Chapter 34 In the third quarter, Galdan was defeated, and Mongolia was unified

At the beginning of the 17th century AD, Khalkha Mongolia in Mobei (roughly distributed in the territory of Mongolia today) was divided into three parts: Tuxietu Khan, Chechen Khan and Zasaktu Khan.In the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi (AD 1688), civil strife broke out in the three tribes, and King Galdan of Junggar took the opportunity to invade.The three ministries jointly resisted, but the territory was still occupied by Galdan, so they had to move south to Monan (now Inner Mongolia) and join the Qing Dynasty for help.In the twenty-ninth year of Kangxi's reign, Galdan invaded and harassed Monan, and Emperor Kangxi ordered a personal conquest, starting a full-scale counterattack against Galdan.The Qing Dynasty's counterattack against Galdan was not only to defend Monan and recover Mobei, but also related to its own survival.Because the power of Junggar was already very strong at that time, and it became the biggest threat to the Qing Dynasty.

Junggar is a part of Wala.In the Qing Dynasty, Wala was called Oirat, Erut and Erut. It was divided into four tribes in the early 17th century: Duerbert, Junggar, Turhut, and Heshuote, and successively annexed Yilibali and Jilijisi. , Kazakh, Yarkand, and Turpan tribes.Among them, the Gushi Khan branch of the Heshuote tribe moved from the area of ​​Urumqi, Xinjiang to Qinghai and Taoxi (west of Hetao, west of Dengkou, Inner Mongolia today), and led an army into Tibet in 1642 (the 15th year of Ming Chongzhen). The Zangba Khan was wiped out, and he ruled Tibet jointly with the fifth Dalai Lama.After the rise of the Junggar tribe, they forcibly occupied the pasture land from Ili to Urumqi originally owned by the Heshuote tribe, and forced the Turghute tribe to start from Yaer near Tarbahatai (south of Mount Tarbaha in present-day Kazakhstan). , the area north of Ala Lake) moved westward to the lower reaches of the Ezile River (now the Volga River), coercing the Huite tribe in the Duerbert tribe (formerly in the upper reaches of the Irtysh River) to move to Tarbahatai.After the 1770s, the Junggar tribe actually controlled the other three tribes (the Turhute tribe moved westward and became the Huite tribe), and the areas it occupied included present-day Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, western Sichuan, western Gansu, and western Inner Mongolia. From the Balkhash Lake in the west, the Pamirs, and the Mongolian Plateau in the east.

In the twenty-ninth year of Kangxi (AD 1690), the Qing army defeated Galdan in Ulan Butong (northwest of Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia today).The following year, Emperor Kangxi went to Duolun to appease the ministries of Khalkha, formally appointed the leaders of the ministries, compiled and reviewed them into banners, and established administrative divisions consistent with Inner Mongolia.In the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi, Emperor Kangxi once again personally conquered, defeated the Galdan army, recovered the Mongolian plateau, and the three Khalkha tribes returned to Mobei.So far, Inner and Outer Mongolia were completely unified under the Qing Dynasty.

At that time, Galdan's nephew, Tserwang Arabitan, occupied all parts of the west of the Altai Mountains, and the Qinghai tribes of Heshuote, who were oppressed by Galdan, took the opportunity to break away from Galdan.In the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi, the Qing army continued to penetrate, and Galdan committed suicide.In the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi, Dashbatur, the tenth son of Gushi Khan of Heshuo Tebu, surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and Qinghai and Taoxi were included in the territory of the Qing Dynasty.