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Chapter 8 Emperor Wu of Wei - Cao Cao

Appreciation Dictionary of Emperors' Poetry in Past Dynasties 陈贻焮 9563Words 2018-03-20

Cao Cao (155-220), courtesy name Mengde, was born in Peiguoqiao (now Bo County, Anhui). He was born in the Su nationality. He participated in the suppression of the Yellow Turban peasant uprising and the crusade against Dong Zhuo.During the reign of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, he was once appointed as Yilang because of his "ability to understand ancient learning".In the first year of Jian'an (196), Emperor Xian moved his capital to Xuchang, and later he was granted the title of General, Prime Minister and King of Wei.From then on, he took the emperor to make the princes and became the actual ruler of the north.Cao Cao emphasized "talent-only" in employing people, breaking the restrictions of family background, and gathering many talents around him, including scholars of literature.In the twenty-fifth year of Jian'an (220), Gengzi died in Luoyang due to a head disease in the first month, and the funeral was ordered to be simple, and Dingmao was buried in Gaoling in February.After his son Cao Pi took over the throne from the Han Dynasty, he was honored as Emperor Taizu Wu. Cao Cao advocated literature during his lifetime. He was good at poetry and prose and was one of the representatives of Jian'an literature.There are more than 20 Yuefu poems and more than 40 prose pieces in existence. "Guan Canghai" and "Walking in Artemisia" are his masterpieces.He is the author of "The Collection of Emperor Wu of Wei".There is a compilation of Ming people, and today there is a collection of "Cao Cao Collection". Cao's poems are vigorous and vigorous, generous and desolate.The predecessors commented and said: "Like a veteran of Youyan, with a strong charm". Singing to wine ②, how much is life?

① "Duan Ge Xing": the name of "Xiang He Ge·Ping Tuo" by Han Yuefu. ②When: facing. ③ "For example" two sentences: It means that the years pass away as quickly as the morning dew, and the past days have suffered too much. ④ Generosity should be generous: it means generosity. ⑤ Meditation: deep thoughts, this refers to the ambition to unify the world. ⑥把: Tong "啊", stop. ⑦Qi Kuo: It is like "gathering and dispersing", which refers to reunion after a long absence.When friends meet again after a long absence, it is natural to have a feast and talk. 8 old grace: old friendship. ⑨turn (za): a circle. ⑩ "Zhou Gong" two sentences: It is said that Zhou Gong attaches great importance to talents. Although he is in power, as long as someone visits, he will meet him immediately. Even if he is washing his hair, he will meet him immediately; Swallowed food spit out reception.These two sentences mean that I should treat scholars with an open mind like Duke Zhou who "spit out three meals a day". This poem can be regarded as the final work of Cao Ji.The poem begins with lamenting that time is fleeting when wine is a song, continues to write about the mood of seeking talents and thirst, and begins to express one's ambition at the end. "Du Kang" is said to be the person who started to make wine in ancient times, and it is used here as a synonym for wine. "The Book of Songs·Zheng Feng·Zijin": "Qingqing Zijin, leisurely my heart." "Jin", collar. "Zi", the woman in the poem refers to the lover she misses.This idiom is used to express yearning for talents. The first chapter of "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya·Deer Ming": "Yo Yo Lu Ming, the apple of the wild food (artemisia argyi). I have guests, playing the harp and the sheng. Blowing the sheng and drum reeds, carrying the basket is the general. I am a good person, Show me how to go around." Mao Chang said: "The deer get the grass, Yo Yo Ran, shouting and calling each other, sincerely from the middle, to entertain the guests, you should greet each other with sincerity, and it is also a courtesy, blowing the sheng. Drum springs. 'Basket' belongs to bamboo, so currency and silk are also used." The last two sentences of Zheng Xuan's note said: "'show' is regarded as 'place'; set, place also. 'Zhou Xing' means the ranks of the week. 'Good' is like 'good'. There are people who have been kind to me in the past, and I will put them in the Zhou Dynasty. I have said that Weixian is useful." Cao Cao also strongly advocated "Only talents", although here is only intercepted in " The first four sentences of the first chapter of "Lu Ming" actually imply the meaning of the whole chapter, expressing their desire to treat talented people with courtesy.Ying Shao's "Customs of the Customs" quoted an old proverb: "The more you cross the fields, the more you are the host." "Han Shi Wai Zhuan" records that Zhou Gong said: "I am the son of King Wen, the younger brother of King Wu, and the uncle of King Cheng, and he also cares about the world. I am not light in the world! However, once I bathe and hold my hair three times, and once I eat and eat three times, I am afraid that I will lose the world's scholars." Chen Hang's "Poetry Bixing Notes" explains it more clearly: " This poem is also the purpose of Henkel's "Great Wind Song" to think about warriors. "Geometry of Life" originated, and it is said that the so-called ancient kings knew that their lifespan was not long, so they built sages and sages to benefit their heirs. The second quote from "Qing (Zi ) Jin" and "Deer Crying" two poems, one asks for what you can't get, but ponders and thinks; If you don't go north, you will go south, and you will go to Wu and Shu. The emperor is not determined. If you don't spit, feed and break the festival, why do you come here? Mountains do not tire of soil, so they can become high; seas do not tire of water, so they can become deep; kings do not tire of scholars, Therefore, the world returns to its heart. The speaker does not know, but it is said that Meng De’s Zen has already sprouted, but he is still pondering it, fearing people’s ridicule, feeling the flow of time, and fearing that he will lose his ground for advancing and retreating. ). How can you explain the poems "Zijin" and "Luming" in the chapter, and the words of Qi Kuoyan's talk? And Meng Detu grasped the day of seeking talents, and the king of Jude, at the beginning of his humility and corporal, was willing to speak out Contemptuous, are you a usurper of public words? It's so absurd." Zhu Xi, Liu Lu, Wang Yaoqu and other families all insisted on distinguishing loyalty from traitors. This poem is very cheap.Chen Hang's comments on poetry are quite fair; however, comparing "Meng De's seeking talents" with "Wang Mang's humble and courteous corporal" shows that he has not yet broken through traditional prejudices.In fact, the Han Dynasty had already existed in name only at that time, and Cao Cao's pursuit of strength was not mainly for the sake of the Han Dynasty, but for the unification of China.This is undoubtedly following the trend of history, how can it be blamed?In addition, Xie Zhen also thinks that the poem is not well written: "Using all four lines of "Luming" is not as good as Su Wu's "Luming thinks of wild grass, which can be transformed into Yu Jiabin". "Contemplating until now" can be connected"It is as bright as the moon ', why bother with "Xiaoya"! It is based on raising virtuous people and enslaving the world. Zhenxishan does not take this article, it should be done. And look at the "Duan Ge Xing" of Emperor Wu of Wei in "Yi Wen Lei Gathering" and said: "To the wine When singing, how much is life? Like the dew in the morning, the past day is full of bitterness. It is bright like the moon, when can we stop? Worry comes from it, and it cannot be cut off. The moon and stars are thin, and the black magpie flies south. Three times around the tree, there is no branch to cling to? The mountain is not there It’s high, but the water is not deep. The Duke of Zhou vomits his nourishment, and the world returns to his heart.’ Ouyang Xun’s half of it is especially simple, and the meaning is consistent and the language is sufficient.” ("Siming Shihua") My humble opinion is: "Simple" is simple, "Dang" is not necessarily; as for the so-called "consistency of meaning" and "sufficiency of language", it depends on the standards held by the poet.Wu Qi can tell the author's intentions: "The four characters of 'singing to wine' come from the word 'today' in the ancient poem 'Today's Good Banquet'. Cut off the past and the future, and only talk about the present and the realm It is more pressing, and the time is shorter, and the wonderful transmission of the essence of the word "short" is better than ancient poems. Although the word "today" is wonderful, it may not be the time to sing about wine in a day. The following thirty sentences Poetry and prose are all born from these four characters. Gai drinks wine in his mouth, listens to songs in his ears, and imagines out of thin air in his mind, thinking of the twists and turns, rambling, if coherent, if not coherent, it is pure pity It's interesting." ("The Final Theory of Selected Poems of the Six Dynasties") is to rely on "this twists and turns, rambling, if coherent, if not coherent" discourse, in order to write the "unstoppable" "worry" and "contemplation" in his heart. The look of "a piece of pity" comes with this "pity".That being the case, why bother to "remove the half" of this work, which combines content and form so "properly", so that it appears thin because of its "simplification"?It is better to be complex or simple. Gu Yanwu once brilliantly discussed in "Rizhilu·Complicated and Simple Articles": "The speech master is almost perfect, regardless of its complexity or simplicity. The theory of complexity and simplicity is flourishing, but the literature is dying." The complexity of "Hanshu" must be better than the simplicity of "Hanshu"; the simplicity of "New Tangshu" is not simple in things but simple in text, and the reason why it is sick...' Shizi sued Mencius because of Chen Zi, Chen Zi told Mencius with the words of the son of the time. "There is no need to see it again, but the meaning is clear." Qi people have a wife and a concubine and live in the house. When the husband comes out, he must eat and drink and then turn back. His wife asked what he had been with Those who eat and drink are rich and noble. His wife told his concubine: "When a lover comes out, he must be full of wine and meat and then turn back. Asking about food and drink, he is rich and noble. But if there is no one who is prominent, I will put the beloved. Also.'' There was a feeder of raw fish to Zheng Zichan, and Zichan sent the school to a pool for humans and animals. The schoolman cooked it, but ordered him to say: "When I first gave it away, it was squishy, and if it was small, it would pass away leisurely. Zichan said "It's what it is! It's what it is! The schoolman came out and said: Who is it that the child produces wisdom? After I cooked it and ate it, I said: "It's what it is! It's what it is! This must be overlapped and the situation is exhausted. This is the wonderful article of "Mencius"; In the Book of Tang, people in Qi must say 'his wife is suspicious', and people in Zichan must say 'the schoolman came out and laughed', just two words. Therefore, the speech is about expressiveness, not simplicity. "The same is true for poems, such as the Han Yuefu folk song "Jiangnan": "In the south of the Yangtze River, you can pick lotus, lotus leaves He Tiantian, fish play among lotus leaves. Fish play lotus leaves east, fish play lotus leaves west, fish play lotus leaves south, fish play lotus Ye Bei." Isn't the east, west, north, and south of the lotus leaves the same as the space between the lotus leaves?If the master is simple, the last four sentences can be deleted.But considering the artistic effect, the view may be different.When lotus pickers see fish swimming among lotus leaves, it is just a general impression.Then four times, the fish swim in the east, west, north, south and four directions of the lotus leaves in repeated sentences. This not only vividly describes the fish, but also shows the expression of the lotus pickers' eyes following the fish and the quiet environment of the lotus pond with clear water.If it is deleted from the simplicity, the interest will be dull, but if it has both the seemingly complex and the rich, then why bother to cut it? The situation in "Duan Ge Xing" is similar, and the practice of "Ouyang Xun cut half of it" is obviously not advisable.Or think that it is not good to use too many sentences in this poem.Generally speaking, this view is good.However, the specific situation still needs to be treated on a case-by-case basis.Or Goethe said it well: "My Mephistopheles also sang a song by Shakespeare. Why shouldn't he sing it? If Shakespeare's song is very relevant and says what should be said, why should I bother to write another one?" What about the first?" (Zhu Guangqian's translation of Goethe's Conversations) Since the sentences in "Duan Ge Xing" are very relevant and say what should be said, and in real life, the ancients had the custom of reciting poems to express their ambitions, then why shouldn't Cao Cao use?Why bother to add a few more sentences?

To the east is Jieshi ②, to see the sea.

① "Stepping out of Xiamen Xing", the title of "Xiang He Ge·Se Tiao Tuo" in Han Dynasty.Cao Cao's poem has a chapter of "Yan" and "Prelude", four chapters of the main song, and "Guan Canghai" is the first chapter.This poem was written by Cao Cao when he conquered Wuhuan in the twelfth year of Jian'an (207).Wuhuan is an ethnic minority in the Liaodong Peninsula at the end of the Han Dynasty.Cao Cao broke Yuan Shao's separatist forces at that time, and his remnants fled to Wuhuan, hoping to use Wuhuan's power to make a comeback. This Northern Expedition was to eliminate Yuan Shao's remnants.Xiamen: A gate in the northwest corner of Luoyang City. ② Jieshi: The name of the mountain.Fifteen miles north of today's Changli County, Hebei Province, the main peak is 695 meters above sea level, about fifteen miles away from the sea, and you can climb up to watch the sea when the weather is fine.In addition, it is said that the person who sank in the sea was named Dajieshi Mountain, which is located in the southwest of Leting County, Hebei Province.Many scholars think that this poem is the Jieshi.The aunts kept their opinions. ③ Dan Dan (dan): The appearance of rippling water. ④竦: Same as "tower", raised up.Zhi: stand upright. 5 Han: Galaxy. ⑥The two sentences of "Xing Shi": These are added when the Hele is playing, and there are at the end of each chapter, which has nothing to do with the content of the main text.Fortunately: Fortunately.Even: very.To: extremely.To: used for. This chapter describes the wonders and fantasies of climbing Jieshi Mountain and looking at the sea.A vast ocean, eyes full of water, expressed in exclamation words, it simply and powerfully expresses the first and strongest impression of climbing a mountain and looking at the sea.The vegetation on the mountains and islands is actually described, but the vastness of the sea is highlighted from the void. This is like Qi Baishi's painting of a few jumping shrimps, and a clear spring immediately appears in the blank space. "Autumn Wind" and "Hong Bo" are not only descriptions of scenery, but also lyricism. They are read together with Emperor Wudi's "Autumn Wind Songs", which shows the depth of their sorrow.The sun, the moon, and the stars seem to appear in the sea. This is an illusion, right and wrong, but at the same time it is the real feeling of the sea, so it has a shocking artistic power, which is different from those exaggerated descriptions that are strong on the outside and do nothing on the inside.A few words, written in a straight-forward manner, but "magnificent and turbulent, contained in simplicity" (Chen Zuoming's words), what a means!Zhong Xing commented on this poem and said: "Write directly in the heart and eyes of a period of covering the atmosphere." Shen Deqian also said: "There is the atmosphere of the universe." Without a broad mind, you can't enjoy this spectacular scenery, and non-spectacular scenery is not enough to show your broad mind.Mengde and the sea really complement each other.Wang Fuzhi is the most artistically sensitive. He not only felt the sadness hidden in the "autumn wind" and "Hong Bo", but also said that the whole article "does not express sorrow, but fills the eight poles with nothing but sorrow." The first place, but this is not easy to hear. Those who don’t know it can call it domineering” ("Chuanshan Ancient Poetry Selection").Reading this poem, the greatness of the sea and the poet's mind is easy to recognize, and the sadness in the greatness is not easy to recognize.If you taste it carefully, you may get it. "The martyr's old age is full of ambition." Now climbing the mountain and looking at the sea, I feel the boundlessness of time and space and the limitation of life. The sadness comes from it, even if it is not expressed in words, it can still be understood.Compared with Chen Zi'ang's "Dengyouzhou Taige" in the Tang Dynasty, "remembering the heaven and the earth, feeling sad but crying", although there are subtle and obvious differences in expression, the thoughts and feelings of the two are very similar. place.Wang Shizhen said: "(This article) also has its own words. It is like "Shanglin" said: "Look at the groundless, observe the end of the world; the sun rises in the East Marsh, and the moon grows in the West Pit." Ma Rong's "Guangcheng" says: "The rainbow cave of heaven and earth has no reason to end. The Ming Dynasty came out of the east, and the moon was born in the west." Yang Xiong's "School Hunting" said: "In and out of the sun and the moon, the sky and the earth are chaotic." However, Yang's language is strange, and Emperor Wu's language is strong. And "the moon" Born in Xipi', what is the meaning of the language, and Ma Rong repeated it." ("Yiyuan 卮yan") If this is just to prove that Meng De's poems "also have their own words", (of course, the ancients in our country did write poems. I have the habit of making good use of allusions and paying attention to the source of rhetoric,) that means little.Because, as Goethe said, "The things in my works are all my own. As for whether my basis is books or life, it is the same. The key lies in whether I use it properly." .In other words, when we look at a work, we should mainly focus on whether the author has a unique and real feeling, and at the same time express it appropriately, instead of "breaking the work into pieces, thinking that you got a certain piece from somewhere, Another fragment from another" (ibid.).This is the first level of meaning I want to say.Second, if we compare the materials collected from Han Fu with this poem, we can find that the observation and description of the macroscopic scenery actually originated from the former, and the latter shows creative achievements, and thus Concretely appraising the pros and cons of his artistic conception and expression techniques, this undoubtedly goes beyond the search for the source of words and sentences, and more or less involves the discussion of the development trend of literature.The formation and growth of the Chinese landscape poetry school has always been closely related to Lao Zhuang's thoughts and hermit life.However, there are not only Li Bai and Du Fu, but also Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, who are famous for their seclusion and idyllic landscape poems, who express the masculine beauty of nature and full of upward spirit.It should be noted that it is Meng De's "Guan Canghai" that pioneered this kind of singing!It can be seen that it is not only well written in itself, but also played a certain role in the development of poetry art.

Although the tortoise has a long life②, it still has its own time③;

① "The Turtle Lives Long": This is the fourth chapter of Cao Cao's "Stepping Out of Xiamen". ②Sacred tortoise: According to ancient legends, the tortoise can live for thousands of years. ③ Actually: Do. ④ Teng Snake: The divine snake that can soar through the clouds and ride the fog in ancient legends. 5 Ji: Maxima.Stable (li): Manger. 6 Already: stop. ⑦ Prosperity and contraction: This refers to the length of life.Period: period. 8 Yongnian: longevity. According to Cao Zhi's "Bian Dao Lun", "Shi Yi Lun" and other historical materials, Cao Cao did not believe in gods at first, then was influenced by alchemists, and was forced by the twilight scene of Sangyu. There is fate in life and death, and thinking about it is Chi" ("Qiu Hu Xing"), it was already a dream that woke up, and I realized something.But to really get rid of the confusion and annoyance caused by "indecision", and finally have a correct view on the issue of life and death, and hold an optimistic attitude, it will have to wait until he composes the movement "The Life of the Turtle". "Zhuangzi Qiushui": "I heard that there is a tortoise in Chu, and it has been dead for three thousand years."It's a blow to the head and wakes people up, and the poet should also realize it from then on.Everyone is mortal, why am I alone?When negative people think of this, they must lose all hope.However, the old man has the ambition of thousands of miles, and the martyrs in the old age have great ambitions. This cannot be seen, and it is also the poet's incomparable persistence in life. "Shi Shuo Xin Yu·Bold Shuang" contains: "Wang Chuzhong (Dun) always chanted 'Old man, aspiring for thousands of miles; martyr old age, full of ambition' every time after drinking, and spat on the pot with wishful thinking, and the mouth of the pot was completely lacking." Wang Shizhen's case: " His man (referring to Wang Dun) is not worth mentioning, but his ambition is sympathetic!" See also how deeply touching the poem is.Zhu Gan said: "Wei Wu Wuhuan's campaign, going through dangers and going through dangers, is not a good fortune. On the day when the army returned, I asked those who advised me before, and I rewarded them generously. , cannot be a constant. The remonstrance of the kings, the plan of Wanan, is to reward each other. "The cloud of 'Yongnian' is shocking because things will be settled." ("Yuefu Justice") It is difficult to say that there is no such intention, but it is only for If you look at it in this way, it is inevitable to make shallow the poems with deeper meanings.Cao Cao once declared in "Rangxian Ziming Benzhi Ling" that he "doesn't believe in the fate of nature" and learned from immortals to seek longevity. In a sense, he challenged the "destiny" and tried to control his own destiny.Now that the dream of longevity has been shattered, I am deeply aware of the sharp contradiction between longevity and time karma, but I am convinced that the length of life not only depends on nature, but also has great potential to prolong life and prolong life. The four sentences of "surplus and contraction" talk about such a truth.This is still a manifestation of Lao Man's stubborn character of "not believing in the destiny", but it has nothing to do with self-confidence or naive delusion, but an ordinary truth derived from long-term and arduous life exploration and rational meditation.To this day, these few words are still used as a motto by some people, which fully proves the depth and breadth of their meaning.Human beings are in an ignorant stage, so it cannot be said that there is no fear of death, but because of the difficulty of living, fear has no time to think about it.By the time they know how to chant "When you are born less than a hundred years old, you often worry about a thousand years old" (No. 15 of Anonymous at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty), human beings have already opened up their wisdom.During this period, after Cao Cao's painful exploration of life, his views on life and death were superior to those of his time, which is indeed commendable.Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, in "Three Poems of Shape, Shadow and God", through the gift and answer of shape, shadow and god, finally put forward his own views on the issue of life and death: "In the midst of the waves, neither joy nor fear; There is nothing to worry about alone.” Compared with "Gui Shi Shou", there are obvious differences between the two, one is hard work and the other is tenacity, the other is generosity and the other is calm; but they also shine with sparks of thought, showing that the poet is in the true meaning of life. pursue their respective heights.Reciting the two phases will definitely inspire more.

But the 22nd Emperor of the Han Dynasty, the sincerity of his appointment was not good.

"Xielu Xing", one of which is "Xielu", belongs to the Yuefu "Xianghe Song·Xianghe Song", and it is the same as "Haoli" as an elegy sung at the funeral.According to legend, when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Li Yannian divided it into two pieces. "Xielu" is used to give away princes and nobles, and "Haili" is given away to scholars, bureaucrats and ordinary people.Scallion dew means that life is short, like dew on scallion leaves, it dries up in a flash.At the end of the Han Dynasty, its tune still existed, so Cao Cao borrowed this tune to describe current events at the end of the Han Dynasty, lamenting the restoration of Emperor Ji, which is in line with the emotion of the original tune. In April of the sixth year of Zhongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (189), Emperor Ling died, and Emperor Shao came to the throne. He was only fourteen years old, and his mother, Empress Dowager He, came to court.The Empress Dowager's brother, General He Jin, tried to punish the eunuch, but the Empress Dowager did not accept it, so he was even more hesitant.Later, from Yuan Shaoyi, Dong Zhuo, the shepherd of Bingzhou, was secretly summoned to lead troops to Beijing, hoping to intimidate the Queen Mother.To seek revenge, the eunuch Zhang Rang and others killed He Jin, hijacked Emperor Shaodi and King Chenliu, and fled.After Dong Zhuo arrived, he greeted the emperor and returned him to the palace, but soon deposed him as King Hongnong, made the nine-year-old King Chenliu the emperor (Xiandi), killed the Queen Mother, and proclaimed himself Taiwei and Xiangguo, monopolizing the power of the court.The foundation of the Han Dynasty has survived in name only.In the first year of Chuping (190), Guandong Prefecture raised troops to challenge Dong Zhuo.Dong Zhuo poisoned King Hongnong, set fire to Luoyang, forced Emperor Xian to move the capital to Chang'an, and forced millions of people to enter the customs.Cao Cao's poem truly describes the turbulent process. The whole poem can be divided into two parts.The first eight sentences are the first part, which first describes He Jin's misuse of the country. "Only the twenty-second generation of the Han Dynasty, the integrity of his appointment is not good. He wears the monkey and wears the crown, knows the small and strives for strength." The twenty-second generation, the lineage of the Han Dynasty from the great ancestor Liu Bang to the Ling emperor Liu Hong is the 22nd generation.Bad, refers to He Jin.The monkey is crowned with a crown, and "Historical Records · Xiang Yu Benji" is published. Chu people call the macaque a monkey, and the monkey wears a crown, which is a metaphor for being superficial and unworthy.Knowing that small plans are strong, he published "Book of Changes Xici Xia", saying that small wisdom can be used for big plans.The first four sentences cut to the chase, directly accusing He Jin of being incompetent and occupying a high position, pointing out the root cause of the disaster. "Hesitantly dare not give up, because the king is in charge. Baihong is the sun, and he will suffer first." The king said that Zhang Rang and others hijacked the young emperor and ran away.The ancients believed that the white rainbow passing through the sun was a celestial omen for the death of the monarch. Here it refers to Dong Zhuo killing King Hongnong in the year of Chuping.He Jin had been killed the previous year, so it was said that he "suffered first".These four sentences are interspersed with narration and discussion, describing the process of He Jin's misguided country and self-mistake.It was a good thing for He Jin to seek to get rid of the eunuchs, but because of his ingenuity and hesitation, he was not only killed by the eunuchs, but also lured wolves into the house, which led to the war at the end of Han Dynasty and the fall of Hanji.Cao Cao was deeply saddened by this, and in the narrative, he repeatedly commented and condemned, quite like singing and sighing three times. The last eight sentences are the second part, describing Dong Zhuo's rebellion. "Thieves and ministers stole the state, killed the lord and destroyed Yujing. The emperor's foundation was restored, and the ancestral temple was burnt for funeral. Spreading to the west and moving, weeping and doing." Although He Jin and Dong Zhuo are both the culprits of the talented country, their crimes have different degrees. The poet called He Jin as "bad" and Dong Zhuo as "thief minister", which shows that he hates Dong Zhuo even more.Killing the Lord refers to Dong Zhuo killing Queen Mother He and King Hongnong.Broadcasting, migrating and trekking.These six sentences describe the process of Dong Zhuodang's restoration of the Han Dynasty.According to historical records, Dong Zhuo "burned down palaces, temples, and government houses, and there were no relics within 200 miles" ("Book of the Later Han" Volume 72 "Dong Zhuo Biography"); it is also known that he drove the people westward, weeping along the road, and lost countless lives, accumulating corpses everywhere.For this heinous crime, the poet is full of sorrow and hatred, and writes directly, leaving a thrilling and horrific historical picture scroll for future generations without pretense. "Looking at the city of Biluo, Weizi is mourning." Weizi, the brother of King Zhou of Yin, saw the palace destroyed after the death of Yin, and millet growing on the ruins, and wrote "Song of Maixiu" with emotion, expressing his condolences.The last two sentences are lyrical, expressing the deep sorrow facing the ruins of Luoyang with a small self-comparison. The language of this poem is simple and the brushstrokes are clumsy. It directly describes political events, directly condemns the rebellious officials and thieves, and directly expresses the sorrow in the heart, with little artistic embellishment.However, due to the truthful narrative, deep feelings, and full of sorrowful feelings of worrying about the country and the people, the whole poem shows a kind of generosity and sadness in the ancient straightness and clumsiness, which is moving to read.Zhong Rong said: "Mr. Cao is straightforward and has very sad lines." ("Shipin" Part II) is also fully reflected in this Yuefu poem.Shen Deqian said: "Using the ancient Yuefu to write current events began with Cao Gong." (Volume 3 of "The Source of Ancient Poems") also pointed out the important position of Cao Cao and the significance of this poem from the perspective of the history of poetry development.

Going north to the Taihang Mountains is so difficult.

"Bitter Cold Journey" belongs to Yuefu's "Xianghe Ge·Qing Tune".This is a military poem about self-reported experience, which was written in the eleventh year of Jian'an (206) when he was recruited as a high-ranking animal husbandry in Bingzhou.Gao Gan was Yuan Shao's nephew. He first surrendered to Cao Cao and then rebelled. He stationed troops in Huguan (now southeast of Changzhi, Shanxi).Cao Cao led his troops from Yecheng (now Linzhangxi, Hebei) to march north to the Taihang Mountains.At that time in the first lunar month, the road was blocked by ice and snow, and the mountain road was rough.The poem prepares for the difficulties and obstacles on the march, and expresses the resulting homesickness and war weariness, as well as the desire to complete the reunification as soon as possible. The whole poem can be divided into four layers.The first ten sentences are the first layer, which depicts and renders the danger of the natural environment, and highlights the hardships of the march from the side. "Going north to the Taihang Mountain, how difficult it is." The first two sentences start with an exclamation, summarizing the steepness and danger of the Taihang Mountain. "Yangchangban is twisted, and the wheels are broken." Yangchangban, a place name, is located in the southeast of Huguan.Heckles, twists and turns.The second sentence describes what you see and describes the ruggedness of the mountain road. "How bleak the trees are, and the sound of the north wind is sad." The two sentences describe what I heard, and the north wind blows the trees, making a bleak and sad sound, which shows the coldness of the climate. "The bear crouched against me, and the tiger and leopard wailed between the roads." There were hordes of ferocious beasts in the mountains, and their roars were shocking.The two sentences are both audio-visual, exaggerating the danger of the environment. "There are few people in the valley, and the snow is falling." The two sentences describe that there are few people and heavy snow, which further emphasizes the evil of the environment and the cold of the climate.The ten lines of poems are vivid and vivid, depicting a picture of danger and bitter cold.Although the march is not directly described, the hardships of the army have been seen outside the words. The next four sentences are the second layer, expressing the feeling of homesickness and nostalgia. "Extend your neck and sigh, and travel far away with many thoughts. My heart is so depressed, and I want to return to the east." Melancholy, melancholy and uneasy.Returning east, Cao Cao was a native of Peiguoqiao (now Bo County, Anhui), east of the Taihang Mountains.The four lines of poems express the poet's true state of mind in the difficult battle.Hometown is a symbol of stability and warmth, which is associated with disarmament and returning to the fields and family life, and is in stark contrast to the bitter, cold and dangerous military life.This kind of deep love for children who are tired of fighting and nostalgic for their hometown and land, but it comes from the mouth of Cao Cao, an all-powerful generation of heroes, is particularly touching to read, and one cannot help but feel its sincerity and profound weight. The next eight sentences are the third layer, describing all kinds of hardships during the march positively. "The water is deep and the bridge is dead, and the middle road is wandering." The second sentence writes that the water is deep and there is no bridge, so we can only wander around and make a detour. "Confused and lost the way, there is no place to stay at dusk." The second sentence writes that you get lost at dusk and can't find a place to camp. "The day of the trip is far away, and the people and horses are hungry at the same time. Carry the bag to get salary, and hold the ax and ice for mince." The word ax is used as a verb here.The four sentences describe that the soldiers are hungry and cold, and they still have to collect firewood, chop ice and cook porridge.A series of details such as water depth, bridges, getting lost, hunger, firewood harvesting, ax and ice, etc., are written plainly, but because they are written about the poet's personal experience, they are very real and vivid, giving people an immersive feeling. The last two sentences are the fourth layer, once again expressing the feelings of war weariness and implying the ambition to complete the unification. "The poem "Dongshan" makes me sad." "Dongshan" is the title of "The Book of Songs Binfeng", which describes the homesickness of soldiers who have been stationed abroad for a long time on their way back home.The two sentences refer to the poem "Dongshan" with rich meanings: one repeatedly expresses his nostalgia and homesickness; The great cause of unification, in order to realize the wish of disarming and returning to the fields as soon as possible, and the world is peaceful. This poem seamlessly integrates the sinister natural environment, the arduous marching life and the melancholy mood. It is bold in momentum, sad in mood, and convoluted in structure. It is worthy of being Cao Gong's outstanding masterpiece.When Fang Dongshu commented on this poem, he once said: "About Emperor Wu's poems are melancholic and straightforward, with a true spirit, but they are broken layer by layer, and they are not smooth and flat. The grammar is dignified and Qu Pan, and the recitation is satisfying." (Volume 2 of "Zhaomei Zhanyan") focuses on explaining the characteristics of this poem from the perspective of structure.The poems list in detail what they saw, heard and experienced during the journey, and interspersed with the writing method of expressing the feelings in their hearts, especially the exaggeration of the sinister environment and melancholy emotions. It is used repeatedly in poems, and we can hear its echoes in Li Bai's "Shu Tong Difficulty" and Du Fu's "Northern Expedition".

There are righteous men in Kanto, and they raise troops to fight against the gangsters.

"Xing Hao Li Xing" belongs to the Yuefu "Xiang He Song·Xiang He Song", which is originally an elegy for funerals.Haoli, also known as Xiali, was believed by the ancients to be the place where people lived after death.Artemisia means dryness, and people die withered, so the curie of the dead is called "Artemisia".Cao Cao's "Walking in Haoli" and "Xielu Xing" are sister chapters. "Xielu Xing" sent off princes and nobles, and Cao Cao used it to mourn the monarchy; A deliberate arrangement of ideas. The current events narrated in "Hao Li Xing" followed closely "Xie Lu Xing".In the spring of the first year of Chuping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (190), the Guandong prefecture raised troops to attack Dong Zhuo, and promoted Yuan Shao, the prefect of Bohai Sea, as the leader.But the heroes have their own ghosts, wait and see, trying to preserve their strength.Then they fought for power and profit, and the separatists fought.In the second year of Chuping (191), Yuan Shao sought to make Liu Yu, the shepherd of Youzhou, the emperor, and engraved a golden seal.His younger brother Yuan Mu proclaimed himself emperor in Shouchun (now Shou County, Anhui, south of Huai River) in the second year of Jian'an (197).Due to successive years of fighting, the soldiers and the common people died a lot, and there was a disaster situation where there were no people for thousands of miles.Cao Cao's poem truly narrates these historical events and vividly depicts the tragic situation of the war at that time. The whole poem can be divided into two parts.The first ten sentences are the first part, which narrates the historical facts of the separation and combination of heroes. "There are righteous men in the Kanto, and they raised troops to fight against the gangsters. In the early days, they met in Tianjin, but their hearts were in Xianyang." Guandong refers to the east of Hangu Pass.Righteous men refer to the generals who raised troops to attack Dong Zhuo.Mengjin, the place name, is Mengjin (now south of Mengxian County, Henan Province). It is said that the princes of Syria met here when King Wu of Zhou defeated Zhou.Xianyang (now east of Xianyang, Shaanxi), the capital of Qin Dynasty.Both Mengjin and Xianyang use allusions, which shows that they originally hoped that the heroes would unite as one, like King Wu of Zhou who would join the princes to punish the people and punish crimes; the original intention was to go straight to Luoyang, just like Liu Bang and Xiang Yu attacked Xianyang.The first four sentences first use the tone of approval to describe the righteous deeds of the alliance of heroes and the crusade against Dong Zhuo. "The army is not well-aligned, hesitating and flying geese. Snobbery makes people fight, and the heirs kill each other. The title of Huainan brother is engraved in the north." Geese (hang), a group of geese flying in a single formation, describes the army Wait and see.Heir also (same spin, xuan), immediately, shortly thereafter.Huainan brother refers to Yuan Shao's younger brother Yuan Shu.Xi (xi), the seal used by the emperor.These six sentences have been written in different ways, and they describe the ugly drama of the dissension of the heroes, the conflict with each other, and the struggle for power and profit in a condemning style.In particular, the two sentences of "Huainan" are written in a satirical style, which is quite spicy and powerful. The last six sentences are the second part, depicting the broken society caused by the war. "The armor is full of lice, and all surnames die. The bones are exposed in the wild, and there is no rooster crowing for thousands of miles. Every living person leaves one, and the thought of it breaks the heart." Armor is armor.Lice, lice eggs.As the warlords have been fighting for years, the soldiers have been wearing armor for many years, and they are born with lice, so they are prepared for hardships; a large number of people died, their bones were piled up, and they were exposed to the wild. Within a thousand miles, there was no one inhabited, and there were very few survivors.The poet paints a horrific historical picture with plain, unliterary but full of tragic poems, which is still heartbreaking to watch after thousands of years.Although it is only a lyrical sentence at the end, "Thinking breaks the heart", it is very sincere and touching because of the extremely tragic scene description immediately before it.Chen Zuoming said that Cao Cao's poems "have no general language, but are rooted in temperament, so they are ups and downs and desolate, and they are unique and transcendent." , and pointed out that his poems are rooted in the deep feelings of real life and revealed "sincere truth" (see "Ancient Poetry Return" volume Qi Zhongxing's comments), so they can surpass others and touch people deeply.What he said was quite to the point.It has been proved again in "Artemisia".