Chapter 23 Section 2 The surge of private book collections in Ming and Qing Dynasties
With the development of economy and culture, the total number of private collections in the Ming and Qing Dynasties has greatly exceeded that of the court collections, and most of the rare books that have been collated and reviewed are private collections.In the Ming and Qing dynasties, some famous bibliophiles and libraries appeared. Their functions have two aspects: one is to collate and identify ancient books.The second is to preserve ancient books.
In the early Ming Dynasty, most of the private collections were some vassal kings.Their book collection includes not only rare books from the Song and Yuan Dynasties bestowed by the emperor, but also books that they searched and reprinted in large quantities by relying on their power.For example, the sons of Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, Zhou Wangzhu [su Su] and Ning Wang Zhu Quan both have a large number of rare and secret books. , built the Wanjuan Hall in Kaifeng and became the most famous bibliophile in the royal family.
As far as the country is concerned, the areas with the highest concentration of private book collections are the southeast coastal areas of our country, mainly Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
According to statistics, there were no fewer than hundreds of book collectors in the Ming Dynasty.There are more than 10 book collectors who have a greater influence on it later, among which the following book collectors and their libraries are the most famous.
Song Lian and his Qingluo Mountain House: Song Lian (1310-1381 A.D.), named Jinglian, named Qianxi, also named Xuanzhenzi, was born in Jinhua, Zhejiang.He was an important minister of Zhu Yuanzhang and a famous scholar in the Ming Dynasty.Song Lian began to collect books in his youth. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, he moved to Qingluo Mountain in Pujiang (now east of Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province) to avoid war and chaos, and built a room for reading. The library building is called "Qingluo Mountain House".During the war, Song Lian's collection of books was placed in Qingluo Mountain, so there was no loss.He preached in "Send Dongyang Horse Life Preface". When he was young, his family was poor and could not afford to buy books. Therefore, he often borrowed books to copy and return them every day.He never slacked off in the cold winter and hot summer, and never exceeded the loan period. Many old people lent him books, and he had to read all the books.Song Lian has a collection of more than 80,000 volumes, many of which are copied by him himself.In his later years, Song Lian's eldest grandson Song Shen was included in Hu Weiyong's party, and his family was demoted to Maozhou, Sichuan. Song Lian died of illness on the way.His "Qingluoshanfang" collection of books was also lost.
Ye Sheng and Lu [lu Lu] Bamboo Hall: Ye Sheng (1420-1474 A.D.), courtesy name Yuzhong, nicknamed Tuan, was born in Kunshan, Jiangsu.When he was an adult, he visited Qiu Zhanshu and started his official career at the age of 28. In addition to official duties, he visited, copied, sorted out, and collated books.His official residence is very simple, but he always employs several scribes to copy books for him for many years.Whenever there is migration, there is no luggage, only the carriage carrying the books and the scribe who followed him.After decades of hard work, seeking and copying, in his later years, he owned more than 4,600 books and more than 22,700 volumes, becoming the largest bibliophile in Jiangsu.He once planned to build a library to preserve his books, and named it "Luzhutang" himself, but he failed to achieve his wish during his lifetime, and his grandson Ye Gonghuan presided over the construction after his death.Ye Sheng compiled six volumes of "Luzhutang Bibliographies" based on his own collection of books, with more than 20,000 volumes in his family's collection.Ye Sheng cherishes books very much. He said: "If you look at things between heaven and earth, there is no book that is difficult to gather but easy to scatter. It is just like what I met in the past." ("Luzhutang Bibliography Preface 》) Because of this understanding, he educated his descendants to "read books carefully, lock them firmly, accept them for trial, and keep them high. Children and grandchildren only learn from [xiaoxiao], and borrowing from someone who is not theirs is not filial." He hoped that his descendants would take good care of the collection of books, not just to keep them and not to borrow them, but to ask the person who borrowed them, otherwise the books would be easily lost.
Fan Qin and Tianyi Pavilion: Fan Qin (1506-1585 A.D.), named Yaoqing, named Dongming, was born in Yin (yinyin) County (now Ningbo), Zhejiang.Fan Qin became a Jinshi in the 11th year of Jiajing (AD 1532), and became an official to the right servant of the Ministry of War.In the 40th year of Jiajing (AD 1561), he established the "Tianyi Pavilion" library in the west of Yuehu Lake in Yin County, his hometown, with a collection of more than 70,000 volumes, ranking first in eastern Zhejiang.
Fan Qin was fond of collecting books all his life.In order to search for books, he visited book collectors and bookstores in Zhejiang to purchase different copies.When he was an official in Jiangxi, Guangxi, Fujian, Shaanxi, Henan and other places, he searched extensively for books and copied rare books.He is famous far and near for his rich collection of books.
Fan Qin formulated effective measures against the two major hazards to the collection of books: natural disasters (water, fire, and insect disasters) and man-made disasters (lack of management, easy to be lost), and urged his descendants to strictly implement them.From the perspective of architectural design, the construction of Tianyi Pavilion is quite scientific. The name "Tianyi" is derived from the sayings that "the sky is full of water" and "the earth is 60% water".Tianyi Pavilion is divided into upper and lower floors. The upper floor is like the sky, and the sky is full of water.In order to prevent moisture, all the books are placed on the upper layer.There are windows at the front and back of the upstairs, and doors at the front and back of the bookcase. Books are stored on both sides for ventilation.In the bookcase, there are also insect-proof weeds.In order to prevent the library from being burned, a pond was dug in front of the building to store water, and it was named "Tianyi Pool".In this way, "Tianyi Pavilion" has taken waterproof, fireproof and insect proof into consideration.In order to protect Tianyi Pavilion, Fan Qin formulated a very strict covenant to keep the pavilion, stipulating: "in Tianyi Pavilion, each house has a key on the door of the library. To open the library door, all the grandchildren of each house must arrive." Only then; books in the pavilion are not borrowed from outsiders; children and grandchildren who have the ambition to read should read them in the pavilion; readers are not allowed to read them at night, and they are not addicted to tobacco."In this way, the trouble of being lost is prevented, and "there will never be fire".This rule remained in place until 1949.Therefore, the collection of books in Tianyi Pavilion has been preserved for more than 400 years, which can be described as a miracle in the history of private book collection.Tianyi Pavilion avoided natural disasters, but could not completely avoid man-made disasters.The war at the end of Ming Dynasty, Emperor Qianlong’s revision of Sikuquanshu, the opium war, the capture of Ningbo by the Chinese and British troops, and the theft by Chinese and foreign cultural profiteers caused Tianyi Pavilion to suffer a lot of losses.By the beginning of 1949, there were only more than 13,000 volumes left in the Tianyi Pavilion collection.Now, the state attaches great importance to the protection of Tianyi Pavilion. The library building has been repaired, and more than 3,000 volumes of lost old collections have been recovered one after another. A library with a national style has been built behind the pavilion to store ancient books that have been leaked and collected in recent years.
Wang Shizhen and Xiaoyou Pavilion: Wang Shizhen (1526-1590 A.D.), with the character of Yuanmei and the name of Fengzhou, also known as Yan (yanyan) Zhoushanren.People from Taicang, Jiangsu. "History of the Ming Dynasty" said that he "was born with a unique talent, and he will never forget his books for life". At the age of 19, he won the imperial examination, at the age of 22, he became a Jinshi, and later served as the minister of the Nanjing Ministry of punishment.Wang Shizhen is addicted to books. Whenever he encounters a good book, he always tries to get it.Once, he came across a Song engraved version of "Book of the Han Dynasty", which was exquisitely engraved and bound, and he couldn't put it down.Since he couldn't afford that much cash at the moment, he exchanged a manor for this book.His classmate and friend Zhu Taishi has "Selected Works of Annotations of Six Officials" in his collection, which is extremely precious. Because he was unable to buy it, "every time I think about it, I often think it hates it."Wang Shizhen's manor is called Yanzhou Garden, and there is his library building in the garden, called "Xiaoyou Pavilion", with a collection of more than 30,000 volumes.In addition, he built another "Erya Building", which specializes in collecting Song edition books; "Jiuyouzhai", which specializes in collecting rare books.
Hu Yinglin and Eryou Shanfang: Hu Yinglin (1551-1602 A.D.), with the character Yuanrui (or Mingrui), and the name Shiyangsheng, also known as Shaoshishanren.People from Lanxi, Zhejiang.At the age of 25, Hu Yinglin won the imperial examinations. After that, he failed in the examination and devoted his whole life to collecting, proofreading and writing.When he was more than 10 years old, he lived with his father in Beijing. Since then, he has visited bookstores in the capital and bought many good books.After returning to his hometown of Lanxi, he often pawned and sold his property to buy books, causing him to sell all the property left by his father.In order to buy books, I don't hesitate to spend money, and often I don't even have money for meals.He said in "Shaoshi Shanfang Bi Cong" that he "searched alleys poorly, begged for celebrities, searched for old homes, and sought out the best cities.He built the "Eryou Collection Mountain House", which collected 42,384 volumes of books.
Huang Juzhong, Huang Yuji, father and son, and Qianqingzhai: Huang Juzhong (1562-1644 A.D.), also known as Mr. Haihe, was born in Jinjiang (now Quanzhou), Fujian.Wanli Juren, once served as the supervisor of Nanjing Guozijian.His son Huang Yuji (AD 1629-1691), styled Yu Tai [taitai], also styled Chu [chu Chu] Yuan, was a scholar at the age of 16, and later devoted himself to calligraphy instead of seeking fame.Throughout his life, Huang Juzhong "deliberately collected books, and he was old and obsessed [duga]", collected more than 60,000 volumes of books, and built "Qianqingzhai" in Nanjing to collect books.Huang Juzhong’s salary as an official was spent on buying books except for food and clothing. Qian Qianyi, a famous bibliophile, said in "Huang's Qianqingzhai Tibetan Secretary" that he "sleeping, eating, sitting and lying down, feasting, living and working, it is not a waste of time." Books." Huang Yuji compiled the "Qianqingtang Bibliography" based on the books collected by his family, which included a complete collection of books in the Ming Dynasty. Later, Huang Yuji participated in the compilation of "Ming History·Yiwenzhi". ·The herb of Yiwenzhi.
Qi Chengyu (ran Ran) and Tan Shengtang: Qi Chengyu (AD 1565-1628), styled Erguang, named Yidu, was born in Shanyin (now Shaoxing), Zhejiang.Qi Chengxuan has been fond of books since he was a child. His early official career was bumpy and he failed in many trials, but his love for books and his heart to collect books are unswerving.Every time I go to Hangzhou or the capital, I always visit bookstores.The initial collection of books exceeded 10,000 volumes, and the library building Zai Yutang was destroyed by fire in the 25th year of Wanli (1597 A.D.).In the 32nd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1604 A.D.), he became a Jinshi at the age of 42, and went to Jiangxi to participate in politics.Due to economic affluence and expansion of activities, his collection of books grew rapidly, and finally he collected more than 100,000 volumes. He built a Kuang Garden in Meili, Shaoxing, his hometown, and built "Danshengtang" in the garden as a library.On the basis of enriching the collection of books, he put forward the earliest relatively systematic theory of book collection construction in my country, and wrote "Tanshengtang Book Collection Agreement".It is divided into three parts: "Jushu Xun", "Book Collection Xunlue" and "Reading Xun", which discuss book acquisition, cataloging, collection and reading respectively. "Jushu Xun" and "Reading Xun" mainly describe the deeds of ancient people gathering books and reading; "Three Book Buying Techniques" and the Five Book Appraisal Methods of "Scrutinizing Severity, Distinguishing Authenticity, Verifying Names and Facts, Right Priority, and Different Categories".And the four main points of classification have made contributions to the construction of ancient books in our country.
Mao Jin and Ji Gu Pavilion: Mao Jin (1599-1659 A.D.) was originally named Fengbao, with the word Zijiu.In his later years, he changed his name to Mao Jin and changed his name to Zijin.People from Changshu, Jiangsu.He "has a good understanding of the ancient times, and remembers the world" ("Mao Zijin Epitaph"). He liked reading, copying, and compiling books since he was a child.After the age of twenty-four or five, he began to collect and print books.He collects books by buying them at high prices. It is said that there is a notice posted at the door of his house, stating that the owner of the household pays for the books: 200 per page for Song block editions; .Therefore, booksellers from far and near came to his house one after another, and Huzhou book ships gathered in the Qixing Bridge outside the Yingchun Gate in Changshu where he lived.As a result, Mao Jin collected many rare books from the Song and Yuan Dynasties.The area around Hangjiahu is rich in books, and there are many book collectors.For rare books that cannot be bought, Mao Jin looks for them to borrow and copy them.He invented the method of "shadow copying". The so-called "shadow copying" is to copy the original book on the base with paper, and stipple the lines according to the original book. The copied book is the same as the original book, retaining the appearance of the original book. .Mao Jin hired many people to copy books for him. Wu Weiye of the Qing Dynasty wrote in "Ji Gu Ge Ge":
Biwen is full of Yushan men, and there is a little Maogong in the middle.
Search for lost gold to buy, and write finely to be an engraver.
Mao Jin has a large number of shadow manuscripts, which increases the value of Mao's collection.After nearly 30 years of collection, Mao Jin has collected more than 84,000 books, which are stored in his library - Jigu Pavilion and Mugeng Building.When Mao Jin encountered a rare book, he opened a workshop and engraved it to spread it widely.Therefore, "Ji Gu Ge Song" said that he "is a good showman for Jun Huo's wonderful books, and Jilin rich merchants are vying to copy them." Ji Gu Ge is not only the name of the library, but also the name of the bookstore where he engraved books.In order to engrave the "Thirteen Classics" and "Seventeen Histories", he sold 300 mu of fertile land in the 14th and 15th year of Chongzhen (1641-1642 A.D.).The scriptures and histories engraved by Mao Jin are mostly rare books of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and the book editions have been revised several times.Those who do not have conclusive evidence are never easily changed.In addition, the paper and ink used are excellent and the decoration is exquisite, so there was a saying at that time that "those who buy rare books in the world must go to the Mao family of Yinhu Lake".It is a pity that the collection of books in Jigu Pavilion was lost later, and more than 100,000 pieces of book blocks in the engraving workshop were also lost later.
Qian Qianyi and Jiangyun Tower: Qian Qianyi (1582-1664 A.D.), styled Shouzhi, named Muzhai, also named Mengsou, Dongjian Yilao, etc.People from Changshu, Jiangsu.A Jinshi in the Ming Dynasty, the official residence of the Minister of Rites, he lived in seclusion in the countryside shortly after he was surrendered to the Qing Dynasty.
Qian Qianyi's poems and articles "have a brilliant voice, nothing can compare with it".He originally asked for books to study, so he loves books like his life, and his collection of books is generally not easy to borrow.Qian purchased the suicide notes of four bibliophiles including Liu Ziwei, and bought all the books in Zhao Qimei's Maiwang library with a lot of money.In his later years, he built the Jiangyun Tower in his hometown of Hongdou Mountain Villa. He reorganized and cataloged the books he had collected in his life, filled 73 large bookcases, and hid them in the building.In the seventh year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1650 A.D.), the Jiangyun Tower accidentally caught fire and burned all the books of Qian’s family. Fire, Jiang Zuo's books, history and books will be a small catastrophe" ("Song Ben Han Shu Postscript").Later, Qian Qianyi donated the rest of the books to his grandson Qian Zeng. Qian Zeng set up the Shugutang Library on this basis and published the "Shugutang Collection Bibliography".
Many library buildings in the late Ming Dynasty were still preserved in the Qing Dynasty, such as Jiangyun Tower and Jigu Pavilion in Changshu, Tianyi Pavilion in Ningbo, and Qianqingzhai in Nanjing, which were still famous in the early Qing Dynasty.Later, except for Tianyi Pavilion, other library buildings gradually lost their collections due to fire or poor management.The library building built in the middle of the Qing Dynasty also includes the "Shi Liju" and "One Hundred Songs Yichan (chan Zen)" by Huang Pilie in Wu County, Jiangsu, the "Baijing Building" by Wu Qian in Haichang, Zhejiang, and the "Pingjin Pavilion" by Sun Xingyan in Suzhou, Jiangsu. , "Zhenqitang" by Wang Xian in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, "Kaiwanlou" by Wang Qishu, "Zhibuzhai" by Bao Tingbo, "Baojingtang" by Hu Wenqi [chao Chao], "Qiancaitang" by Zhu Yizun in Jiaxing, Zhejiang ", "Baojing Building" at Luzhi, Ningbo, Zhejiang; "Chuanshi Building" by Xu Qianxue in Kunshan, Jiangsu; Door Bookstore”, Zhou Yongnian’s “Borrowing Garden” in Licheng, Shandong, etc.These book collectors and library buildings have made contributions to the preservation of Chinese culture and the dissemination of knowledge, and are praised by the people of the time.
In the later period of the Qing Dynasty, internal and external troubles and wars continued, and many books were lost in various places.After Daoguang, private collections can no longer be compared with those in the Qianjia period.In the late Qing Dynasty, there were four library buildings worth introducing, including Haiyuan Pavilion, Tieqin and Tongjian Building, Wusong Building and Baqianjuan Building.
Yang's Haiyuan Pavilion in Liaocheng, Shandong: The owner of the pavilion is Yang Yizeng (AD 1787-1855).When he was governor of the Jiangnan River, he bought the books of Wang Shizhong Yiyun Bookstore in Suzhou; later his son Yang Shaohe (1832-1875 AD) bought the books of Leshantang in Prince Qingyi’s Mansion and other books in Beijing. By the time of his grandson Yang Baoyi (1852-1910 A.D.), Haiyuan Pavilion reached its peak.The "Haiyuan Pavilion Bibliography" edited by Yang Baoyi contains 3,336 titles in four collections of classics, histories, sons, and collections, with a total of more than 208,300 volumes.Haiyuan Pavilion was occupied by Shandong bandits twice in 1929 and 1930. It was used as the headquarters.Part of the collection of Haiyuan Pavilion was purchased by Beijing Library and Shandong Library respectively.
Qu's Tieqin and Bronze Sword Building in Changshu, Jiangsu Province: The owner is Qu Shaoji (1772-1836 A.D.).The four generations of Qu Shaoji's ancestors and grandchildren lived in seclusion in the countryside to visit books and study.Their library was originally called Tianyuzhai, but it was renamed "Dunyuzhai" because of avoiding the taboo of the pronunciation of Zaitian in Guangxu. When Qu Shaoji's grandson Qu Qijia published the catalog of his family's collection of books in the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu (AD 1898), he called his collection of books "Tieqin and Tongjianlou".Qu's collection of books reaches more than 100,000 volumes.The catalog of Tieqin Tongjianlou’s collection of books only records Song, Jin, and Yuan rare editions and rare manuscripts (common books are not recorded), including 82 kinds of scriptures, 265 kinds of history, 370 kinds of subsections, and 525 kinds of collections. There are 1242 kinds, which shows the value of its collection.
The descendants of the Qu family were upright. During the Guangxu period, the emperor sent four people, including the minister, to the Tieqin and Tongjian Building. They wanted to take away a book, and promised to grant the descendants of the Qu family a third-rank Jingtang and reward tens of thousands of dollars, but the descendants of the Qu family did not agree. Moved by Lilu, he took out the imperial edict given to Tianyuzhai by Qianlong and declined it. Emperor Guangxu gave up because he could not violate the ancestral precepts.After the Revolution of 1911, Qu Qijia actively advocated the cause of public libraries, and founded Changshu Public Library himself.During the War of Resistance Against Japan, Qu Qijia transported all the precious rare books to Shanghai for hiding and preserved them completely.When Qu Qijia passed away, his sons, Ji Cang, Xu Chu, and Feng Qi, took care of the collection of books and donated all of them to the country.Tieqin Tongjianlou books are now stored in the Beijing Library.The Qu family's collection of books allows outsiders to enter the building to read. There is a reading room where tea and meals are provided, which is quite well received.
Zhejiang Gui'an (now Wuxing) Lu's Song Lou: the founder Lu Xinyuan (AD 1834-1894), named Gangfu, nicknamed Cunzhai, later named Qianyuan Old Man, was born in Gui'an, Zhejiang.In the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859 A.D.), he was elected in the middle school. He first served as a soldier in Nanshao and then served as an envoy for salt transportation in Fujian.After being dismissed from his post and returning home, he set up a Qianyuan in the east of the city, collecting and schooling books for life.Lu Xinyuan was addicted to books. When he was working in Nanshao, Guangdong, he had more than 100 boxes of books shipped back to his hometown.During the time of war and chaos, many book collectors' collections were scattered in the society, so Lu Xinyuan took the opportunity to buy rare books.By the eighth year of Guangxu (AD 1882), his collection of books had reached 150,000 volumes.The Lu family divided a large library into two parts, one part is called the Song Dynasty Building, and the other part is called the "Hundred Thousand Volumes Building". "Song Song" means that Huang Pilie collected 100 Song edition books, and called his library "One Store of Hundred Songs". "皕" means double hundred, and "Song Lou", which means that the collection of Song edition books is twice as large as that of Huang Pilie. The 100,000-volume building houses engraved editions of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, as well as hand-edited copies, manuscripts, and drafts of celebrities.In addition, ordinary engravings and manuscripts are collected in Jianshouxian Pavilion, which are open to outsiders.
Li Zonglian pointed out in "Songlou Collection of Books" that Songlou has more books than Fan's Tianyi Pavilion, Song and Yuan rare books, Songlou is twice as much as Tianyi Pavilion; and Tianyi Pavilion is too strict, and The Song Building is for people to read; in addition, the selection of books in the Song Building is strict, while the collection of books in Tianyi Pavilion is more complicated.In short, he believes that the quality and quantity of books collected in Songlou are higher than those in Tianyige.
Ding’s Eight Thousand Volumes Building in Hangzhou, Zhejiang: The owner is Ding Shen (AD?—1880) and Ding Bing (AD 1832—1899).Dingshen was named Zhuzhou, Dingbing was named Jiayu, another name was Songsheng, and the late name was Songcun.A native of Qiantang (now Hangzhou), Zhejiang.The two Ding brothers, who read a lot of books and recited them from memory, were known as "Shuang Ding" at that time.
In the eleventh year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1861 A.D.), the "Siku Quanshu" in Wenlan Pavilion was lost due to the war.One day, Ding Bing was shopping in Xixi Town, and found that the wrapping paper of the store was actually Siku loose pages.So the two brothers searched and picked up, going back and forth dozens of miles a day, and transported the remnants of Wenlan Pavilion to Xixi. Through the efforts of the two brothers, they collected more than 800 bundles of "Siku Quanshu", and then transported them to Shanghai.After the war subsided, they were all shipped back.The "Siku Quanshu" rescued by them totaled 8689 volumes.Later, due to the lack of many, in the eighth year of Guangxu (AD 1882), supplementary copying began again, and successively borrowed books from many book collectors inside and outside the province to copy the original copy. It lasted seven years, and a total of 891 kinds of missing books, 2174 pages, made the text The collection of books in Lange has been largely restored to its original appearance.The contribution of the Ding brothers to cultural undertakings is commendable.
The Ding family collected 10,000 kinds of books, totaling 400,000 volumes, and built Jiahui Hall in the 14th year of Guangxu (AD 1888). There are 3,400 kinds, including 1,500 kinds of bibliographies; the latter Baqianjuan building: collects more than 8,000 books that are not included in the "Siku Quanshu", mainly books on Buddhism, Taoism, novels, and operas; the small Baqianjuan building, Also known as the rare book room, there are more than 200 kinds of engraved editions from the Song and Yuan Dynasties and 2,000 exquisite engraved editions from the Ming Dynasty, old manuscripts, and manuscripts.
In the 33rd year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1907 A.D.), eight years after Ding Bing's death, the descendants of the Ding family suffered serious losses due to business failures.Duan Fang, governor of Liangjiang, invited Miao Quansun, a famous bibliophile in Jiangsu, to negotiate with Ding's descendants to purchase these books at a price of 75,000 taels.These books were collected in one of the earliest public libraries in my country - Jiangnan Library (predecessor of today's Nanjing Library).
In the first year of Ming Hongwu (AD 1368), Zhusi and Nishan Second Academy were established.Since then, many places have been established.However, since Jiajing, the rulers of the Ming Dynasty ordered the abolition of the academy three times in order to attack political opponents.In addition, the emphasis on imperial examinations and the development of schools have slowed down the development of academies.Since Wang Yangming established Longchang Academy, led Guiyang Academy, built Lianxi Academy, and opened Jishan Academy, the rulers of the Ming Dynasty had some changes in their attitude towards academies.According to statistics, there were 1,710 academies in Ming Dynasty, covering 19 provinces.
In the early Qing Dynasty, there were very few academies nationwide. In the 11th year of Yongzheng (1733 A.D.), an order was issued to set up an academism in each province. The government allocated funds, hired students, and the students were evaluated jointly by provincial road officials and the chief secretary.At the same time, the restrictions on academies were relaxed, and academies were established in various places. According to statistics, there were nearly 3,000 academies in the Qing Dynasty.
The academies of the Ming and Qing dynasties had collections of books.The sources of the library collection are private donations.For example, in the early years of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, Liu Huiting in Jishui, Jiangxi Province built Renshan Academy, "gathering ancient and modern books for future scholars" (Guangxu "Jiangxi Tongzhi" Volume 81).Li Min in Xiangcheng, Henan set up Ziyun Academy to "gather thousands of books and lectures for scholars" ("Ming History · Li Min Biography").In the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Bo traveled to Fujian and built Aofeng Academy, "a thousand volumes of books collected by monks, filled them with [ren]" (Volume 17 of "Biography of Steles"); the second was purchased for the academy.In the Qing Dynasty, Feng Guangyu presided over the Guishan Academy in Guizhou, and "sent people to the south of the Yangtze River to buy thousands of volumes of classics and historical records" (Volume 71 of "Biography of Steles"); the third was awarded by the imperial court or local government.For example, in the 16th year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1751), a decree was given to Zhongshan Academy in Jiangnan (now Nanjing), Ziyang Academy in Suzhou, and Fuwen Academy in Hangzhou. , Zi Maoshi Ji Gu Zhi" ("Qing Tong Kao").Since then, all provincial academies have "Yushulou". "Zunjing Pavilion" and other buildings are used to store books bestowed by the imperial court.
As for the academies that mainly study classics and history, they place more emphasis on collecting books.Ruan Yuan successively established the Jingshe and Xuehaitang in Hangzhou and Guangzhou. The Jingshe was destroyed after that. Jiang Yifeng rebuilt it in the fifth year of Tongzhi and bought 1,300 volumes of four books as a collection.Xuehaitang built Wenlan Pavilion as a library, storing many engraved plates.Guangdong Guangya Academy has the largest collection of books, with more than 43,500 volumes.
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