Chapter 19 Section 5 "Jing Zhuan Shi Ci" - Collection and Interpretation of Jing Zhuan Functional Words
"Zhuzi" is the ancients' appellation for function characters or function words.In ancient Chinese, such characters and words are generally placed at the beginning or end of a sentence or associated with real characters and words, without any real meaning, but only serve as a foil to the real characters and words in terms of tone and writing.Since the ancients were not very clear about the concept of virtual characters and words, they also called these words "yuzhu", "auxiliary words", "yuci", or simply "ci" and "ci".Adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, modal particles, particles, etc. in modern Chinese are all auxiliary words in ancient times.Functional characters play an important role in forming words and sentences in ancient Chinese. Therefore, books explaining the usage of functioning characters in ancient Chinese are also important reference books when we read classical works.
As early as the pre-Qin period, the use of virtual characters has attracted people's attention.By the Han Dynasty, some books such as "Shuowen Jiezi" carried out some specific analysis on different virtual characters. There are also interpretations of function words in "Xiaoerya" and "Shiming".Liu Xie from Liang in the Southern Dynasties and Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty have studied the use of some commonly used virtual characters.In the Tang Dynasty, Kong Yingda took the meaning of words as the standard and divided words into two categories: "meaning class" and "non-sense class".In the first year of Yuan Taiding (1324 A.D.), Lu Yiwei (styled Yunwu) from Yongjia, Zhejiang wrote a book "Yuzhu", which identified and analyzed more than 120 commonly used function words in ancient books one by one and analyzed their usage.This is the first monograph on the study of function words in classical Chinese in my country.The study of function words in classical Chinese in Qing Dynasty has been paid more attention by people.During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, two works on function words appeared.One is "Xu Zi Shuo" written by Yuan Renlin in the forty-ninth year of Kangxi (AD 1710), and the other is "Zhu Zi Bian Lue" written by Liu Qi in the fifty year of Kangxi (AD 1711).
Yuan Renlin is a teacher who wrote "Xu Zi Shuo" to "tell the story" for students. He collected 141 function words from the Classics and History Sub-collection, deduced their meaning from the tone and modality expressed by the function words, and analyzed their usage from the contextual connection.
The two books "Yu Zhu" and "Xu Zi Shuo" only sort out some function words, focusing on analyzing the usage rules of classical Chinese function words from a grammatical point of view, and studying the relational functions such as mood and emotion expressed by classical Chinese function words. Dictionary of function words on the Internet.In the Qing Dynasty, the dictionary of function words that systematically collected, collated and studied function words, analyzed their meanings and functions, and arranged them in a certain style was the most popular dictionary of function words in Liu Qi's "Zhuzi Discrimination", followed by Wang Yinzhi's "Jing Zhuan Shi". word".
The author of "Zhuzi Determination" is Liu Qi, whose style name is Wuzhong, nicknamed Nanquan, or signed by Longtian.Born in the Kangxi period, his ancestral home is Queshan (now in Henan Province), and he lives in Jining, Shandong.He is well-read and memorized, has an indifferent personality, and does not associate with people casually.It seems that he has never passed the imperial examination, nor has he been an official. He is famous for his books in his life.In addition to "Zhuzi Discrimination", there are "Zhou Yi Tong Shuo", "Yu Gong Shuo", "Tangyi County Chronicles" and so on.
"Zizi Bianlue" collects 476 auxiliary characters from the pre-Qin period to the Yuan Dynasty, including classics, philosophers, history books, poems, and novels (except Yuan operas), and also contains about 1140 polyphonic words and idioms from Tang and Song Dynasties.It is the one with the most characters among the works on auxiliary characters in the Qing Dynasty, and many of them were not included in the later "Jing Zhuan Shi Ci".Liu Qi tried to classify the auxiliary words, and the included auxiliary words are divided into 30 categories: tautology, provincial, auxiliary words, sentence breaks, interrogative words, aria words, urgent words, slow words, sent words, and words already said . Interjections, few words, extreme words, general words, dialects, inverted words, and useless words.
The included auxiliary characters are arranged according to the four tones, and the characters with the same tone are arranged according to the rhyme of flat water.The method of exegesis is used to explain the meaning of words, including formal training, negative training, general training, borrowed training, mutual training, and transfer training.In addition to extensively citing examples from classics and history, it also collects some proverbs and explanations of common sayings in various eras, which is rich in data, and the meaning and function of auxiliary words are analyzed in detail.Liu Yusong pointed out in "Tongyitang Collection" that if people analyze and study the entries and examples in the book and draw inferences by analogy, they can understand the similarities and differences in the expressions of auxiliary words in ancient books after the Eastern Han Dynasty and before the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
The shortcomings of this book are: the style is not rigorous enough, the classification of auxiliary words is complicated and the standards are different, there are mistakes in the explanations, and the citations are not the most original materials.Studying function words mainly from the perspective of exegesis cannot fully reveal the grammatical meaning of function words.The distinction between virtual characters and real characters cannot be clearly explained in theory.Nevertheless, "Zhuzi Bianlue" has laid the foundation for the study of ancient Chinese function words after all.
"Jing Zhuan Shi Ci" was written by Qing Wang Yinzhi (AD 1766-1834).Named Boxhen, named Manqing, a native of Gaoyou.In the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799 A.D.), he was a Jinshi and served as a minister and minister of the Ministry of Industry.He is the son of Wang Niansun, a famous master of Confucian classics in the Qing Dynasty, and a disciple of Ruan Yuan.He inherited his father's study of phonology and exegesis, and he is known as Gaoyou Wang's father and son in the world. In addition to "Explanation of Ci", there are also "Jingyi Shuwen" and so on.
Wang Yinzhi lived in the time of Qianlong and Jiaqing.The rulers of the Qing Dynasty advocated Confucian classics and the way of Confucius and Mencius. Many scholars and bureaucrats praised Erya and Shuowen, and devoted themselves to the study of sound exegesis as a way to explore Confucian scriptures and "peek into the meaning of the ancients" ("Jing Zhuan Shi Ci"). ·Preface) tool.Father and son Wang Niansun and Wang Yinzhi are among the best.Wang Niansun, a representative of the Qianjia School, put forward the exegetical principle of "searching for ancient meanings based on ancient sounds, extending analogy, and not limiting form" (Wang Niansun's "Guang Ya Shu Zheng Preface"). He believed that since words are records of sound language, Homophonic words just can be synonymous, not only the same phonetic symbol, different meaning symbols may be synonymous, even the different words of meaning symbols, phonetic symbols, as long as the sound is the same or the sound is close also can be synonymous.He took "words with the same sound and close sound are often borrowed in scriptures, and scholars use the sound to seek meaning, break the borrowed words and read the original characters" ("Jingyi Shuwen·Preface") as an important experience in exegesis. To Wang Yinzhi. In "Jing Zhuan Shi Ci", Wang Yinzhi followed the principle of meaning in the sound, the sound is close to the same meaning, and the sound and meaning seek each other, and used Wang Niansun's method of correcting the meaning of the word according to the context to examine the gap between the upper and lower sentences of the ancient book. Or the rules used between upper and lower words in a sentence.Not only "seeking meaning with sound", but also researching and interpreting function words, pointing out a group of function words that previous scholars have not discovered, but also inferring the meaning and usage of function words from the structure of words and sentences.Therefore, Wang Yinzhi's research and interpretation of the meaning and usage of virtual characters can often be traced back to their origins.
"Classic Interpretation of Ci" collects 160 function words in ancient books of Zhou, Qin and Western Han Dynasties.Mainly monosyllable function words, and synonymous function words used in conjunction are also mentioned.It is mainly based on 28 articles of "Nine Classics", "Three Biography" and "Shangshu" (Wang Yinzhi's study of function words started from the study of "Shangshu"), which is not as broad as the sources of auxiliary characters in "Zhuzi Bianlue".As for the common usage of function words, they are all omitted because they are "common words", and they are limited to supplementing the parts that were not understood by the predecessors and were misunderstood by the Confucianists.Therefore, it has a relatively large limitation in the study of virtual characters, and is only suitable for reference when conducting in-depth research on ancient books, while "Zhu Zi Bian Lue" is more suitable for general learning and reading of ancient prose.
The arrangement of virtual characters in "Jing Zhuan Shi Ci" is divided into ten volumes according to the pronunciation parts of throat, teeth, tongue, teeth and lips according to the 36 letters of Shi Shouwen in Tang Dynasty.This kind of arrangement is not as good as "Zhuzi Bianlue", which is arranged in volumes according to the rhyme and rhyme of the poems, and is more suitable for the inspection of ordinary scholars.
Although the use of "Jing Zhuan Shi Ci" is not as popular as "Zhu Zi Bian Lue", its rigorous style and detailed citations are better than Liu Shu.Its layout is consistent and clear.For the explanation of each imaginary character, first talk about the usage, then cite books to prove it, trace the source as much as possible, and then clarify its evolution and explain various usages.The citations are provided in detail, and some also explain the citations.For example, the interpretation of the word "cover" in Volume 5:
The cover is a rough word. "Book of Filial Piety": "The filial piety of the son of heaven." Kong Chuan said: "The cover is the words of Gu Comparison."
Gai, suspicious words, and common words. "Book of Rites Tan Gong": "There is a son with a cover that is auspicious, and silk shoes are assembled." Zhengyi said: "The cover is a doubtful word."
Cover, language help also. "Hanshu·Liyuezhi·Song of Suburbs": "Shenxi is dying and Yu is covered with Kongxiang." Yan Shigu's note said: "Gai, the words are also."
Although there are deficiencies in the compilation of "Jing Zhuan Shi Ci", it can be regarded as a masterpiece in the study of ancient Chinese function words from the perspective of revealing the research methods of function words and the careful review of interpretations, creating a new situation in the study of function words.