Chapter 9 Emperor Wen of Wei - Cao Pi
Cao Pi (187-226), courtesy name Zihuan, was born in Peiguoqiao (now Bo County, Anhui).Cao Cao's second son, Cao Cao died, and succeeded him as King Wei.Soon after, Emperor Xian was abolished as the Duke of Shanyang, and he was proclaimed emperor in the Han Dynasty.The name of the country is Wei, and the capital is Luoyang.He reigned for seven years, posthumously named Wei Gaozu.
Cao Pi has been good at bow and horse since he was a child. Although he has been in the army for many years, he is very diligent in reading and has written a lot.Achievements in both literary creation and theory.His poems are deeply influenced by the Yuefu folk songs of the Han Dynasty. The language is popular, the description is meticulous, and the style is profound and graceful. "Yan Ge Xing" is an early extant seven-character poem.His "Allusions · Essays" and "Book with Wu Zhi" are the earlier works of Chinese literary criticism.Among them, he commented on the works of the main writers (Jian'an Seven Sons) at that time more pertinently, created an atmosphere of criticizing writers and works, and played a positive role in the development of literature and literary criticism at that time.There is "Wei Wendi Collection".
The autumn wind is bleak and the weather is cool, and the vegetation shakes and dew turns into frost.
① This article belongs to "Xiang He Ge·Ping Tune".According to "Yuefu Zhengyi" by Zhu Gan of the Qing Dynasty, the place names on the titles of Yuefu poems mainly express the local characteristics of the sound.Since the tune was lost in later generations, it was only used to sing about the customs and customs of various places.Yan was the northern frontier at the end of the Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Wei Dynasty, and it was constantly conquered, so the writings in "Yan Ge Xing" are mostly about the feelings of sorrow and hatred.
②慊慊: Regret and dissatisfaction.
③Qongqiong: The appearance of loneliness.
④ Aid, take.Qingshang, the name of the tune, and Qingshang's syllables are short, so the next sentence says "Duange Weiyin can't be long".
⑤ Xinghan, Milky Way.The night is still young, when the night is deep and unfinished.This poem describes the night scene in early autumn. According to the ancient method of measuring time by observing astrology, the Milky Way is seen at the zenith in the evening of early autumn. "Xinghan flows westward", and the Milky Way turns to the west, indicating that the night is already very deep.
⑥ Er, refers to Altair and Vega, that is, Hegu star and Vega, which are located in the north and south of the Milky Way respectively.Gu, sin.River bridge, bridge over the river. "Lianheliang" means that there is no bridge on the Milky Way. According to ancient legends, the couple Qiannu and Zhinu can only meet once a year on July 7th.
Cao Pi's "Yan Ge Xing" is an important milestone in the history of Yuefu poetry.The seven-character sentences in Yuefu were first seen in "Anshi" and "Raoge" in the Western Han Dynasty, but they were only sporadic embellishments in the whole poem. "Song of Suburbs" is the most frequently used one, and at most it uses more than ten sentences in succession.Although Zhang Heng's "Poetry of Four Sorrows" in the Eastern Han Dynasty has a seven-character scale, the first sentence of each paragraph has the character "Xi", which still has traces of Sao style.Liang Xiaozixian's "Book of Southern Qi·Literature Biography" said when talking about Cao Pi's "Yan Ge Xing": "The beautiful seal script of Wei Wen, the seven-character work, who is better than this?" It can be seen that there was a conclusion more than 1,000 years ago. Cao Pi is the pioneer of pure seven-character poetry style.This is his greatest contribution to Chinese literature.
This is a poem about thinking about your husband on an autumn night.Using autumn scenery to set off mourning is a common technique in poems with similar themes. However, Cao Pi's first three sentences are rich in color and colorful, and the autumn scenery written from multiple levels and angles has a meaningful and graceful artistic conception: Huhu The bleak autumn wind reveals sadness; the swaying vegetation contains sadness; the swallows and geese returning to the south induce grief, time changes, and people think about people when they see things.The worried young woman is dejected by the heart-wrenching thoughts, and the husband who is in a foreign country must also be suffering because of the lingering nostalgia, but why does he still travel for a long time without returning?The poet writes about returning home, and at the same time reflects the same feeling of missing her husband, seeing each other in the autumn moon, each side of the sky, knowing each other with love, but it is difficult to meet each other.The passion of fist and fist is accompanied by helpless melancholy, which adds to the sadness and desolation of this specific atmosphere.
If it is said that the next three sentences of "Nian Jun Ke wandering and heartbroken" are about the love of young women, then the next five sentences of "the concubine stays alone in an empty room" are about young women.Standing alone, hanging from each other, guarding alone in an empty room, miserable and unbearable, I couldn't help crying like rain, which wet Luo Chang.Chang Ge should be crying, but he couldn't cry.The poet's elaboration from the inner story to the outer appearance not only conforms to the reason that the inner depression needs to be dispelled outward, but also allows the outer appearance to further accentuate the deep pain of the inner story, especially "short songs that cannot be chanted for a long time" are the exquisite finishing touches. Pen, after reading this, who doesn't feel the tremor of heart for this sad and emaciated young woman?
In the last four sentences, the poet's brushstrokes have returned to nature, from the scenery to the emotion, to the scenery to the emotion.The soft light of the autumn moon, like frost and snow, fell on Sifu's cold and lonely bedside.The galaxy sank to the west, and the depression in Si Fu's heart melted into the deep and distant sky. "The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl are looking at you from afar, but why are you alone in the river?" It is an obsessive pity and a questioning of resentment.In the heaven and the earth, the same sick pity each other, apart from feeling lost and angry, can the lonely soul of the young woman get a little comfort?
The structure of the whole poem is generated and developed along the context of nature-man-nature.Human society is variegated and colorful. Whether the destiny is rich or poor, prominent or humble, people, after all, come from nature and will eventually return to nature.Is this coincidence of literary conception and philosophical thinking just a coincidence, or has Cao Pi already understood the true meaning of life?If it is the latter, then there may still be a little unrestrained and free and easy in the poet's lingering meditation.
For Cao Pi, most people probably get their impressions from the "Seven Step Poem", which is well-known to women and children.The cruelty of putting his mother and brother to death in order to fight for power and profit is the same as the meticulous observation of social life and sincere sympathy in this song "Yan Ge Xing".How far apart they are!People's inner world is multidimensional, and Cao Pi is no exception. Just as in his poetry creation, there are both "beyond Dituo, more gorgeous", "beyond gorgeous, plus strong" (Lu Xun's Wei Jin Demeanor and Articles and the Relationship between Medicine and Wine") social and current affairs poems that focus on "Qi", there are also "poems close to Meimei" (Xu Zhenqing's "Talking about Art") "Wanyuxixiu" (Zhong Xing's " "Ancient Poetry Return")'s love poems for men and women.As for how the emperor's desire and the mortal's disposition are unified in the same person, and what is the internal connection between them, it is a rather "attractive" research topic.But after all, it is a digression for our poetry appreciation.
The long autumn nights are long, and the north wind is strong and cool.
The two poems of "Miscellaneous Poems" are Cao Pi's deep inner monologues, full of worries and thoughts, profound and broad generalizations, and majestic.
The first song is about what I saw and felt when I was wandering alone in the cold autumn night with insomnia.In fact, there may not be such a long night of traveling alone, but it is just a chant of my own soul, but it truly reflects the secret heart song of this noble son.
The first four sentences are an explanation, and they always write about the season, atmosphere and the actions of the characters.The eight sentences in the middle are two explanations, which describe in detail what you see and hear when you are hesitating, pitching far and near, and covering both large and small details.The last six sentences are three explanations, always writing feelings.What did you hear on this night tour?The earth is covered by the vast white dew, and the cold water is undercurrent.Grass and insects screamed in mournful silence.This is the portrayal of the long-term war-torn social atmosphere since the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period, implying the spirit of realism. The sentence "how sad the grass and insects cry" symbolically expresses Cao Pi's deep sympathy for the suffering people.Look up to the sky, the bright moon hangs high, lone geese fly south, the stars are chaotic, and the Milky Way flows westward.The atmosphere of the scene described in the first and second explanations condenses and renders the entire universe more terrifying than a cemetery.The generalization of time and space is quite deep and broad, which shows that the poet has extraordinary mind and writing skills.
However, if this poem stops at the second interpretation, it seems that it is not enlightening enough.Because I can only see that the lonely and sad road is long and desolate, and "I will search up and down"-human self-confidence, determination and action are not strong enough.It also does not show the biggest feature of Jian'an literature, the "bone" of Jian'an's character, which is the "bone" of Jian'an's character.
The first two explanations describe the scenery, and the three explanations of the last six sentences mainly describe the emotion.What love?There are both tragic and tragic, with the main one being strong-I really want to have the feeling of a martyr who has made great achievements.With this feeling, the desolation and vastness of the first two solutions add a strange and exciting spirit that makes people exhilarated and invigorated. "May I fly with wings, and I want to help the river without beams." The first two interpretations have a blurred artistic conception, desolate and vast, but they are already "flying", and the scenes are blending and blending without showing any signs of "flying". The "fly" in "Wish to fly and get wings" penetrates into the first layer, clearly expressing the hero's ambition to help the world, save the people, and unify the world.Wings, where is the bridge across the river?Sigh to the wind, cut off the midgut.The soul is high, everything is so decisive and unequivocal, which is the opposite of wretched and humble.Cao Pi's "Book with Wu Zhi": "I have grown up in my life, I have a lot of thoughts, and I have worries from time to time, and I can't sleep at night." The poetic image refined and processed.It comes from the deep life, so the power to inspire readers is also huge.
Cao Pi is also a deeply insightful and influential literary critic in the history of literature. His "On Classics and Dissertations" regards literary creation as "a great cause of the country and an immortal event" that transcends not only glory and wealth but also life. The attitude (including poetry creation) is very serious.This "Miscellaneous Poems" can also see the traces of putting the whole life into it, and its creation theory and practice are consistent.
The long autumn nights are long, and the north wind is strong and cool.
There are floating clouds in the northwest, and the pavilions are like car covers.