Chapter 18 The fourth section "Compilation of Classics and Interpretations" - the exegesis of the quotations and exegesis of the collection of classics and history

Commentary on scriptures began with Han Confucianism.The Han Dynasty advocated Confucian classics. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, five Confucian classics, "Poetry", "Li", "Yi", and "Spring and Autumn", were set up for academic officials, and doctors of the Five Classics were set up according to the old teachings (that is, the interpretation of the meaning of the classics handed down by the predecessors) Teaching scriptures.Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to respect Confucianism exclusively, the status of Confucian classics has become higher and higher, and the development of Confucian classics in the Eastern Han Dynasty reached its peak.The development of Confucian classics directly promoted the prosperity of exegesis, and produced a large number of annotations on ancient books.Some masters of Confucian classics at that time, such as Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan, were also famous masters of exegesis, and they annotated many ancient books.In addition, like Zhao Qi's "Mencius Zhangju", Wang Yi's "Chu Ci Zhangju", Xu Shen's "Huainan Honglie Jiegu", Gao You wrote "Mencius", "Warring States Policy", "Huainanzi", "Lu Shi "Spring and Autumn" and other books as annotations, Fuqian and Ying Shao as annotations to "Han Shu", etc.Their annotations to ancient books are nothing more than four aspects: pronunciation, meaning, system of names and objects, and historical allusions, and the interpretation of meaning plays an important role.

During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the annotations on ancient books were combined with metaphysics, which was contrary to the emphasis on exegesis of words and the textual research and interpretation of names (words reflecting the names of things) in the Han Dynasty.For example, He Yan wrote "The Analects of Confucius", Wang Bi wrote "Book of Changes" and "Laozi's Notes", Du Yu wrote "Spring and Autumn Zuo's Biography Collection", Guo Pu wrote "Erya Notes", "Dialect Notes", "Shan Hai Jing" "Notes", Pei Song's "Three Kingdoms Notes", etc., are all exegetical masterpieces with high academic value.The annotations of each school were originally published separately, and later some were collected by commentators or other books, and some were attached to the main text of the relevant ancient books and were not published separately.Only Lu Deming wrote "Classic Interpretation", although it is also appended to each classic, it still has a single line.

Lu Deming (550-630 A.D.?), the author of "Classic Interpretations", was named Yuen Long, and he was born in Wu County, Suzhou (now Wu County, Jiangsu Province). , It was completed before the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen (589 A.D.) (or at the beginning of Tang Dynasty). The book has 30 volumes, collecting more than 230 Yinqie and Confucianism exegesis from the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, referring to "Cangjie Pian" and "Erya", etc., to explain 14 Confucian and Taoist classics.The 14 volumes are: "Book of Changes", "Guwen Shangshu", "Mao Shi", "Zhou Li", "Yi Li", "Book of Rites", "Chunqiu Zuoshi Biography", "Chunqiu Gongyang Biography", "Chunqiu Guliang Biography", "Book of Filial Piety", "Lao Tzu", "Erya".He marked the chapters of each book first, and then extracted the words that must be explained in the scriptures and annotations one by one.Variant characters or characters with different versions are listed before or after the annotation.Not only explain the text of the classics, but also explain the annotations of the classics.The explanations of the classic texts in the book mainly focus on textual research on the pronunciation of the characters, and also on the differentiation and interpretation of the meaning of the characters. Some only note the pronunciation of the characters without explanation; Text, indicating the similarities and differences of the versions.

Since the exegesis of "Classic Interpretation" is actually attached to the classics, its words are arranged in the order of the scriptures, and it is an informative reference book.If you encounter difficulties in reading relevant classics, you can check them one by one to find the answers, instead of using them as an independent dictionary.In the Qing Dynasty, due to the renaissance of Confucian classics and the need for annotation, collation, and collation of ancient books, Qianlong produced a dictionary that collected classics and historical exegesis in one book——"Jing Ji Zhuan Gu".

"Compilation of Classics" was edited by Ruan Yuan in the Qing Dynasty and edited by Zang Yongtang.Ruan Yuan (1764-1849 A.D.), styled Boyuan and named Yuntai, was born in Yizheng, Jiangsu (now Yizheng County, Jiangsu Province), and was a Jinshi in the fifty-fourth year of Qianlong (1789 A.D.).He has successively served as minister of the Ministry of household, rites, soldiers, and industry, governor of Zhejiang, Henan, and Jiangxi, governor of Huguang, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan and Guizhou, and a scholar of Tiren Pavilion.He believes that the way of sages lies in the scriptures, and the scriptures must be interpreted.Founded "Gu Jing Jing She" in Zhejiang and "Xue Hai Tang" in Guangdong. He devoted his life to promoting academics and recruited talents to collate and print ancient books. He trained a group of accomplished scholars and published a large number of ancient books, including the collation of " Annotations to the Thirteen Classics, "Huangqing Jingjie" was engraved, and dozens of famous works at that time were engraved as "Wenxuanlou Series".

Ruan Yuan felt that the classics and exegesis were scattered in various books, and had always planned to compile them into one volume.He set up a compilation style, hired dozens of people, and collected more than 100 kinds of exegesis and annotations in ancient books before Tang Dynasty. Zang Yongtang edited them in accordance with the rhymes of "Pei Wen Yun Fu", one rhyme part and one volume.In the third year of Jiaqing (AD 1798), "Jing Ji Zhuan Gu" was compiled and published.There are 106 volumes in the main compilation, and 106 volumes in the "Supplement" later, and "Shuowen" and Tang and Song commentaries are attached to each volume of the main compilation.

According to "Peiwen Yunfu", "Jingji Compilation" arranges the words in the same rhyme in the order of easy first and then difficult; under each word, exegesis and annotations in ancient books are collected.All the characters not recorded in "Pei Wen Yun Fu" should be supplemented according to "Guang Yun" or "Ji Yun".Under each rhyme word, not only single characters are included, but also polysyllabic words with the same single prefix. For the explanations of each character, the explanations of the words with similar sounds are listed first, and then arranged in order according to the "original meaning", "extended meaning", "pretending meaning" and "number of names and objects" of the words; Arrange according to the 19 chapters of "Erya"; the ancient books quoted in the interpretation of each word are first arranged according to the Confucian classics, and then the quotations from other ancient books are listed; the source of the quoted ancient books is indicated.For example:

Diagnosis -, as also. "Guang Ya Interpretation One".And "All Classics Yin Yi" nine quotes "Zi Lin". ○—, waiting also. "All Scriptures Yinyi" quotes "San Cang" twice.Also "Later Han Guoyu Biography" note. ○—, waiting to see also. "Later Han Southern Barbarians and Southwestern Yi Biography" notes. ○—, occupy also. "Historical Records Bian Que Cang Public Biography" "specially named for one line" and "Suo Yin" cited Sima Biao. ○—, test also. "All Classics Yinyi" quotes "Popular Text" twice. ○〔訁尒〕Experiment also. Annotations of "Han Shu Dong Xian Biography". ○—, wait for pulse also. "Liezi · Liming" "-its disease" "Explanation".

Diagnosis "Shuowen": -, as also.From the words, (diagnosis word to 讠) sound. ○—, visual inspection, which means to see the pulse and color. "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" "Original-Yizhizheng" note. ○—, can be said to be evidence. "Su Wen Feng Lun" "Wish to hear it -" note.The former article quoted above is the main edition, and the latter article is the "Addendum". The compilation of "Jing Ji Zhuan Gu" is very rich in materials, and the arrangement method is relatively strict.Wang Yinzhi said in the "Preface" of this book: "Exhibit one rhyme and all the characters are ready, check one character and all the precepts are preserved, find one precept and the original book can be read." It can also be said that this is a book. The index of ancient exegetical materials is a very useful reference book for us to read ancient books before Tang Dynasty.It is a pity that the characters listed in this book do not have phonetic notation, and there are many citation errors, so you must check the original text when using it.