Chapter 46 Emperor Qianlong of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty——Aixinjueluo·Hongli
Aixinjueluo Hongli (1711-1799), the fourth son of Emperor Yongzheng.Ascension to the throne at the age of twenty-five, according to historical records: Hongli is tall and tall, has a long-term memory, and is good at riding and shooting.During his reign, the society was stable and the economy developed.It became the later period of "the prosperity of Kangxi and Qianlong".Hongli made six tours to the south and visited Xiaqing, which was also wasteful.When He Kun was appointed in the later period, the trend of corruption grew, and politics tended to be corrupt. In 1796, the seat of Zen was given to the Crown Prince (Jiaqing), who claimed to be the Supreme Emperor.He reigned for sixty years and died in the Hall of Mental Cultivation.Buried in Yuling (now Zunhua County, Hebei).The temple name is Gaozong, and the history is called Emperor Qianlong.
During the reign of Hongli, cultural despotism was promoted, and the subject of erudite learning of Hongci was established. In the 38th year, the Siku Quanshu Library was established, and an institution of 360 people was gathered to compile a huge series of books "Siku Quanshu". It is a major cultural construction in ancient my country.Hongli himself was very good at poetry and prose, and he chanted unremittingly throughout his life. According to historical records, his poems can reach 41,800, not including his full-rhyme poems and Yuanming poetry anthology.The wealth of creation is the first among emperors and even ancient and modern poets.
The quality of Weichuan has not been changed, and the water from Qi is far away.
① This gentleman: "Book of Jin" Volume 80 "Biography of Wang Xi" attached "Biography of Wang Hui": "The character of Hui is Yuyou... After living in an empty house, he ordered bamboo to be planted. Or ask why it is, but the name of Hui screams and sings. Pointing to the bamboo, he said, "How can there be no such king for a day?" I used bamboo to express my elegant feelings.
This is a poem chanting things, and its characteristic is to use things to express feelings. Through the carrier of things, people’s subjective feelings are embedded in them. The surface layer is the shape of things, and the deep layer is its gods. If a certain point can be matched, the theme will be sublimated.But generally speaking, poems chanting things are not clear. If they are directly pierced, the poetic flavor will disappear. They must be implicit and implicit in order to produce long-lasting emotions.
Bamboo is often loved in ancient Chinese poetry, which naturally has its physiological basis; tall and straight, noble and clean.In terms of geographical distribution, the famous mountains and rivers in ancient times, and the places where hermits lived, are often indispensable, such as Wang Wei's "Bamboo Li Pavilion": "Sitting alone in a secluded grove, playing the piano and screaming, people in the deep forest don't know, and the moon comes to look at you." Photo." The writing is quiet and unconventional, and it expresses the author's leisurely comprehension with the quiet and quiet attributes of the bamboo forest and the bright moon in a state of tranquility, and Geng Xin's "Ode to the Small Garden": "Three poles and two "Bamboo with poles", Liu Zongyuan's "Qingshui Post Cong Bamboo": "Twelve bamboo stems under the eaves" also show the same character of objects and people, so it can be said that bamboo is the representative of the hermit among plants.
From the very beginning of this poem, it goes deep into the essence, the appearance is taken from the spirit, and the subjective and objective encounter has already surpassed the stage of direct perceptual contact. The external observation has become the internal observation. It has remained unchanged for tens of thousands of years, with a consistent nature.When we talk about Sichuan, we are not talking about the abundance and beauty of bamboo in that place, but about Jiang Taigong's leisurely soul fishing in Weibin.Similarly, Xu You, who was even more ancient, heard that Yao was about to give up the world to him, so he "retired and fled to the sun of Yingshui in Zhongyue, under Mount Ji (Huang Fumi's "Gaoshi Biography")".They are all unmoved by fame and fortune, and they are willing to be lonely, and the deeper content is: "Unchanged" and "Yao Cong" are all intended to emphasize the independent personality, the true personality, and the unyielding personality like this. How many people are there who don't work for others, don't seek wealth and don't serve material things?It's no wonder the author loves them so much.
The sentence "Shadow Shake" seems to return to the bamboo itself, and the writing is based on the concrete representation of bamboo. In terms of writing, it is very ethereal from a visual point of view, making people feel the whirling and clear rhyme of bamboo.The two characters "shake" and "chaotic" are used to describe the stillness with movement, and to set off the great tranquility with small movements, with the feeling of "birds singing and mountains more secluded". The contrasting arrangement of two images: the tall and straight bamboo and the nobility of silver candle And they are a pair of bosom friends, the gentle "shaking" and the blurred "chaos", don't they seem to be in love with each other, and they are fascinated by each other?How can this kind of natural interest not be intoxicating? In the sentence "Lai Ji", the author changed his style of writing from a refined description to a holistic feeling. This kind of sound of nature, like smoke and dreams, is a wonderful combination of people and things, and it has such a strong dispersibility. , making people realize the true meaning of the universe and heaven and earth in a small space.
The first couplet is subjective radiation, and the second couplet is the fit of subject and object.In the third couplet, the image of the author himself emerges. His typical characteristics are similar to that of Nan Guo Ziqi in "Zhuangzi·Qiwulun" who "sitting in seclusion and booing up to the sky". "Mourning me" is carrying out "heart fasting".The same is true of Wang Wei's "Sitting Alone in a Secluded Huangli". They are all Taoists, who avoided the noisy interpersonal life, returned to nature, and obtained spiritual purification.This is another kind of fascination for the mourning, which happens unexpectedly, and forgets words when you are proud. It is the state of "the antelope hangs its horns, and there is no trace to be found". Do you think there is me at this time, or is there no me?All this is the credit of "this gentleman".
After a free and unrestrained ecstasy, Weilian suddenly turned around and began to open his eyes to see the reality, and the rational element suddenly gained the upper hand. "Togen must be land", after all, it is a small thing in a pot, with great limitations.This is tantamount to drawing fire from the bottom of the pot. Compared with the vast nature that originally belonged to it, this world is so narrow, and this "artificial nature" has already harmed its nature. "Wandering in the clouds", from the perspective of bamboo, it is Yu Yong who can be good, but in reality, he has more than enough energy but not enough energy, and has long since lost the soil foundation of being proud of the sky.From the author's point of view, he needs bamboo, but he doesn't "take the bamboo" and go to the bamboo forest by himself, but asks the bamboo to "just himself", and while cherishing it, he hurts it.Judging from the feelings expressed, there are both lamentation and sympathy for not being able to do its best, and the need for him to keep his own place.
Looking at the whole poem, the first and last couplets are the product of rationality, while the middle couplets are perceptual things, a combination of form and spirit, and a combination of poetic emotion and philosophy.After Gao Zhangzhu's spirit, the sudden turn makes people alert, and at the same time stimulates people's thinking about the inherent contradiction between the "all-natural nature" of "Tao" and human needs.
Juyong's natural dangers are published in the peaks, and thousands of miles of gold and soup are solid on the nine sides.
① Wuding: Five wrestlers.King Shu of Qin conquered Shu and found no way, so he built five stone oxen, put gold under the tails of the stone oxen, and claimed that the stone oxen could swallow gold.The king of Shu believed it was true, and sent Wu Ding to pull Shiniu back to the country, opening the way.One said that the King of Shu sent five men to welcome the five daughters.
②Purple Smoke: That is, the cloud gas of Ziqi, Ziyun, and Chanrui. "Southern History Song Wendi Ji", in the second year of Emperor Shaodi Jingping, there was a purple cloud on Jiangling City, and all those who looked forward to Qi thought it was the symbol of the emperor.
Juyong is the natural gateway to Beijing, especially when Beijing became the capital of emperors, its status became even more important.The dependence of primitive warfare on geographical advantage shows its practical value, and in peacetime, it has become the object of appreciation.This kind of inclination from utilitarianism to aesthetics and the interpretation of inner emotions are worth looking for.
It should be said that "juyong emerald green" became one of the eight scenic spots of Yan, and it did not start in the Qing Dynasty. Chen Fu in the Yuan Dynasty wrote a poem with the same title:
The cliffs are like sharpened iron, and the birds can't fly over the moss and rock cracks.
There is no Bike in the dead trees in Saga, and there is no cloudy and rapid snow in June.
Sesha's way out of the customs, camels roaring at Huang Yunlao at night.
With a sound from Zhenghong, he raised the sky, the wind blows the grass, the mountains and the moon are small.
Although this poem also writes "Die Cui", it basically does not mean emerald.What the author pays attention to is the majestic and high danger of the mountain, the desolate environment, the harsh climate, and the unique local characteristics - "the vastness of Sesha" and "the roar of camels at night" are even more daunting.Can the life of the soldiers guarding here be desolate and tragic?From this, we can also see the shadow left by the brand of the times in the poem, and the customary tone formed by writing about the traditional themes of Guanshan in the north.
But times are changing, and authors are changing. Although traditional themes still maintain their inertia, new things are quietly emerging.
Comparing the first couplets of the two poems, we can clearly feel the difference between them. Chen Fu's poems are abrupt, sharp and sharp, and they are close-up shots, while Qianlong's poems are written in general and are much plainer. The image of poetry has a tall and majestic characteristic. In front of people, it reveals invincible loftiness. The role of people here is incompetent and insignificant.Although Qianlong's poems also have objective statements, such as "Lie Feng Lian" and "Gu Jiu Bian", the power of life infused in them is not strong, but a kind of memory of its history.
After the general writing of the first couplet, the couplet should change from the big background to the small background, from freehand brushwork to fine brushwork, but the author did not do this, and only used two simple comparisons to write "dangerous" and "odd". , looking back at itself through the object of comparison, the characteristics of the ontology have not been written, and the "dangerous" and "odd" have to be left in the air. There is no vitality like "I can't stop crying", nor is there the tragedy of "the earth collapses and the mountain destroys the strong men to death".Only their final results are intercepted, and the thrilling process is ruthlessly discarded.
Interestingly, after the general writing of the jaw couplet, the neck couplet is also written in general, which makes us doubt the author's real writing intention. He does not intend to write about the suppression of human beings by the great power of nature. On the contrary, he just Looking for a priori evidence for something ready-made, behind the auspicious clouds such as "Jia Qi" and "Purple Smoke", on the one hand, of course, it shows a peaceful atmosphere, on the other hand, more importantly, it is the dragon. Qi, the natural evaporation of earth’s qi, this so-called flourishing phase, makes people suspect that it is a fairyland. In the past, the mountains were paved for the mountains, and now the mountains are driven by people. From this, we can see the functional changes of the mountains and the functions of people. improve.
In the last couplet, the author expresses his pride and courage, which points out Goethe's spiritual essence.As the last unified feudal dynasty, during the Yong-Qian period, the society was indeed on the rise, and it was able to draw a conclusion for thousands of years of painful conquests, and it also had its own credit for the emperor's grace, like Li Bai's "One man guards the customs, The phenomenon of turning into wolves and jackals is gone. History has passed through the turbulent era and embarked on the track of peaceful construction. Therefore, the emperor's spirit is much more grand, Much calmer, that bossy, pointing demeanor, showing his mind.At the same time, the passion of ordinary people is also reduced, the resentment and anger of the common people disappear, and the tension of the breathtaking conflict has also weakened a lot.It only seemed to be stable, gentle and honest.
Luxiyao forest is home to hundreds of birds, and Si Chenduan does not let the chickens ①.
① Sichen: The rooster crows, so it is called Sichen.埘鸡: A chicken in a nest.
②Pin title: comment on the characters and determine their superiority.
Meng Haoran, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, has a quatrain "Spring Dawn": "When I sleep in spring, I don't feel dawn, I hear birds singing everywhere, and the sound of wind and rain at night, and I know how many flowers fall." The whole poem has no gorgeous words or special carvings, but it has natural charm. It only focuses on the poet's hearing perspective, and through the relatively indirect means of "listening", it draws people out of the room, allowing you to "see", appreciate, and wander. You only need to mobilize the representations stored in your brain.But the accumulation of this kind of experience is deeper, wider and richer in connotation.How many people in the past dynasties have experienced the vast nature like smoke and dreams through the small literal space, and the sensitive feelings of loving and cherishing spring are constantly echoing in people's hearts.Similarly, those who wrote the scene of spring in imaginative words: There is also Li Qingzhao's song: "Last night, the wind was drooping and the rain was drastic, and the sleep was so deep that the residual wine was not consumed. I tried the man behind the curtain, but the begonia remained the same. Do you know, do you know, it should be green, fat and red Thin." Between the lines, there is also a faint feeling of hurting spring.
But Qianlong's poem "don't have a feeling in your heart." He wrote it calmly, with a sense of joy in life, which is probably the difference between emperors and commoners.He does not write about flowers but only about birds. The same thing as Meng and Li is only in one "smell".
"Luxi Yaotai Hundred Birds' Rest" is an explanation of the background, how quiet and peaceful, the purity of the dew drops, and the nobility of the Yaolin, alluding to the owner's feelings, "Hundred Birds' Rest" points out the object of "smell" , At the same time, "Qi" and "Dew" are integrated into one, and together they depict the characteristics of spring and morning.And "Hundred Birds" can generate infinite emotions, conceive the gene of movement, and may move a lot-Hundred Birds Fighting for Spring.So, who wakes up first? Ordinary feeling, of course it should be chickens, but they don't, "not right" vividly draw the air of birds fighting for success: the plan of a year lies in spring, and the plan of a day lies in Morning, this great spring morning should be shared by us, so why should the chickens monopolize it?How fascinating this fight is.
Listen, there is a sound coming from a distance, it is very thin and not pleasant to hear, it may be the cry of a bird, or it may be that the distance of transmission is far, and the sound is distorted.And the author is more able to imagine it, expecting a cold spring, this is the morning with the lowest temperature in the day, can the voice not be astringent?But at the same time, isn't it also a good sign?Really nuanced, movement and stillness.Immediately afterwards, the author took advantage of the situation and caused an uproar. After passing the meeting point of night and day, cold and warmth, the atmosphere suddenly became alive. The two characters "石昽" describe the asymptotic process of the brightness, while the characters "Geng" describe the sound waves that are louder than the next, until "the language is more uniform", it is already a lively buzzing of birds.The initial discordant and astringent sounds have long since disappeared, replaced by a cheerful and bright chorus.
This is the case outside, what about inside?Our host is a "spring sleeper without dawn". After a night of sound dreams, he still seems to be half awake, half asleep, and he doesn't know whether it is the real bird that wakes him up, or whether he is still working at this time. Dreaming of spring outside the house.Look at that blurred energy, how expressive the word "doubt" is, did Zhuang Zhou (me) dream of being a butterfly, or was the butterfly dreaming of being Zhuang Zhou (me)?He has long been unaware, forgetting both form and spirit, showing great wisdom in Ruoyu.From the outside to the inside of the house, from things to people, from waking to dreams, from reality to memories, from Zhuang Zhou to himself, all of them are confused at this joint. The visual description of the first two couplets is actually a dream. Is it real, or is it real; is it heard, or is it imagined?At this point, I am afraid that even the author is clueless.This is the wonderful use of the word "doubt", but in the next sentence, the poet no longer doubts, and suddenly wakes up. Amidst the chorus of birds, it hears a special sound, it is a cuckoo, so is it the ancient Shu emperor? What about Du Yu's avatar?Is it still crying blood like that? Judging from the overall poetic flavor of the whole poem, this cuckoo may also be a real cuckoo bird.
After getting rid of the dream, the poet returned to reality, and the beauty of reality is not a dream, but better than a dream. The sound of those birds calling for friends continues to absorb the author's soul. You can see how seriously he listens. God has already floated and flew with the birds, which is another state of ecstasy.Finally, after a while of ecstasy, he began to calm down and savor carefully. Could it be possible to chat with some comrades and turn all this into a beautiful and eternal memory?The words are exhaustive and the meaning is endless, and the poet has expanded a future sky for us.
The whole poem focuses on the auditory point of view, making abstraction concrete, and can also reverse time and space, changing the time and space of reality into the time and space of psychology, which is quite a bit of a modern stream of consciousness technique.
The light of the bullfight spreads out of Fengcheng, and the rhinoceros and fish Wen Yaoyuying.
