Chapter 13 Picking mulberries·Chongyang

Life is easy, God is hard to grow old, every year is Chongyang. , the battlefield yellow flowers are exceptionally fragrant. , not like spring. , The outline of the river and the sky are full of frost. This poem was first published in the May 1962 issue of "People's Literature". "Sorrowful autumn is the air, and the desolate vegetation shakes and decays." Since the publication of "Nine Debates" by Song Yu of Chu State in the Warring States Period, sad autumn has become a traditional theme of Chinese classical poetry.However, the predecessors' poems and poems based on the ninety-nine Chongyang Festival used the desolate, chilling, and desolate autumn scenery to express their grievances, and they rarely lack the word "sorrow".For example, Wang Wei's "I knew the brothers ascended the heights, and there was one less person who planted cornel everywhere" ("September 9, Recalling Shandong Brothers"), and Du Fu's "Where are the younger brothers and sisters in depression? , Su Shi's "Everything is a dream in the end, rest, and the yellow flowers and butterflies will worry about tomorrow" ("Nanxiangzi·Chongjiu Hanhuilou presents Xu Junyou"), etc., or describe the loneliness and coldness of traveling in a foreign country, or express the sorrow of sorrow The sadness and pain of the country, or pouring out the depression and anguish of frustration, or expressing all kinds of emotions of being convicted and demoted, are all "tactfully attached, sad and clear" (Qi Liuxie of the Southern Dynasty).This poem by Mao Zedong breaks away from the stereotype of heavy nine sorrows and autumns, sweeps away the decadence and depression, and arouses people's heroic spirit and noble sentiments of fighting for their ideals with magnificent and gorgeous poetic scenery and high-spirited pride. .

The work begins with a very philosophical aphorism, "Life is easy and heaven is hard to grow old". It starts abruptly and has a magnificent bearing. "Life is easy to age" is to cosmicize the personality, time is fleeting, and life is short, but it is perishable and short, so we should work hard and make achievements, and don't let the years pay for it. "The sky is hard to grow old" is to personify the universe.The cold comes and the summer goes, the sun rises and sets, the Spring and Autumn Dynasties are prefaced, and the scenery is always new.But "difficult to age" does not mean "not old", because "metabolism is a universal and irresistible law in the universe" (Mao Zedong's "On Contradiction").And "a poet must enter the universe and life, and must go out of it. Entering into it, so he can write it; going out of it, so he can see it" (Wang Guowei). "Life is easy to age" and "days are difficult to age", one has an end, the other is infinite; one is short-lived, and the other is long;This is not a simple follow-up of the old adage "Heaven moves vigorously, and a gentleman strives for self-improvement" ("Book of Changes·Qian"), but based on the height of cognition and deep understanding of the universe and life, it reveals the essence of life. Justice and eternal truth, shining with the brilliance of dialectical materialism, has a strong aesthetic inspiration. "Susui Chongyang" comes from the first sentence, which is not only a further extension of "Heaven is difficult to grow old" and a general category that appears individually, but also mentions the time and season, points out the purpose, and leads to the following: "Today is the Chongyang Festival, and the yellow flowers on the battlefield are extraordinarily fragrant. "

In 1929, the Fourth Red Army took Fujian warlords to Guangdong to participate in the Guangdong-Guangxi warlord war. The rear was empty. Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, they entered the west of Fujian from southern Jiangxi, captured Longyan three times, and captured Shanghang on September 21. Jin Ou is a piece of land, and it is really busy to divide the fields" (Mao Zedong's "Qingpingle·Jianggui War").The first three or four sentences express the author's high joy for the liberation of western Fujian and his optimism about the revolutionary situation. "Chongyang again today" is a progressive repetition of "Chongyang every year".There is a Double Ninth Festival every year. It seems to be the same, but in fact it is also changing and different.Now that it's the festive season, this place has a different scenery.

"Yellow flowers are suitable for drinking, and Qingyue is good for climbing" (Tang Zhang said "Poems of Entering Zhuyu Mountain in September").In ancient times, there was a custom of climbing high and looking far in Chongyang, appreciating chrysanthemums and singing autumn.In the poems and proses of the past dynasties, the Double Ninth Festival has formed an indissoluble bond with the chrysanthemum.And poets in troubled times often express their weariness and anti-war feelings by writing chrysanthemums.For example, "Congju shed tears for the future, and the lonely boat is the heart of the hometown" (Tang Dufu's "Eight Poems of Autumn Xing"), while cherishing flowers and homesickness, the author entrusts the author's sympathy for the people of Li who have suffered from wars. and the longing for a life of peace and tranquility.In such works, the chrysanthemum appears as the opposite of war.But the "yellow flowers" in Mao Zedong's pen are associated with the victory of the People's Revolutionary War.This "yellow flower" is neither an autumn clump in the east fence for the hermit to "recite the charm", nor a garden bonsai for the sad man to "feel bad", but after the baptism of gunpowder, it is still in the autumn wind and frost The wild chrysanthemums blooming yellow and fragrant all over the mountains and plains are ordinary and simple but full of vitality. They have the duality of reality and symbolism, and they have the characteristics of comparing with each other. "The poet Jiuyue pities the chrysanthemum" (Tang Sikongshu's "Nine Days Climb") is a tradition.The author of the poem appreciates the beauty of the Double Ninth Festival with joy.Yellow flowers decorate the battlefield of Chongyang, which makes the battlefield of Chongyang even more beautiful. The three characters of "extraordinarily fragrant" express the feelings of the chrysanthemum admirers at this time and this place.People are refreshed on happy occasions, victory is gratifying, and the yellow flowers are also very beautiful; the yellow flowers are very beautiful, and even their fragrance is far better than usual.This sentence is full of emotion and scenery, colorful and fragrant, and combines poetic, pictorial, wild interest, and philosophy into one furnace, forming a vibrant poetic scene. feelings.Although "life is easy to grow old", the youth of revolutionaries is associated with battles, battlefields, and the lofty cause of liberating all mankind.They don't lament the old age, waste time, and squander time, but fight for the revolution with the spirit of "seizing the day and night", surviving and fighting endlessly.

The next film inherits the meaning of "every year on the Double Ninth Festival" and "today on the Double Ninth Festival", and writes from a high perspective, opening up the artistic conception of the word to a higher and wider place.Every year there is a Double Ninth Festival, and autumn comes and goes, "the annual autumn wind is strong".The word "Jin" is extremely powerful, and it expresses the fierce and mighty trend of the autumn wind destroying the dry and destroying the decayed, driving away the old and eliminating the corrupt.This scene is very different from the east wind blowing, the peach blossoms and willows green, the singing of swallows and warblers, and the gentle and charming spring scenery.But the strong westerly wind and the chilling autumn air did not cause sadness in the author's heart, but exhilaration.The poet's feelings and the warrior's temperament determine his aesthetic choice: "It's better than the spring, the boundless river and the sky are covered with frost." The sky is clear and the air is clear, the river is clear and the water is green; , spread to the horizon.Isn't this magnificent scenery "better than spring"?

Some people with lofty ideals in ancient times also went against the tradition of mourning autumn, did not hurt loneliness, did not lament aging, and praised the gorgeous autumn colors with optimism.Like Du Mu's "Stop and sit in the maple forest at night, the frosty leaves are as red as the flowers in February" ("Mountain Journey"), through the maple leaves all over the mountain and the dyed forests, we can see the powerful vitality of autumn than spring.Like Liu Yuxi's "Mountains are bright and water is clear and frost comes at night, and the trees are deep red and pale yellow. Trying to go to a high-rise building is clear to the bone, is it like the spring scenery and madness" ("Two Poems of Autumn"), sang in the praise of autumn and spring High-spirited inspirational singing.But in terms of vision and vigor, "Mountain Journey" and "Autumn Ci" are far inferior to the broad, lofty, vigor and grandeur of "Lou Kuo Jiang Tian Wan Li Shuang".If the "Yellow Flower" sentence in the first film describes the close-up view of admiring chrysanthemums on Chongyang Festival, then the "Jiang Tian" sentence in the second film not only writes the long-term view of climbing high, but also expresses the artistic space (including psychological space and imagination) contained in the words. Space) is greatly expanded to symbolize the growing and developing revolutionary forces and bright and brilliant revolutionary prospects, thus showing the author's lofty ideals and optimistic mood.Longinus of ancient Greece once pointed out: "Most of the majesty, magnificence and strength of the style depend on the proper use of images... the images of poetry are for the purpose of thrilling people." ("On the Sublime") and Russia's Chernyshev For Ski, "much greater, much stronger—this is the distinguishing feature of the sublime" ("Life and Aesthetics").In Mao Zedong's Ci, whenever there is a sentence referring to the word "shuang" that refers to autumn, the word "ten thousand" that expresses the huge number can always be found. "All kinds of frost compete for freedom" ("Qinyuanchun·Changsha") is an example, "Wanmu frost and the sky are red" ("Yujiaao·Fan's first big "encirclement and suppression") is an example, "Liaokuo Jiangtian Wanli Frost" Another example, they all describe huge scenes, and the artistic conception is majestic and lofty, which makes people feel a sense of magnificence, excitement and sublime.

Of course, "not like the spring scenery" and "better than the spring scenery" do not deny or reject the beauty of the spring scenery.But what is interesting is that among the 20 poems written by Mao Zedong during the Revolutionary War, there is hardly a single one that directly or indirectly describes spring, while there are ten poems praising autumn scenery or written in autumn, accounting for the total half of.This may be because of the fierce autumn wind and the frosty red autumn colors,