Chapter 22 Section 2 The customs of the Northern and Southern Dynasties to the Five Dynasties

After the Eastern Han Dynasty, some rich and powerful families with hairpin tassels from generation to generation within the landlord class formed a gentry class.The gentry is also called the family.They rely on the fame and fame of their ancestors, and think that they are well-educated, which is different from those who have only wealth or no roots but have made a fortune in the present.They are high above the top, and they regard themselves as scholars advertised by Confucianism, so when naming and choosing characters, they pay special attention to the word "shi". Yan" is also very fond of.Since the Western Jin Dynasty, Shi and Yan have become fashionable words for the names of scholar-bureaucrats.Of course, this does not mean that the use of "shi" as a name began in the Western Jin Dynasty.The so-called wind starts at the end of Qingping, and it also develops gradually from small to large, from small to strong.At the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms, some people began to use "Shi" and "Yan" as their names.For example, Zhuge Liang's father-in-law is called Huang Chengyan, Cao Mao's name is Yanshi, Pang Tong's name is Shiyuan, Dongwu Lu Ju's name is Shiyi, Lu Ji's name is Shiheng, Lu Yun's name is Shilong, Lu Ye's name is Shiguang, and Lu Wan's name is Shiyuan. Yao, wait.The Lu brothers all used this name before entering the Jin Dynasty.

It can be said that Jin people use Shi and Yan as their names everywhere, and there are too many to enumerate. Only a few well-known people are listed as evidence. Tao Kanzi Shixing Huangfu Mi (mi Mi) styled Shi'an Zu Ti Zi Shi Zhi There are few scholars in Zuyue Zuna Words Wu Yan Zi Shi Ze Yuan Zhan styled Shishen Yuan Bao Zi Shi Wei He Xun Zi Yanxian Xi chiseled the word Yanwei Hu Mufu's name is Yan Guo Yuan Yanzi Yandao Gu Rong styled Yanxian Pei Xiu Zi Ji Yan Hua Yi Ziyan Xia Zhong Yazi Yanzhou Song Qiliang and Chen have always used it.Even future generations will continue to apply it.

People in the Wei and Jin Dynasties advocated Taoism, that is, the philosophy of Lao and Zhuang, known as metaphysics in the world, and the use of names and characters was also influenced by it.Many words embodying Taoist thoughts, such as Xuan, Chong, and Tao, as well as "Zhen" commonly used by Taoism, Taoism, and alchemists, have poured into the names of characters in this era.These words appeared in the Three Kingdoms at the end of Han Dynasty.Such as Qiaoxuan, Xiahouxuan, Cao Chong, Cao Zhen and so on.But the frequency of occurrence is far from being comparable to that of Jin, especially the words Xuan and Dao, which are astonishingly numerous like Yan and Shi.Here are some examples of this:

Guo Xiang Zixuan Fu Xuan Qin Xiu styled Xuanliang Hu Fen's style name is Xuanwei Wang Lan Zixuantong Xun Sui word Dao Xuan Xun Yi styled Xuan Xin Xie Xuan Gong Xuan's word Dao Xuan Bao Liang (Jing Jing) with the word Taixuan Zheng Chongzi Wenhe Wang Xu Zi Jun (jun Jun) Chong Ji Yi (yi meaning) word Zu Chong Zuo Si Zi Tai Chong Wang Zhan's word Chu Chong Wang Hun styled Xuanchong Fu Changzi Shidao Xun Kai [kai Kai] character Daoming Wang Shenzi Chudao Pei Shao (shaoshao) character period Liu Chen Zi Dao Zhen Huan Xuan's character is respectful Sima Chong's word Dao Rang

Wei Zhanzi Daoshu Liu Minyuan Zi Daoguang Zhai Tang's character is deep Han Shouzi Dezhen Shi Pu Zi Xuan Zhen Zhao Zhi Zi Jing Zhen Tao Zhan Zi Daozhen Deng Qian's character is Changzhen Liu Yin (tan Tan) is really long Although these characters were still used in the Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, Sui and Tang Dynasties, they were not as dense as in the Jin Dynasty, and were replaced by Buddhist words. Buddhism was introduced into China at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and flourished in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It was believed in by the emperors, generals, and ordinary people.Things related to Buddhism naturally also affect people's naming and character selection. "Hou Hanshu" already has the name Li Tan [tan Tan], which is probably because the Buddha's surname was Qu Tan, so he took the name "Tan". "The Eunuch's Biography" has a person named Gao Fan, which is an abbreviation of "Brahma".There are many famous Buddhist objects composed of "Vatican".In "Book of Jin", only Xi [xixi] Tan, Xi Seng Shi, and Cao Pi [pipi] and others used Buddhist language as their names. In Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen, they used Tan, Buddha, Monk, Dharma, Treasure, Wisdom, Wisdom, etc. are named, and there are countless.For example, in "Book of Songs", there are Wang Tanshou, Shen Tanqing, Shen Tanliang, Wang Tansheng, Wang Sengchuo, Wang Sengda, Shen Sengrong, Fu Sengyou, Wang Senglang, Sun Fazong, Lu Fazhen, Zhai Faci, Dai Faxing, Shen Faxi, Zhen Fahu , Xu Yibao, Dai Mingbao, Du Huidu, Duan Furong... are all named after Buddhist words.

The names and characters of the Southern Qi Dynasty are all in Buddhist language.For example, Wang Ci's word is Bobao.This "compassion" is no longer the "compassion" of the Confucian "father is kind and the son is filial", but the "compassion" of Buddhism.The so-called "Great Mercy brings happiness to all sentient beings, and Great Compassion eradicates the suffering of all sentient beings" ("Theory of Wisdom").Treasures, of course, refer to the three treasures of Buddha, Dharma and Sangha.Among the members of the royal family, there are also names and characters that are taken from the Buddhist language.Such as:

Xiao Baoyi styled Zhiyong Xiao Baoxuan's character is wise and deep Xiao Baoyuan's style name is Zhiyuan Xiao Baoyou Word Wisdom Proclamation Xiao Baosong styled Zhijing Xiao Baorong styled Zhizhao Xiao Bao Juan Zi Zhi Zang Xiao Baokui [yin silver] character Zhiliang Although Confucianism also has theories of wisdom, benevolence, and courage, they are all derived from Buddhism.Wisdom is the "Mahayana Chapter of Justice" said "judgment in the situation, said it is wisdom", benevolence is the province of "benevolent people" respected by Buddhism, and courage refers to the eighth of the "Ten Virtues of the Master" "Brave and Diligent ".This is borrowing the body of Confucianism and returning the soul of Buddhism.

Although there were many names and characters in the Buddhist language in the Liang Dynasty, their scope and method were all inherited from the previous generation. There is no need to repeat them here, and only a few examples are given as evidence.Such as: Wang Sengru Wang Sengdu Ru Fazhen Le Facai He Fazang Junfalue Shen Huixiu Xiao Huixun Liu Tanjing Teng Tangong The same is true for Chen, no more examples. The Northern Dynasties worshiped Buddhism, and its power was not inferior to that of the Southern Dynasties. They also liked to use Buddhist words for naming and naming, and the scope was far wider than that of the Southern Dynasties. Many Buddhist names could be used as names or characters, unlike the Southern Dynasties, which were limited to monks, monks, On the words Fa, Tan, Hui and so on.Let's take some example words from "Wei Shu":

Peacock in Yuan Dynasty Cui Mulian (Buddhist Bhikkhu, the provincial name of Maha (hehe) Moggallana) Lu Luohan (the provincial name of Arhat, the ultimate fruit of Hinayana) Wu Xida (that is, Prince Siddha, the name of Sakyamuni when he was the prince of Jingfan) Feng Balong (there are eight dragon kings in Buddhist scriptures) Lu Qibao (Buddha uses gold, silver, glass, glass, coral, agate, giant clam [chequ chequ] as seven treasures) Yushimen (there are four sages of Shimen in the Buddha, and the name of Shimen is Jane) Zhang Zhengzi Bodhi (Bodhi, Sanskrit, meaning Tao or enlightenment, enlightenment. The whole is repair. The name corresponds to the meaning of Taoism)

The above method of naming and selecting characters was rare in the Southern Dynasties. There is Xiao Maha in "Chen Shu" who belongs to this method.Maha, in Sanskrit, means many, victory or greatness.When monks recite the Shurangama Mantra, they sing this phrase at the end.There is also a master named Pei Zilie, also see "Chen Shu".This is to dismantle "martyr" as the name. Because of Buddhist belief, "shi" is modified with "big" to make up "dashi".Dashi is a common name for Bodhisattva. Nowadays, Guanyin Bodhisattva is still used to be called Guanyin Dashi among the people.

There is another characteristic of the names of people in the Northern Dynasties, that is, Pu Ye Shaowen.Also take the "Book of Wei" as an example.Such as Xue Huzi, Xu Chihu, Fu Shuyan, Yang Dayan, Xi Mainu, Lu Dafei, Feng Monu, Pibaozi, Donglutou, Wang Luoer, Hu Xiaohu, Lu Chou, Zhao Hei, Sun Xiao... Do not avoid vulgarity, do not avoid ugliness, similar to the Spring and Autumn Period.This should be the reason why the northern minorities favor martial arts and despise literature. Since Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty reformed in Yuan Hong, learned Han culture in an all-round way, and gradually eliminated uncivilized things. After the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and the Sui Dynasty unified the north and the south. It has been nearly a hundred years since Emperor Xiaowen.Judging from the characters contained in "Sui Shu", there are very few vulgar names.However, the Sui Dynasty was too short and came and went in a hurry, less than 40 years. Most of the characters recorded in "Sui Shu" are the relics of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Southern Dynasty.Examples of each are as follows: Northern Dynasties Han Qinhu Zitong Zhou Luohu (hou Hou) word Li Xiongzi Yuwen 皛 [xiaoxiao] character Southern Dynasties Liang Shiyan's characters are similar Gao Jiong (jiong embarrassment) with the word Zhaoxuan Yilouqian, styled Yangong Du Zhengxuan's character is Shenwei High structure word filial piety base Xue Daoheng styled Xuanqing The "color of the Southern Dynasties" mentioned here does not mean that the north learned from the Southern Dynasties.Because the names of scholar-officials in the Southern Dynasties were too densely populated with characters such as Yan, Shi, Xuan, and Xiao, forming a distinct tendency, we said this.In fact, people in the Northern Dynasties also got up early to use these characters.Not all the rich and powerful families in the Central Plains crossed south, and quite a few stayed in the Yellow River Basin.They also received the education of respecting Confucianism and reading scriptures in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and also experienced the influence of metaphysics in the Wei and Jin Dynasties of the Three Kingdoms, and they were both nobles, so their preferences were naturally the same.Many noble officials of the Han nationality in the Northern Wei Dynasty came from the Southern Dynasties, and some were detained as envoys. For example, the famous writer Yu Xin was one, but most of them were descendants of Han and Jin scholar-bureaucrats.For example, Lu Xuan is the great-grandson of Lu Chen, Sikong of Jin Dynasty.There are also Cui Ting's sons: Xiaofen is named Gongzi, Xiao (Muwei) [weiwei] is named Jingye, Xiaoyan is named Zebo, Xiaozhi is named Shulian, and Xiaozheng is named Jirang.Among them, Dao, Zu, Qian, Gong, Jing, Xiao, and Xuan are all customary characters for the names of people in the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, which are quite Southern Dynasties, but they are not as concentrated as the Southern Dynasties. Tang replaced Sui and established an unprecedented unified, prosperous and prosperous feudal dynasty.Li Yuan's previous generation made his fortune in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and Li Yuan was an important minister in the Sui Dynasty. It can be said that the Tang Dynasty originated from the Northern Dynasty.But the Tang people were very fond of the splendid culture of the Southern Dynasties, especially the literati.Reflected in the naming and selection of characters, Tang people's names have the simplicity of the Northern Dynasty, but not the vulgarity of the early Northern Dynasty; they have the elegance of the Southern Dynasty, but not its narrowness and concentration of characters. The Tang Dynasty still worshiped Buddha, but the names were not as colorful as those in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and there were not so many people named after Buddha.People in the early Tang Dynasty entered the Tang Dynasty from the Sui Dynasty, such as Ma Sanbao, Zheng Shanguo, Xu Lishi, Shen Faxing, etc., although they were included in the "Book of Tang", their names had already existed.During Xuanzong's time, such as Gao Lishi, the poet Wang Wei with the word Mojie, and Niu Sengru after him, and so on.If you look at the fervor of Buddhist belief in the Tang Dynasty, it is no less than that of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Among the scholar-bureaucrats, there are many who are proficient in Buddhist scriptures, and there are countless ordinary believers. universal. Emperor Tang’s surname was Li. In order to improve his surname and clan status, he deliberately advocated Taoism. At the beginning of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Emperor Gaozu issued edicts several times, ordering the construction of the Laojun Palace and the establishment of a temple for Laozi. temple.Xuanzong spared no effort in advocating: revering Laozi as "Emperor Xuanyuan" (Gaozong only honored him as "Emperor Xuanyuan"); establishing a metaphysics hall and setting up scholars; Taoist works were promoted to "classics"; Personally note that every household of the scholars and common people must prepare a copy, and conduct scientific examinations and selections every year.Due to such vigorous advocacy, people in the Tang Dynasty used Taoist language as their name more than Buddhist language. Although the number of people who believed in Taoism was not as large as that of Buddhists, this is probably the same as the impact of Wei Jin metaphysics on the scholar-official class. It doesn't matter.For example, Li Jingxuan's family names all have Taoist colors, and his younger brother's name is Element; two sons, one is Sichong and the other is Shouyi.Here are a few of the more famous ones: Cui Xuan (Muwei) Xin Xuanyu Su Weixuan Chen Xuanli Wu Tongxuan Liu Zhi a few words Zixuan Li Mian's style name is Xuanqing Dou Yi straight word Shou Xuan Choi made the word Hyun Jae Lu Mai Zixuan Pei Shouzhen He Zhizhang Zi Jizhen Li Yuanzi is too simple Wei Jiansu Wu Tongwei Wang Yongzi Shirou Liu Zangqi In addition, there are words such as Chong, Xu, Yi, etc., we will not list them one by one.In short, in the Tang Dynasty, more people's names were taken from Taoism than from Buddhism.Although some words have been used since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, their backgrounds are different. The respect for Confucianism in the Tang Dynasty can be compared with that of the Eastern Han Dynasty.At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, famous scholars were organized to textualize and annotate Confucian classics. People like Yan Shigu, Lu Deming, Kong Yingda and Jia Gongyan had great achievements.In the second year of Emperor Gaozu Wude (619 A.D.), while building Laojun Palace, he also issued an edict to build a temple for Confucius in Guozijian.In the second year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan (628 A.D.), Confucius was regarded as a sage.In the 27th year of Emperor Xuanzong's Kaiyuan (739 A.D.), Confucius was named King Wenxuan.Tang Xuanzong also personally annotated the "Book of Filial Piety" and issued it to the world, requiring every family to read it.The order of the three religions in the Tang Dynasty was: Taoism first, Confucianism second, and Buddhism third.This was established in the eighth year of Wude (625 AD).But in terms of practical effect, no one can surpass Confucianism.Leaving aside other aspects, we only talk about the use of characters and meanings of names. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucianism was the first, Taoism was the second, and Buddhism was the third.In this regard, you might as well copy some examples from the "Book of Tang".Such as: Li Xiaoyou, Li Xiaoyi, Li Xiaojie, Li Xiaogong, Dou Xiaoci, Dou Xiaochen [chen], Zu Xiaosun, Liu Shenli, Cui Dunli, Wang Qiuli, Xue Rengui, Li Renshi, Liu Rengui, Zhao Renben, Yang Gongren, Li Yifu, Wang Yifang, Wei Yuanzhong, Xiao Zhizhong , Yuan Rang, Lu Huaishen...the list is indeed too numerous to list. The people of Tang not only used the Confucian characters of loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, concession, respect, respect, kindness, and love, but also directly used scriptures or generalized scriptures as names.Its prevalence exceeds that of the previous generation.Examples are as follows: Li Jingye "Book of Rites·Xueji": "One year is based on the classics and aspirations, and the second year is dedicated to the community." Du Ruhui, courtesy name Keming "Poem·Zheng Feng·风雨": "The wind and rain are like darkness, and the rooster crows endlessly." Darkness and Ming have opposite meanings. Wei price "The Analects of Confucius Zihan": "The Master said: 'Sell it! Sell it! I am the one who waits for the price.'" Du Qiuren "The Analects of Confucius Shuer": "Seeking benevolence and gaining benevolence, why complain?" Sun Chuyue "The Analects of Confucius Liren": "The master said: 'Those who are not benevolent should not be in a long-term contract, and cannot be happy with their strengths.'" Lu Zangyong "The Analects of Confucius Shuer": "The son called Yan Yuan and said: 'Use it to do it, and let it go to hide it. I am the only one with you.'" Xi Yu, courtesy name Jianhou "Yi Yu Gua": "Yu. Li Jianhou Xingshi." Li Shuming, courtesy name Jin "Yi·Jin Hexagram": "Jin, enter also, clear out of the ground." The name was taken from scriptures, and it appeared at the end of the Han Dynasty. It was gradually imitated during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. By the Tang Dynasty, it had changed from quantitative change to qualitative change.At the same time, it has become a fashion to adopt historical allusions and names of ancient sages and sages.For example, Li Xun (xixi) has the word Jingwang, and Wen Qi has the word Feiqing (later renamed Tingyun). They are both taken from Zhou Wenwang's dream, which is not Xiongfei. name.Zhou people prospered in Qishan, and they were assisted by Jiang Shang, so they established the Zhou Dynasty, so Wen Tingyun was named Qishi and styled Feiqing.Fei is derived from the corruption of "non".When King Wen saw Jiang Shang, he was pleasantly surprised and said: "My Taigong has been looking forward to his son for a long time!"See "Historical Records Qi Taigong's Family" for this matter.For example, Li Mengchang was named after the title of Tianwen in the Warring States Period, and Lu Yuanfang's character Xizhong was named after the brothers Chen Yuanfang and Chen Jifang at the end of the Later Han Dynasty.Zhong is the younger brother, and Ji Fang is the younger brother, so "Zhong" is used for Ji Fang. There are so many similar examples that it is difficult to list them all.In short, the naming and selection of characters in the Tang Dynasty can be said to be gentle and colorful. The Liang, Tang, Jin, Han, and Zhou of the Five Dynasties ruled for only more than 50 years, and their names and characters were not distinctive.If anything, it is imitation.As far as the characters in the new and old "History of the Five Dynasties" are concerned, the most commonly used names are Yan, Cong, Zhong, Cheng, and Yan.Especially the word "Yan" is surprisingly dense.Zhao Yi, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, pointed out this phenomenon in the article "Most of the Five Dynasties were named after Yan" in Volume 22 of "Twenty-two History Notes".According to his statistics, there are 145 people whose names contain "Yan"!Many of these people named "Yan" were generals from the army, including northern minorities, and even actors.Such as Later Tang Zhuangzong's actress was named Shi Yanqiong.The reason why they like to use the name "Yan" is probably influenced by scholar-officials.From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, many literati and scholars used "Yan" as their name. After a long time, most people knew that it was a good word, so they naturally learned it.Of course, the name does not necessarily come up by myself, it is likely to come from the hands of someone with a little literacy.A few examples of each are given to illustrate.Such as: beam Wang Yanzhang Xie Yanzhang Ge Cong Zhou Wang Zhongshi Tang Huo Yanwei, Yang Yanwen, Li Congyi'an re-educated Li Chengxun, Xue Yangui Jin Li Yantao, An Yanwei, Zhang Cong trained horses, made great achievements, Wu Cheng, Fan Jingyanguang Chinese Li Yan from Jin Yanying Du Chongwei Liu Chengxun Ren Yanhao week Shi Yanchao Zhang Yanchao [she2 Snake] Wang Yan, a descendant of Wang Chong from far away In addition, words such as Ji, Shou, and Shen are also popular. The names of the above-mentioned people were still in use until the Northern Song Dynasty. There are many examples in "Song History", so we will not list them here.

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