Chapter 35 Section 4 Establishment of Sovereignty over Tibet

Before the Qing Dynasty unified Mongolia, the relationship between Mongolia and Tibet was already quite close. This is because Lamaism has been popular in Qinghai since the late 16th century AD. Therefore, Altan Khan of Mongolia (1507-1582 AD) occupied Qinghai Later, Lamaism spread among the Mongols.Altan Khan welcomed Tsongkhapa's third disciple Sonam Gyatso (Sunan Gyenco), revered him as the Dalai Lama (III), and welcomed him to naturalize and preach.Since then, the Gelug Sect (Yellow Sect) of Lamaism has been widely spread in Eastern and Western Mongolia.After the death of the third Dalai Lama, the great-grandson of Altan Khan was identified as the reincarnated soul boy and established as the fourth Dalai Lama.Later, the fourth Dalai Lama sent a great lama to Mongolia to preside over the teaching affairs and become Mongolian Living Buddha. In 1642 (the fifteenth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and the seventh year in Chongde in the Qing Dynasty), Gushi Khan, the leader of the Heshuote tribe of Mongolia, led his army into Tibet, cooperated with the fifth Dalai Lama to destroy Zangba Khan, and expelled the Red Sect in Houzang. In 1645 (the second year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty), Gushi Khan respected the leader of the Yellow Sect, Luosang Choji Gyalzan, as the fourth Panchen Lama (the first three were ratified), and he was stationed in Tashilhunpo Monastery in Houzang.So far, religiously, the Yellow Sect has unified Mongolia and Tibet; politically, Mongolia has unified the Qinghai-Tibet region.

Since Monan Mongolia had already belonged to the Qing Dynasty, the connection between Tibet and the Qing Dynasty also began before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs.After Gushi Khan entered Tibet, he sent envoys to the Qing Dynasty together with the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama.In the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647 A.D.), the Qing Dynasty sent officials to Tibet and conferred the title of Panchen Lama as Vajra Guru.In the ninth year of Shunzhi, the Dalai Lama went to Beijing to have an audience with the Qing Shizu. The following year, he was conferred the title of "Dalai Lama, the Dalai Lama, the ordinary Wachi Lata Lama led by the Great Shan Zizai Buddha of the West".In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709 A.D.), the Qing Dynasty sent a minister, Heshou, to Tibet to assist Lazang Khan in managing local affairs.In the fifty-second year of Kangxi (AD 1713), the fifth Panchen Lama was named "Panchen Erdeni".The ruling system of theocracy in Tibet was officially recognized by the Qing Dynasty, and the rule of the Qing Dynasty in Tibet was also established.

After Galdan's death, the Qing Dynasty allowed Cewang Allah Butan to lead the rest of the people and stopped the military operations.Tsewang Alabutan took the opportunity to expand, occupying the ruling power of various ministries such as Duerbert, Heshuote and Huite, and established himself as the Junggar Khan.In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi (AD 1717), Cering Dunduobu of Junggar led 6,000 troops to attack Lhasa from Yili via Ali, killed Lhazang Khan, and imprisoned the Dalai Lama established by Lhazang Khan.In the fifty-seventh year of Kangxi, the Qing army entered Tibet from Qinghai, but was besieged by the Junggar army in Nagqu, and the entire army was wiped out.In the fifty-ninth year of Kangxi, the Qing army entered Tibet from Qinghai and Sichuan in two routes. Officials of the former Lhasa Khan regime also responded with troops. In August of the same year, the Junggar army was wiped out, and Tibet was pacified.

In the sixth year of Yongzheng (AD 1728), the Qing Dynasty set up the Yamen of the Minister of Affairs in Tibet to command the officers and soldiers stationed in Tibet and supervise the local administration.In the 16th year of Qianlong (AD 1751), the local government of Tibet, the Kashag, was established, and it was stipulated that all major administrative affairs, the appointment and removal of Tibetan officials, and the transfer of Tibetan troops should be handled by the Kashag with instructions from the Dalai Lama and the Minister in Tibet.After repelling the Gurkha army that invaded Tibet in the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong's reign, the "Regulations for the Aftermath of Tibet" was formulated in the following year, which determined the status of the minister stationed in Tibet and the overall supervision of Tibet's affairs and the unified handling of foreign affairs. The authority stipulates that the Dalai Lama, the Panchen Lama, and the Great Living Buddhas of the Gelug Sect in various places will draw lots from the golden urn (put the name of the final candidate in a golden urn and draw lots to decide) when they are reincarnated, and must be supervised by ministers. Monastic and lay officials below the chief executive) must be appointed and dismissed by the minister. The "Regulations for Rehabilitation in Tibet" clearly stipulates Tibet's official system, military system, judiciary, finance, frontier defense, servants, and external affairs.