emperors of the Northern Wei Dynasty.The five statues in Tanyao Five Grottoes are tall and majestic, with formidable expressions, showing the spirit of being the only one in the world.Among them is an open-air giant Buddha, with big ears and shoulders, straight shoulders, sitting in front of the cave, which is a representative work of Yungang Grottoes.In addition to the big Buddha statue, the statues of other Buddhas and Bodhisattva disciples are divided into hatchbacks according to their grades, and there are flying Apsaras and many small warriors around them.The shape of Yungang Grottoes is relatively complex, and there are many carvings, niches, pagodas, gateposts, etc. imitating wooden buildings, which are rare in other grottoes.Some caves have central tower pillars, and the tower pillars and three walls in the sixth cave are richly and exquisitely carved with skilled techniques, which is the cave with the highest artistic value in Yungang Grottoes. Yique, 25 miles south of Luoyang, is the largest treasure house of stone carving art in my country.In 494 A.D., Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved his capital to Luoyang. In the second year, Bhikkhu Huicheng began to dig Guyang Cave in Longmen Mountain. After that, the Eastern and Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and Sui dynasties carved in the unfinished caves of the previous dynasties.During Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian's reign, this place once again became the center of statues of the aristocratic royal family, and it fell silent after the prosperous Tang Dynasty.According to statistics, there are 2,137 caves and niches preserved now. The shape of the Longmen Grottoes is relatively simple, the themes and contents are concise and concentrated, and most of them highlight the main image.The most famous caves carved in the Northern Dynasties are Guyang Cave, Binyang Three Caves, Lianhua Cave, and Yaofang Cave.Guyang Cave was excavated the earliest, and the cave is rich in content, engraved with many Buddhist stories, and the patterns and decorations on the niches are colorful.The calligraphy of the inscription on the statue is simple and simple. The famous "Twenty Pins of Longmen" is a treasure of the Wei stele in the regular script system. There are 19 pins in this cave.Among the three caves in Binyang, the middle one takes the most labor. The whole cave is completely carved and magnificent. The 11 round statues are vigorous and simple, and the folds of the clothes are regular and dense.There are four layers of large-scale reliefs on both sides of the inner wall of the cave, among which "Emperor and Empress Ceremony to Buddha" is the best, but unfortunately it has been stolen abroad.There is a big lotus flower engraved on the top of the lotus cave, and a large flying apsaras carved in high relief next to it is graceful, graceful and vivid.The composition and decoration of the niches in the cave are exquisite.The Prescription Cave was mainly dug by the Northern Qi Dynasty. On both sides of the cave, there are prescriptions for treating more than 140 diseases such as malaria, heartache, and plague, which were created in the early Tang Dynasty.Compared with the Yungang Grottoes, the stone carvings of Longmen during the Northern Dynasties have greatly enhanced their ability to be realistic. They inherited the simple and refined features of Yungang, and inspired the plump, mellow and increasingly realistic style of statues in the Tang Dynasty.The clothing of Buddha statues has changed from the right shoulder and shoulder-opening style to the Sinicized bodice belt style. The appearance is characterized by thin and sharp faces and wise expressions, reflecting the aesthetic ideal of scholar-bureaucrats. The statues in the early Tang Dynasty accounted for 2/3 in the Longmen Grottoes, which were more prosperous than those in the Northern Dynasty.The largest and most distinctive caves are Qianxi Temple, Wanfo Cave, Fengxian Temple, and Kanjing Temple.The main Buddha in Qianxi Temple is well-proportioned, with a plump face and a kind expression.The Dashizhi Bodhisattva on the right has a thick, plump and round shape, looking down with both eyes. It is a masterpiece of sculpture art in the early Tang Dynasty.The north and south walls of Wanfo Cave are engraved with 15,000 Buddha statues.There are 54 lotus flowers engraved on the back of the main Buddha, and on each lotus flower sits a statue of a Bodhisattva or an offering figure, with a unique layout.Although the head of the Avalokitesvara outside the cave has been damaged, its body is beautiful and moving, and its carving is especially good.Fengxian Temple is the largest open-air niche in Longmen Grottoes. The main Buddha is a sitting statue, 17 meters high, with a solemn, gentle and wise image. The posture of the body and hands shows a peaceful state of mind, combined with kind eyes Together, it is a symbol of idealized feudal society sages.The bodhisattvas on both sides are gorgeous and dignified, with reserved expressions.The king of heaven is strong and powerful, with a serious expression, while the warriors are strong and violent, with wide eyes and wide eyes.This group of statues not only has its own characteristics, but also forms an artistic whole with internal connections, marking the extremely high level of sculpture art in the Tang Dynasty.Kanjing Temple has 29 relief statues of Arhats as the best, with vivid and vivid expressions.The flying belts on the roof of the cave are fluttering, with a sense of rhythm.Generally speaking, the Buddha sculptures of the Tang Dynasty are plump, robust, graceful and luxurious, and full of more human touch and intimacy.The knife technique is full of changes, which can show the different textures of flesh and blood, skin and clothing.The characters conform to the principles of anatomy and are appropriately exaggerated. In particular, Yasha, the wrestler, has protruding muscles all over his body, full of majestic momentum and bursting power.The huge scale of the caves in the early Tang Dynasty and the majestic shape of the statues are not comparable to those in the Northern Dynasties. It can be said that they fully reflect the spirit of the peak period at that time.From the Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, foreign carving techniques have been harmoniously integrated with the traditional art of the Central Plains, so the Longmen Grottoes are the representative of the Sinicization of Buddhist art. It was built in the late Northern Wei Dynasty and is one of the wonders of ancient Buddhist architecture in my country.This temple has a history of more than 1400 years.There are 40 palaces and pavilions in total, hanging on the cliff on the west cliff of Jinlongkou at the foot of Hengshan Mountain. The cliff is 90° vertical. The beam frame is built into the attic platform of the hall.The buildings that are farther away from the cliff are supported by columns. More than 40 rooms are lined up from the south of the cliff, leaning against the cliff, and the terrain is extremely narrow.It is said that this temple can survive for thousands of years. In addition to repeated repairs in the past dynasties, it is also related to the fact that its terrain is rarely eroded by wind and sand.It can be seen that its architectural concept is both peculiar and completely in line with scientific principles. It was built by Emperor Xuanwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty and is one of the oldest brick pagodas in my country.The exterior is 12-corner dense eaves.The so-called dense eaves means that the distance between the eaves and the eaves of the tower is very short, and there are no doors and windows under the eaves of each floor, and some only have a small hole.The pagoda of Songyue Temple has 15 floors. The shape is parabolic, the interior is octagonal, and there are entrances on all sides of the pagoda. This form is rarely seen in the existing ancient pagodas.The construction technology of the tower is very high. Although it is built with blue bricks and yellow mud, it still stands majestically on Songshan Mountain after more than 1400 years. Located at the foot of Shaoshi Mountain in Songshan Mountain, it was built in the prosperous period when the capital was moved to Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the temple was built.In the 19th year of Taihe (AD 495), Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty built this temple for the Buddhist monk Buddha from India.In the third year of Xiaochang (AD 527), Bodhidharma, a native of South Tianzhu, claimed to be the twenty-eighth patriarch of Zen Buddhism in Tianzhu. create.So Shaolin Temple is the birthplace of Zen.After successive wars, Shaolin Temple has been rebuilt several times.The existing area is about 30,000 square meters.There are 500 large-scale colored murals of Pilu Buddha in the Arhat Dynasty in the Thousand Buddha Hall, covering an area of ​​about 300 square meters.In the Baiyi Hall, there are Shaolin boxing records and murals of thirteen monks rescuing the Tang king, which are basically intact.According to legend, Shaolin boxing also originated from Bodhidharma.According to the "Shaolin Monument" written by Pei Min (cui Cui) in the Tang Dynasty, at the end of the Sui Dynasty, Wang Shichong supported Luoyang, and Shaolin monks Zhicao, Hui Jue (yang Yang), Tanzong and others captured Wang Shichong's nephew Wang Ren and surrendered to Li Shimin, the king of Qin.Because of his meritorious service in assisting Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty in founding the country, Shaolin monks have often practiced boxing since then, and Shaolin boxing has become a well-known boxing school both at home and abroad.There are many pits on the brick floor in the hall, which are said to be traces left by monks practicing kung fu and stomping their feet.On Wuru Peak in the northwest of Shaolin Temple, there is a "Dharma Face Wall Hole".In the southwest is Erzu Nunnery. Legend has it that Huike, the second ancestor of the Zen sect, learned Buddhism from Bodhidharma. He stood outside the door and waited until the snow fell to his knees.To commemorate him, the disciples built a nunnery in the place where he recuperated.The pagoda forest to the west of Shaolin Temple is the tomb towers of monks in the past dynasties. There are more than 220 brick and stone tomb towers in Tang, Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. It is the largest group of tomb towers in my country. Most of the Buddhist grottoes and buildings in the Northern Dynasties were built in the Northern Wei Dynasty.In addition, some of them were built in the Northern Qi Dynasty.There were two political centers in the Northern Qi Dynasty, one in Yedu (now Linzhang County, Hebei); .Gao Yang, Emperor Wenxuan of the Northern Qi Dynasty, first built palaces, temples and grottoes here.Because stirring the air with your sleeves in the cave can make a clanging sound like gongs and drums, it is named Xiangtangshan Grottoes. It is divided into two parts, the south end and the middle part of Gushan Mountain.There are a total of 16 grottoes and more than 3,400 large and small statues.Outside the grottoes, there are many palaces, platforms and pavilions built on the mountain, which are large in scale and magnificent. The Beixiangtangshan Grottoes are larger in scale.Nine grottoes are arranged at the waist of Tiangongmiao Peak in the middle of Gushan Mountain. In front of the caves are ancient buildings such as East and West Tiangong Temple and an octagonal nine-story stone pagoda.The nine caves are centered on the three major caves excavated in the Northern Qi Dynasty, and are divided into three groups: south, north and middle, and each group has a large cave.The middle group is the most distinctive. There are two layers of stone-carved eaves carved on the cliff outside the cave door, which looks like a pavilion.The cave is neat and elegant, with many Buddha statues and relief patterns of flowers, birds and animals carved on the walls.The Great Buddha Cave in the North Group is wide and deep, and the Great Buddha is majestic and imposing, with a thick and well-proportioned shape.Despite thousands of years of erosion, the face is still round and smooth as new.Nanxiangtang Grottoes are about 15 kilometers away from Beixiangtang Grottoes, at the southern foot of Gushan Mountain.There are many civil structures outside the cave, layer upon layer.The grotto was severely damaged.The seven grottoes are divided into upper and lower floors, among which the Thousand Buddha Cave is relatively well preserved. There are 1028 Buddha statues carved in the cave, and rows of small Buddha statues are covered on the cave walls, in various poses and with different expressions.On the top of the cave, there is a flying apsaras of acrobatics, holding musical instruments as the dance accompaniment, with fluttering clothes and graceful postures, very vivid. It is also a building of the Northern Qi Dynasty. It is located on the Phoenix Mountain of Tangwangjiao [Jiaojiao]gou in the northwest of Shexian County, Hebei.According to the local county annals, Emperor Wenxuan of the Northern Qi Dynasty, Gao Yang, traveled from Yecheng to Jinyang, and he had to go through the foot of the mountain, so he built a palace here for his tour.At the foot of the mountain, three stone chambers were opened, in which were engraved the images of the Buddhas.There are also Buddhist scriptures engraved on the rock wall.At the foot of the mountain, there are Tingzhen Palace and Guangsheng Palace, and Wahuang Palace is on the mountainside.This is a three-story pavilion-style building built on a high platform.From the foot of the mountain, you can enter the palace along Shibapan Road.The main building is about 20 meters high and clings to the steep cliff.There are eight "horse-tied noses" chiseled on the mountain wall, and the building is tied with iron chains, so that the pavilion hangs on the mountainside. When the building is full of people, the iron chains will be tightened, so it is also called "hanging temple".There is a worship hall in front, and additional buildings such as Bell and Drum Tower, Yingshuang Tower, Dressing Tower, and Lingguan Pavilion on both sides.During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, six characters of "a place created by heaven and earth" were engraved on the cliff.Emperor Wa is the Nuwa clan in ancient mythology. It is said that she once smelted five-color stones to mend the sky when the sky collapsed and the earth was cracked, and cut off a turtle enough to set up four poles.The myth also listed her as one of the ancient emperors, so she was called "Emperor Wa". It is a well-known relic of southern Buddhist culture during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. It was founded by Huiyuan, a famous monk in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and is the birthplace of the Pure Land Sect of Buddhism in my country.Buddhism is divided into Mahayana and Hinayana, and Pure Land Sect is an influential sect in Mahayana.It believes that the world of Amitabha Buddha is the pure land of bliss, and the human world is a dirty land. It also advocates karma, building pagodas and temples, cultivating merits and virtues, and chanting Buddha frequently.Because of the development of this sect, Buddhism really penetrated into the folk.Most of the Buddhist relics left in history are closely related to Pure Land Buddhism.Huiyuan became a monk when he was 20 years old. He entered Lushan Mountain in the sixth year of Taiyuan (381 A.D.) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He founded Donglin Temple in the eleventh year of Taiyuan (386 A.D.). Later generations respected him as the ancestor of the Pure Land Sect, so the Pure Land Sect is also called the Lotus Sect.There is a Tiger Creek in front of the temple with a stone arch bridge on it. It is said that Huiyuan could not see off the guests but the Tiger Creek Bridge.Once he sent Shannan Taoist Lu Xiujing and poet Tao Yuanming out of the mountain gate. They talked and walked, and when they crossed the bridge, the three looked at each other and laughed. "Three Smiles at Tiger Creek" has since been passed down as a good story in the literary world.Donglin Temple once attracted many famous monks at home and abroad to come here to pray for scriptures and worship Buddha. It was at its peak in Tang Dynasty and had more than 300 houses.Before Jianzhen went east to Japan, he came to Donglin Temple, and went to Japan with the monk Zhien of this temple, and the teachings of Huiyuan and Pure Land Buddhism were also introduced to Japan. Today, Donglin Temple in Japan is still the ancestor of Donglin Temple in Lushan. The relationship between Tao Yuanming and Huiyuan is just a rumor.According to research by modern scholars, although the two were contemporaries, there is insufficient basis for their contacts.Tao Yuanming is the most famous hermit and pastoral poet in my country.Born in 365 AD and died in 427 AD.A native of Chaisang, Xunyang (now southeast of Jiujiang, Jiangxi).He farmed and studied at home in his early years, and became an official at the age of 29.At this time, at the end of the Jin Dynasty, he felt that he could not realize his ambition, and at the age of 39, he returned to his hometown.Later, due to difficulties in life, he went out to be the magistrate of Pengze County and served in the official position for more than 80 days.Once when the governor came to the county by mail, the subordinate officials told Tao Yuanming that he should tie his belt to greet him. Tao Yuanming sighed and said, "I can't bend my waist to the village children for five buckets of rice!"Tao Yuanming lived in seclusion all his life not for the sake of gaining fame, but seeing through the hypocrisy and filth of the world, and he did not want to join in the filth of the world.He personally participated in agricultural production and labor, and wrote many poems praising the simple pastoral life, creating the idyllic school of poetry.On the basis of such a life, he put forward the ideal of Taohuayuan, hoping to have a paradise where everyone is self-sufficient by labor without being exploited by royal taxes.Although this is utopian, it reflects the general desire of small producers at that time.Tao Yuanming's former residence is in Mahuiling, Jiujiang, Jiangxi today, not far from Lushan Mountain.There is his tomb on Mahuiling, and the tombstone says "Tomb of Mr. Tao Gongjingjie, Jin Zhengshi".About 100 meters away from the Tao tomb is the Tao Yuanming Temple built at the same time as the tomb. There are many willow trees outside the temple, and the mountains in the distance are faint and the scenery is beautiful. The Peach Blossom Spring described by Tao Yuanming was gradually transformed into a secluded, supernatural world of immortals in the poems and essays of later generations of literati, and became synonymous with a hermitage.In order to find the prototype of Peach Blossom Spring, many people put forward all kinds of attachments.Since the Tang Dynasty, the most common view is that the scenery of Taohuayuan in Taoyuan County, Hunan Province is the most similar.Tang Dynasty poets Wang Changling, Liu Yuxi, Li Qunyu, Du Mu, and Song Dynasty literati Mei Yaochen, Wang Anshi, Wang Shipeng, etc. all wrote chapters about this Taoyuan.Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties built many temples here.There are two gates in front of the source, with the inscription "Peach Blossom Spring".So this place has become a place of interest for ancient and modern tourists.