Chapter 23 Section 3 Customs of Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties

Although the naming and character selection of people in the Northern Song Dynasty inherited some customs of the Five Dynasties, they also added some new features, that is, they liked to use the titles of old men as names and characters, and Sou and Weng were the most prominent. Sou, originally a respectful title for an elderly man.When Meng Ke of the Warring States Period met King Liang Hui for the first time, King Liang Hui respectfully called him "Old Man" and said: "Old Man! If you come from a long distance, will you benefit our country?" Han Zhaoqi The note said: "Sou, the name of the elder." Mencius also called him "Gaosou" when he criticized a Gao Zi in Qi State who spoke "Poetry". "Three Kingdoms · Wu Zhi · Zhou Yu Biography" Pei Zhuan cited "Jiang Biao Zhuan" called Li Shiqi [li yi ji Li Yiji] as "Li Sou".Later, "Sou" gradually developed into a general term for old men.

It is difficult to check when the name "old man" first started.We can see from the Biography of Du Kan (kan Kan) in the Book of Liang that Du has a younger brother named Du Beisou, while in the Book of Wei there is a Husou with the character Lun Xu.In addition, according to the "Old Tang Book Wenyuan Biography", the younger brother of the famous poet Li Shangyin was named Xisou.This was only an isolated phenomenon at that time, and it had not yet formed a custom. The custom of using "Sou" as a name began around the end of Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. "New History of the Five Dynasties" has Zheng Ao's word Yunsou, and "Old History of the Five Dynasties" directly calls it Zheng Yunsou.He was born in the seventh year of Emperor Yizong of Tang Dynasty (866 AD). "Song History Bi Shi'an Biography" says that Bi's character is "Ren Sou".He was born in the fifth year of Tianfu in the later Jin Dynasty (940 A.D.), and entered the Song Dynasty from the Five Dynasties. Of course, the name came from the Five Dynasties.There is also Liu Wensou, named Yongling, from Luoyang, Henan.From the later Tang Dynasty to the early Northern Song Dynasty, he held prominent positions. The biography of "Song History" contains a passage about his father Liu Yue naming him:

Wen Sou was able to belong to literature at the age of seven, and was good at regular script.When Yue Shi retired to Luozhong, his family members said: "My son has a beautiful character, and the unknown one is Shou'er. The troubles of this life are not over, and it is enough to be a Wenluo old man with the old man." Hence the name Wensou. This text reveals to us the background of people of the Five Dynasties who like to use "Sou" as their name. It turned out that at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the feudal towns were separated, and the wars continued. After entering the Five Dynasties, there were even more wars and disasters in the past 50 years.People's lives are not guaranteed, and they have suffered enough from "people in troubled times are not as good as peaceful dogs", and they all hope to live and work in peace and contentment until the end of their lives, so there is a trend of thought named "old man".Many high-ranking officials and dignitaries who entered the Song Dynasty from the Five Dynasties took "Sou" as their name, which naturally influenced the society, or took "Sou" as their name, or used "Sou" as their character. atmosphere.We give a few examples as follows:

named after "Old Man" Wang Yansou Xu Rongsou Xu Qingsou Liu Xisou Chen Yaosou Lin Yaosou with "old man" as the character Fan Chunli is named Yisou Ouyang Tong is named Wensou Yang Cun is named Zhengsou Chen Shiliang is named Wensou Zhuge Shuo [yue4yue] is named Mengsou In addition, there are also names and characters that use "sou", such as Susou with the word そ〔popo〕sou. Weng as the name is also more common. "Weng" is a character used for a person's name that appeared in the Western Han Dynasty.Many famous figures in the Western Han Dynasty used "Weng" as their character.For example, Zhu Maichen was named Wengzi, Jinribei (mi di Milow) was named Wengshu, Zhao Chongguo was named Wengsun, Shuguang was named Zhongweng, and so on.But in the Eastern Han Dynasty, this word became rare; in the Song Dynasty, it may have been influenced by "old man", and suddenly it was used again.Such as: Wei Liaoweng, Nan'an Weng, Liu Chenweng, Wen Jiweng, etc.Those with "Weng" as the character, such as: Yang Yanzheng's character is Ji Weng, Zhang Yan's character is Xiao Weng, Ling Hao's character is Zhi Weng, etc.

The characters related to Sou and Weng have the word "old", which is the most frequently used word among the characteristic characters of Song people's names.Useful in the name, useful in the word.Let's look at a few examples of names: Donald Hu Xu Xin (shen deep) old Du Xinlao Su Yuanlao Wang Laozhi Meng Yuanlao There are far more used for characters than for names.Such as: money algae word pure old Sun Jue Zi Xin Lao Liu Zhi Zi Xin Lao Sun Daozi pure old Sun Rufang's style is Yilao Yan Shimeng's character is old Wang Peng character veteran Li Bing [bing Bing] character Han Lao

Mrs. Zhan and Mr. Zhen Yang Chun is the elder Wang Ci Zhang Zi Han Lao Zhang Kangguo's style name is Bin Lao Li Lu Zi Bin Lao Xu Mengxin is a businessman Wu Yu [yuyu] is only old Du Ying Zi Qing Lao People don't quite understand how "Lao" can be used as a person's name in the Song Dynasty just like the nouns Sou and Weng.This is related to the unique meaning of "old" in the pre-Qin period. In the pre-Qin period, "Lao" was a respectful title for the most respected person among the emperor's ministers, and later also used to respect the leader of the doctor's retainers;Literati like retro, so they dug up the "old" because of the old man and the old man.Most of the examples cited above are named after ancient sages and sages.For example: Xinlao and Shanglao refer to Yi Yin, a virtuous prime minister of the Shang Dynasty, who once farmed in Xin; Weilao and Binlao refer to Jiang Taigong, who once fished in the fowl on the bank of the Wei River; Hanlaoyi refers to the Western Han Dynasty Zhang Liang, one refers to Bing Han or Bing Dan, and perhaps also refers to Bing Yuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty. All three are famous for their integrity; Qing Lao refers to Xu You who washed his ears in Yingshui; The virtuous Prime Minister Fu said: Chun Lao refers to Mencius, who can replace Yang Mo and promote Confucianism, so he can be regarded as Chun Confucianism.This is all to admire the former sages, so they are respected as "old".Among these people, except for Jiang Taigong and Mencius, they were not known for their longevity in history.This "old" is a good name for the Duke, Qing, Jun, and Shi since the Han Dynasty, as well as the father and son handed down from the pre-Qin period.In the era when former sages were the names, adding this "old" not only praised the ancients, but also flaunted oneself.

In the above examples, except for the ones we explained, the rest are all about longevity.Although Wang Peng's character is the elder, he is also named after Peng Zu, who is said to have lived for 800 years, but because he is called "Old Peng", we regard Wang Peng as the name of an ancient person. In the name of the longevity meaning of "old", it has been recorded in "Wei Shu·Han Mao Biography" that Han Mao's "father Qi, whose name is Huang Lao". "The Book of Songs·Lu Song·閟[biguan] Palace" describes the elderly as having "yellow hair on the back" and "yellow hair on the back of the teeth". Qi, Huang and Laoquan are related to longevity.

After the Song Dynasty, the three characters of Sou, Weng, and Lao were still used for names, but there were fewer of them, and more were used for nicknames. Liao, Jin, and Yuan were dynasties established by the northern minorities, and the names of their Han officials and scholars followed the tradition just like the pre-Qin, Han, Wei, Tang and Song Dynasties.The names of nobles of ethnic minorities, the first common form is all transliteration.For example, in "History of Liao Dynasty", the character of Yeluyi Lage is Susan, the word of Yeluwa is Dinian, and so on.The second is the transliteration of surnames, and the Sinicization of names and characters.For example, in "Golden History", Wanyan Hedazhan's character is Jingshan, Sa Henian's character is Anzhi, and Tudan Sizhong's character is Liangbi; in "Yuan History", Yelu Chucai's character is Jinyong, and Yelu Casting's character is Chengzhong.The third is the transliteration of names and the Sinicization of characters.For example, in "Yuan History", the character of Yuelu Buhua is Yanming, and the character of Lianhuishan Haiya is Gongliang.The fourth is all Sinicization.For example, in "History of Liao Dynasty", Xiao Hui's character is Boren, in "Yuan History", Ma Zuchang's character is Boyong, Wang Shixian's character is Zhongming, Zhao Liangbi's character is Fuzhi, and so on.These names are indistinguishable from Han officials.

In the Jin and Yuan dynasties, the names are quite similar to those in the early Northern Wei Dynasty, that is, they do not avoid vulgarity or ugliness.Zhao Yi, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, pointed out this phenomenon in the "strange naming" article in Volume 4 of his "Twenty-Two History Notes".For example, in "History of Jin Hailing Ji", there is a sea dog in the Xingbu doctor, in "Ai Zongji", there is Wanyan Zhuer, the grandson of Wushu is named Yangchi, and the son of Hu Shahu is named pig dung; Biography "There is a Ning pig dog.And names like Guanyinnu, Mainu, Gao Naoer, and Zhang Wanjianu are nothing in "Yuan Shi".

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, a number of new characters for personal names emerged.The most prominent are the names of some buildings, such as Zhai, Tang, Nunnery, Xuan, Pavilion, Terrace, Building and so on. Taking buildings as names began around the Eastern Han Dynasty.In the Western Han Dynasty, Zhangliang’s character Zifang and Jingfang’s character Junming both used the names of stars in the sky, not the names of houses.In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the sub-word Wenxu, Fang, and Xu are combined, which proves to each other that this "fang" refers to the house.Because "Xu" is the wall of the east and west chambers, it can be inferred from the principle of the association of names that "Fang" should naturally be the "Fang" of the house, not the Fang Xing in the twenty-eight mansions.Others, such as Sun Jian's Wentai and Chen Gong's Gongtai, are all named after architectural nouns.

Ming and Qing people used to use "zhai", as the name of the house, probably evolved from the fasting palace.The fasting palace is a place for men to fast and sleep alone on the eve of the sacrifice. Gradually, "fasting" was influenced by the "palace" and became a place for scholars and officials to study and gather. "Shishuoxinyu·Yuyu" has "Sima Taifu sitting at night in Zhaizhong", and "Shishuoxinyu·Ren Dan" has records such as "Zhang Zhan is better than planting pines and cypresses before Zhaizi", which later became the special book of literati's study. weighed.However, it was later used for personal names, and it was not until the Southern Song Dynasty that it began to be used as nicknames and personal names.For example, Yang Wanli's name is Chengzhai, and Liu Rongzhai's name is Nanfu.People in the Ming Dynasty used "Zhai" as their name more and more than the previous dynasties.Such as: Zeng Chao Jie Zi Zhi Zhai Mei Zhai Zi Zhi Zhai Luo Wen Zhi word Gen [gen Gen] Zhai In the Qing Dynasty, it became a custom to use "Zhai" as a decoration for characters.Such as: Zhang Xuecheng Zi Shi Zhai Zhang Ti Gan Zi Que Zhai Zhuang Hengyang Fu Zhai Lin Shiyi Zi Que Zhai Peng Duanshu Zi Le Zhai Tang Xiu Zi Min Zhai Zhu Lunhan Zi Hanzhai Guo Qiyuan's Fu Zhai Chen Shifan styled Luzhai Depei Ziji Zhai Zhao Wei Zi Jinzhai Li Daben's style is Lizhai Zhang Yao Zi Lang Zhai Cui Ruyue styled Daizhai Ding Zhihong's Zijianzhai Lu Xianzeng styled Shenzhai There are countless. Um, Tang, Xuan, and Ting were often seen as nicknames in the Song Dynasty, but rarely seen as names or characters.For example: Zhao Yanduan was named Jie'an, Zhu Xi was named Hui'an; Chen Zhu was named Bentang; Xionghe was named Wuxuan, Cai Kang was named Jiuxuan, and Xin Qiji was named Jiaxuan.Zhu Xi gave lectures at the Kaoting School in Jianyang, which is known as the Kaoting School in the world, but he himself did not use it as a title.People in the Yuan Dynasty had Shi Naian, but it is difficult to determine whether it is a name or a character, or a nickname. In the Ming Dynasty, there were still many nicknames, but Jiang'an, Xuan, and Tang gradually became characters.For example, Chen He was named Mingxuan, Lutang was named Kentang, Zhou Yuji was named Cui'an, and Jinwen was named Shaian. The ancients used the characters "an", "tang", "xuan", and "ting" as aliases. Of course, the Qing people could also use them as aliases, but they are also commonly used in names.Examples are as follows: Jin Zuoji with the word Ji'an Xu Tao's style is Jiang'an Ren Chendan's word Dai'an Wang Shiduo styled Zhen'an Qiao Dakai Zi Yi'an Fu Zuoji's word Ji'an Lang Yongqing styled Ding'an Fu Nai [nai Nai] word Chong'an Hu Jitang's word Shengtang Zang Auditorium Zi Hegui Zheng Guohong's Word Snow Hall Gu Shishi Zixuetang Shi Yun Jade Character Cutting Hall Kong Guangmu Zili Hall Liang Qin constructed the word Huantang Cao Renzi Mountain Hall Xu Tong Ziyin Xuan Zhu Feng marked Tongxuan Wu Jingzi Zi Minxuan Liu Yuzhan's character is Luting Zhang Gongzi Liangting Shi Tingshu styled Beiting Fei Jinwu Zi Xiaoting Yang Yuguo's word Shuo Pavilion Qiao Guanglie, courtesy name Jingting Feng Hao styled Meng Ting "Lou" also became a fashionable word in the Qing Dynasty.For example: Lingshu is named Xiaolou, Fei Danxu is named Xiaolou, Lu Longteng is named Yunlou, Huangjintai is named Crane Tower, and so on. People in the Qing Dynasty also had a strange rebellious mentality: they devoted themselves to their careers and were obsessed with fame, but they liked to use some words full of mountain and forest seclusion in naming and choosing characters, such as garden, garden, border, village, peak, etc. , Lan, Zhou, Ting, Nong, Animal Husbandry, Fishing, Woodcutter... Many people in the Song Dynasty used this type of characters for signs and characters.Although the scholar-bureaucrats in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties also inherited this style, it was only in the Qing Dynasty that it could be said to have flourished for a while.Although there are many scholars here who are desperate for official careers, most of them are falsely in love with Lin Quan and arty.There are indeed too many such names, so I will give a few examples as evidence.Such as: Yang Jingsu styled as Puyuan Shen Tingfang's Zijiao Garden Huang Shulin's style name is Kunpu Qu Xin Zi Fang Pu Cao Weilin's word Yucun Tao Yuanzao Zi Huang Village Qin Huitian Zishufeng Cheng Yu〔yuyu〕 picks the word Qingfeng Zhang Ruoai's style name is Qinglan Ji Yun (yun cloud) styled Xiaolan Ling Yang Zao Zi Yaozhou Zhang Buying's style name is Linzhou Chen Qin Zixin Nong Yao Wen Tian Ziqiu Nong Xu Qiwei styled Lu Qiao Jiang Zhongyuan styled Min Qiao Kong Guangmu Zili Hall Song Luo [luo Luo] word Mu Zhong People in the Qing Dynasty admired more than these characters for personal names, such as plum, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum, boat, boat, boat, and other characters are also common.There is also a word "Kui", which is also written as "Kui".This is a word related to the imperial examination system.Since Wei Shu's "Filial Piety and Aid to the Gods" said "Kui Zhu's article", superstitious people have regarded Kui Xing as the god in charge of the cultural movement in the world.According to Gu Yanwu, a scholar in the early Qing Dynasty, it was inconvenient for Kui to visualize the gods in the temple, so he changed Kui to "Kui", so he made the god into a ghost-like image, standing on one foot, stilted on the other, holding a bucket in one hand, and holding a sword in the other. The pen means to manage the literary movement.Whether the scribes in the imperial examination era were successful or not was determined by this Kuixing.According to research by scholars, schools in the Southern Song Dynasty have established Kuixing Temple.So since then, some people have used "Kui" as the name.For example, in the Yuan Dynasty, there was Wu Jingkui with the character Wenke, and the Ming Dynasty with Sun Yingkui. Among them, there was the character Wensu from Luoyang, the character Wenqing from Yuyao, Wang Kui with the character Wencan, and Xiao Kui with the Chinese character.In the Qing Dynasty, there were even more people named "Kui" or with "Kui" as the character.Such as: Cheng Zhen Bai Zi Kui Guang Zhuang Zhaokui Character Hall of Stars Xu Liankui Zibitang Ji Dakui styled Xiang Chen Han Lian Kui Ziyuan Dai Liankui Ziyuan History has developed to the Qing Dynasty, and the cultural accumulation has been very rich, and the methods and methods of naming and character selection in the past dynasties are also gathered here.At the same time, there are a subset of classics and history for reference, and there are various name formats for reference. In addition, literati and scholars deliberately seek novelty and pursue elegance and antiquity. Therefore, the names of the Qing people really do not have a single word without origin, but they are also twists and turns. , making it difficult for people to "know the word" and "know the word".A very common name, but they made it inexplicable.For example, Chen Aping's word Xianji is an example.This is the name of Chen Ping in the Han Dynasty.In order to avoid the same name, an "A" character was added.After Chen Ping's death, his posthumous posthumous title was Xianhou, so "xian" and "ping" were used to correspond.Because there is a sentence "presenting its auspiciousness" in "Zhou Li·chungong·zhanmeng", "ji" is added to the couplet of "xian", and "ji" is used to harmonize with "ji", to imply that this is Chen Ping who has six tricks. . When it comes to homophonic characters, we have to point out that this is a characteristic of people in the Qing Dynasty naming and choosing characters.In order to seek ancient austerity, they deliberately imitated the method of pre-Qin people in using fake characters.For example, there is a famous chess player named Zhou Lanyu. His name is Jiaxi, and his style name is Lanyu.However, he deliberately changed the homonym of "Lanyu" to "Lazyyu" to show the demeanor of celebrities.Another example is the Fei Jinwu word Xiaoting we mentioned above, which also uses the homophonic method to change "Jinwu" to "Jinwu".Myths and legends say that there is a three-legged crow in the sun, so people use the golden crow to refer to the sun.The coming and going of the sun is used to divide day and night, so "晓" is used to respond to it, which means dawn. The naming and character selection of the Qing Dynasty can be called colorful, and its literary and artistic qualities cannot be compared with it in any era. The names of people in different eras have different characteristics, which will help us judge the era of historical figures to a certain extent.At the same time, it also enlightens those who are engaged in literary and artistic creation, when writing works on historical themes, they must pay attention to the color of the times of the characters' names.It is not surprising if the names of the descendants bear the color of the names of the previous generations, because the name has its inheritance; it would be absurd for the names of the previous generations to have the names of the descendants.

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