Chapter 22 Chapter 8 Unification of Ming and Qing Dynasties, Large-scale Book Collection
In 1368 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty and made Yingtian (now Nanjing) its capital.In the same year, general Xu Da led his troops to capture Yuan Dadu (now Beijing), and transported the books and classics in the secret pavilion to Nanjing.Most of these books are from the old collections of the Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties, and there are many printed and manuscript copies of the Song and Yuan dynasties, which laid the foundation for the national collection of books in the Ming Dynasty.After Zhu Yunwen [weiwen] succeeded to the throne, he "purchased the posthumous books and applied for the old classics, and the only thing he can do is to collect them every day" (Volume 15 of Fu Weilin's "Ming Shu"). In 1403, the year Zhu Di (Di Emperor) came to the throne, he ordered Xie Jin to preside over the compilation of a class book "Wen Wen Da Cheng", which was completed the following year.Zhu Di, Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, thought the book was too brief after reading it, so he ordered his trusted ministers Yao Guangxiao, Liu Jichi (chi Chi), and Xie Jin to rewrite it.In the fifth year of Yongle (AD 1407), it was rebuilt and named "Yongle Dadian". "Yongle Dadian" was compiled using the collection of books in Wenyuan Pavilion in Nanjing. The whole book compiled seven to eight thousand kinds of ancient and modern books, with a total of 22,877 volumes and 60 volumes of catalogs.In the fourth year of Yongle (1406 A.D.), Chengzu asked about the collection of books in Wenyuan Pavilion in Nanjing. Xie Jin, a bachelor, said, "There are still many omissions."After hearing this, Chengzu said: "The scholars and concubines have a little money, and they all want to accumulate books. What's more, the imperial court!" "History of the Ming Dynasty Yiwenzhi" then called Zheng Ci, Minister of the Ministry of Rites, to send people out to ask for the suicide note, and instructed not to care about the price.In the 19th year of Yongle (AD 1421), Ming Chengzu moved his capital to Beijing, and ordered to take one copy from the Wenyuan Pavilion collection in Nanjing, a total of 100 cabinets, loaded more than a dozen ships, and transported them to Beijing by Chen Xun, while the rest were still stored in Nanjing.According to "Xiyuan Wenjianlu", in order to store these books from the south, Ming Chengzu built another Wenyuan Pavilion to store them.Zhu Zhanji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, attached great importance to collecting books and liked to read. He once "visited Wenyuan Pavilion and read classics and history in person".According to "Ming Xuanzong Veritable Records", in April of the eighth year of Xuande (1433 A.D.), Xuanzong ordered Yang Shiqi and Yang Rong to take out books such as "Five Classics", "Four Books" and "Shuoyuan" from the collection for easy reading. They are located in the second hall of Guanghan, Qingshu and Qionghua Island (now Qionghua Island in Beihai Park, Beijing).At that time, there were more than 20,000 books and nearly one million volumes in the Wenyuan Pavilion and other secret pavilions, of which 3/10 were printed books and 7/10 were manuscripts.In the sixth year of Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1441), Yang Shiqi presided over the investigation of the collections of Wenyuan Pavilion and Dongge, and compiled the "Wenyuan Pavilion Bibliography", which recorded more than 43,200 volumes and about 7,000 kinds of books.According to "History of Ming Dynasty Yiwenzhi", this batch of "Secret Pavilion Books are all left by Song and Yuan Dynasty.In the 14th year of Ming Yingzong Zhengtong (AD 1449), the Nanjing palace caught fire, and all the rare books collected since the Song and Yuan Dynasties were burned.From then on, the national collection of books in the Ming Dynasty began to decline.This is directly related to the attitude of the emperor.Because the later emperors did not pay much attention to the collection of books and did not manage them well, damage and theft happened frequently.According to "Wanli Ye Huo Bian", during the Zhengde reign of Emperor Wuzong of the Ming Dynasty, Li Jixian, the principal in charge, took the opportunity of sorting out the Wenyuan Pavilion collection of books to steal fine books; cabinet scholars only borrowed them and did not return them. reduce.During the Jiajing period, Xu Jiugao, the censor, wrote a letter suggesting that Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty Zhu Houcong (cong Chong) send people to "check the bibliographies of Yiwenzhi in the past dynasties, and check the bibliographies of art and literature in the past. If there are no classics and records, they should be borrowed by the family of scholars and people to send them to officials for copying" ("Wanli Yehuobian· "Visiting and Asking for a Suicide Note") was rejected by Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty.In the 33rd year of Wanli Emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty (1605 A.D.), Sun Nengchuan, Zhang Xuan and others cleaned up the collection of books in Wenyuan Pavilion and compiled eight volumes of "Cabinet Bibliography".Compared with the books recorded in the "Wenyuan Pavilion Bibliography" compiled in the sixth year of Yingzong Zhengtong, the books recorded in this bibliography are far apart.During the turmoil at the end of the Ming Dynasty, the collection of books in the Beijing palace suffered heavy losses during the wars. The original copy of "Yongle Dadian" was transported from Nanjing, and it has been hidden in the Chinese Building of the Palace, and it has been completely destroyed.
In the Ming Dynasty, in addition to the collection of books in the palace, the ministries, courts, and Imperial College of the central government, as well as the local governments, prefectures, and county government offices had a certain collection of books.Many of them are books issued by the imperial court. For example, in the 15th year of Yongle (1417 A.D.), "Five Classics", "Four Books", and "Compendium of Nature and Principles" were issued to the Six Departments of the Two Capitals, Guozijian, and Tianxia Prefectures and Counties. .Of course, there are great differences in the number of books collected by government offices in various places.
The Qing soldiers entered the pass, and the Ming Dynasty perished.In view of the large loss of books at the end of the Ming Dynasty, the emperor Shizu of the Qing Dynasty "purchased the suicide note" in the 14th year of Shunzhi (AD 1657).In the 25th year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1686 A.D.), the emperor also ordered books such as Confucian classics, history books, etc., but all had little effect.The reason is that the intellectuals of the Han nationality and the feudal rulers of the Manchu nationality were in serious antagonism. In addition, although the Qing government had an imperial edict to request books, it had no practical measures, so the growth of the library collection in the palace was very slow.Later, the Qing Dynasty compiled various books and collected books through various channels, making the book collection reach the peak of feudal society.
For academics and culture, the Qing government took various measures to control them.First of all, it advocates reverence for Confucius and Cheng Zhu, which not only restricts people's free thought, but also eases the contradiction with Han intellectuals.During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, "The Encyclopedia of Xing Li" was republished, "The Complete Book of Zhu Zi" and "The Essence of Xing Li" were compiled and printed, and the so-called Confucianism famous officials Li Guangdi and Tang Bin were reused.Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong both went to Dianfu to offer sacrifices to Confucius in person.In particular, Emperor Qianlong worshiped Confucius nine times before and after. Secondly, books that were unfavorable to the Qing Dynasty were banned, such as Song people attacking Jurchen, Ming people related to the ancestors of the Qing Dynasty and related taboo books. According to the situation, some or all of them were destroyed. Destroyed, in the thirty-eighth to forty-six years of Qianlong (AD 1773-1781) eight years, a total of more than 67,000 book boards were confiscated and burned.Again, Daxing Literary Prison.The most famous one is the "Nanshan Ji" case.Dai Mingshi, editor of the Imperial Academy, wrote "Nanshan Collection", and mostly used Fang Xiaobiao's "Journey to Yunnan and Guizhou" to describe the Nanming incidents and was convicted.Dai Mingshi was killed, Fang Xiaobiao had already died at that time, and he ordered the coffin to be opened to slaughter the corpses. More than 100 people were killed by the company and hundreds of people were exiled.Under such a cultural policy, correspondingly, two situations emerged: on the one hand, many scholars avoided contact with reality for fear of offending taboos, so textual research flourished; Molecules, forbidding books and repairing books.Since Emperor Kangxi, he has ordered the compilation of various books many times, including 450 volumes of the famous class book "Yuan Jian Lei Han", 444 volumes of the dictionary "Pei Wen Yun Fu", 900 volumes of the collection of poems "Quan Tang Poetry", and a large-scale class book " "Compilation of Ancient and Modern Books", which was re-edited in the Yongzheng Dynasty and renamed "Compilation of Ancient and Modern Books", has a total of 10,000 volumes.The largest among them is the "Siku Quanshu".In the process of compiling these books, solicit books.For example, on the fourth day of the first lunar month in the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong (AD 1772), an edict was issued to solicit books, specifying the scope and methods of soliciting books.Under the personal supervision of Emperor Qianlong, Anhui Xuezheng Zhu Yun took the lead, visited the suicide note and presented it to the court, and then other provinces took action one after another.In the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong, the call for books was in full swing.Bibliophiles and officials in charge of book collection were afraid of literary inquisition, and secondly, they were afraid that the government would be untrustworthy and break their promise to return the original books, so they did not get many books for a period of time.In response to this situation, Qianlong issued decrees repeatedly to explain it.He said, "Is there any order to visit and seek the relics instead of finding flaws, crimes and book collectors in the book?"Aiming at the fear of borrowing and not returning, Emperor Qianlong stipulated that on the date when the book was presented by each family, the seal of the Imperial Academy should be stamped on the cover of the book, indicating the date of entry, the official, and the owner of the book.And based on this, make another volume and register them one by one.On the date of return, check the book with the presented book.If the delivery is unclear, only the governor will ask.Due to the implementation of these measures, a large number of books arrived in Beijing after May of the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (AD 1773).In order to encourage bibliophiles to donate more and better books, Emperor Qianlong stipulated some attractive methods to promote the whole book donation activity.There are three main methods of Qianlong: one is the emperor's inscription.It is stipulated that those who donate more than one hundred kinds of books will choose the best editions, and ask the emperor to read them, comment and chant them personally, and give them a brief description.The second is to reward books.At that time, several official large-scale books had just come out, and it was still difficult to get them in the society.Qianlong then bestowed a copy of "The Collection of Ancient and Modern Books" to four bibliophiles including Bao Shigong from Zhejiang and Ma Yu from Lianghuai who had contributed more than 500 kinds of books, and a copy of "Peiwen Yunfu" to the other book collectors who had contributed more than 100 kinds.The third is to leave a name in "General Catalog".In July of the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong's reign, it was stipulated that any book contributor who has collected more than one hundred kinds of books can be called a bibliophile, and his name will be attached to the summary of each book.Due to the implementation of the above three methods, the psychology and hobbies of book collectors are satisfied, and their enthusiasm for donating books is greatly stimulated.By August of the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, there were more than 10,000 kinds of books from various places in Beijing.This was the most successful call for books in ancient my country, which greatly enriched the national library.
The Qing Dynasty followed the Ming Dynasty and did not set up a special national library collection institution, but the seven pavilions in the north and south played a very important role.In addition to the collections of the Imperial Academy and the Imperial Academy, most of the national books are kept in the palace and managed by the relevant agencies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, so it is called the collection of the inner government.The books of the inner government are divided into various places: Huang Shicheng [Cheng Cheng] collects the veritable records of the current dynasty, jade documents and "Daqing Huidian"; the cabinet specially collects documents, archives and veritable records of the past Ming Dynasty; Rare books of the Jin, Liao, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties; Wuyingdian has a book repair office, where all the engraved books are kept.In addition, the "Siku Quanshu Huiyao" is collected in the Zaotang (Chi Chi) behind the Kunning Palace, which is a rare book selected from the "Siku Quanshu".In addition, there are collections of books in Yangxin Hall, Nanxun Hall, Ziguang Pavilion, and South Study Room. In 1929, 13,081 volumes and 195,732 volumes were cleaned up in the collection of the Qing court.
In the national collection of books in the Qing Dynasty, the collection of books in the North and South Qige occupies an important position.The seven north and south pavilions refer to Wenyuan Pavilion in the Forbidden City in Beijing, Wenyuan Pavilion in the Old Summer Palace, Wenjin Pavilion in Chengde Mountain Resort, Wensu Pavilion in Shengjing (now Shenyang) Forbidden City, Wenzong Pavilion in Jinshan Temple in Zhenjiang, and Yangzhou Grand View Hall Wenhui Pavilion and Wenlan Pavilion of Shengyin Temple in West Lake, Hangzhou.The first four pavilions are located in the north, so they are called the North Four Pavilions, and the last three pavilions are located in the south, called the South Three Pavilions.When Emperor Qianlong decided to build Beisi Pavilion, he sent people to Ningbo to understand the situation of Tianyi Pavilion in order to prevent fire, moisture and insects.The Beisi Pavilion building is modeled after Tianyi Pavilion.Wenjin, Wenyuan and Wenyuan were built in the 39th to 41st years of Qianlong (AD 1774-1776).Wensu Pavilion was built in the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (AD 1782).The three pavilions of Wenzong, Wenhui and Wenlan were built in the forty-fourth to forty-ninth years of Qianlong (1779-1784 A.D.).There are "Siku Quanshu" and "An Integration of Ancient and Modern Books" in the seven pavilions in the north and south.If the North Fourth Pavilion is the imperial library, which is rarely read by ordinary scholars, the South Three Pavilion is different.Emperor Qianlong believed that Jiangsu and Zhejiang were a place of rich humanities [sou old man]. In order to facilitate the local scholars to "watch and transcribe nearby", in the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (AD 1782), he issued an order to transcribe three copies of "Siku Quanshu" with funds from the state. It is stored in Nansan Pavilion.Later, local officials feared that scholars would read and deface it, so they kept it as a secret.Emperor Qianlong reiterated that "those who are willing to read the secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China shall be allowed to copy it in the cabinet" ("Handling Archives · Edict on June 1st, 55th Year of Qianlong").Therefore, Nansan Pavilion played an active role in spreading ancient culture.From the "General Catalog of Siku Quanshu", we know that the whole book has a total of 3461 kinds and 79309 volumes; 6793 kinds of catalogs and 93551 volumes, a total of 10254 kinds and 172860 volumes, basically recording all the major books in China during the Qianlong period.If the books recorded in "Summary of Uncollected Books in Siku" and "Summary of Destroyed Books in Siku" are added together, it will fully reflect the general situation of the national book collection in the early Qing Dynasty.
It is worth mentioning that Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty not only made contributions to the collection of books, but also destroyed a large number of books.At first, what he destroyed was only the writings written by the late Ming people, and later expanded to almost all the writings containing words. More than 2,000 works were destroyed.According to the records of "General Catalog of Four Kinds of Prohibited Books in the Qing Dynasty", 756 kinds of books were violated, 1531 kinds were banned, 146 kinds were completely destroyed, and 182 kinds were destroyed.Most of these works are records of Qing soldiers burning, killing and looting or Ming Dynasty's countermeasures and memorials for attacking and defending Qing troops.Zhang Taiyan, a famous scholar, wrote the article "Burning Books in Mourning", criticizing this act of cultural tyranny in grief and indignation, pointing out that it is a destruction of Chinese culture.Of course, the rulers will never be able to ban the dissemination of books. During the period of the Republic of China, hundreds of these banned books were discovered.
There are only four collections of the "Siku Quanshu" preserved in the seven pavilions in the north and south. The "Siku Quanshu" in the Wenyuan Pavilion was once incomplete. Wenjinge's "Siku Quanshu" was transferred to the Jingshi Library (now the Beijing Library) in 1915 and was properly preserved, making it the most complete set.Wenyuan Pavilion was burned down by the British and French allied forces in 1860 because it was in the Old Summer Palace.Two sets of "Siku Quanshu", Wenzong Pavilion in Zhenjiang and Wenhui Pavilion in Yangzhou, were destroyed during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution.In the eleventh year of Xianfeng (AD 1861), the Taiping Heavenly Army invaded Hangzhou, and the "Siku Quanshu" in Hangzhou Wenlan Pavilion was destroyed. After that, the famous Hangzhou bibliophiles Ding Bing and Ding Shen brothers took the risk to clean it up, and organized personnel three times. Recopied 891 kinds, roughly restored to the original.During the Anti-Japanese War, in order to avoid falling into the hands of the Japanese army, Mr. Xia Dingyu planned to transfer this set of books from Hangzhou to southern Zhejiang, and then to Guiyang.A cart of books fell into the water and was salvaged. Mr. Xia spent a lot of time digging through the books in the scorching sun at the Zhang Family Ancestral Hall in the suburbs of Guiyang.In 1944, it was moved to Qingmuguan, Chongqing. It was transported back to Hangzhou in May 1946 and is now in the Zhejiang Provincial Library.It is worth mentioning that when Wenlan Pavilion's "Siku Quanshu" was supplemented during the Republic of China, some of them were copied from the original, and the falsification and deletions were corrected according to the original when it was compiled, so it is more important than the original "Siku Quanshu". It conforms to the truth of ancient books and has its unique value.Shenyang Wensu Pavilion's "Siku Quanshu" is now in the Gansu Provincial Library.
Ming Chengyuan system, Hongwu three years (1370 A.D.), the secretary supervised the books of the inner government.In July of the thirteenth year of Hongwu (1380 A.D.), the books of the inner government were changed to the Hanlin Academy, and two officials were set up, from the eighth rank, with low positions, resulting in frequent loss of books.The Ming Dynasty actually abolished the independent national library collection institution, and the collection of books was only managed by other institutions.
The Qing Dynasty followed the Ming system and did not set up a special national library collection institution. The Imperial Academy and the Guozijian both had collections and managed them separately.Most of the books are stored in the palace and managed by the relevant subordinate agencies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.In the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (AD 1773), in order to compile the "Siku Quanshu", the Siku Quanshu Library was established, consisting of 361 people of different ranks.In the second year, seven pavilions in the north and south were built. They were completed in the 40th year of Qianlong (1775 A.D.). The same division is in charge, and these are all concurrently held by cabinet bachelors and ministers who were born in Kejia.There are 16 school administrators, who are in charge of the registration and inspection, and the concubine, attendant reader, attendant lecturer, editor, etc. are concurrently in charge.
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