Chapter 15 15 division of labor

As mentioned earlier, organization is an important form of expression of various human activities, which means that there is division of labor when there is organization.For example, if you are a member of a production team in a rural area, you are engaged in farming instead of doing business. This is a larger division of labor; Fertilization is assigned, regardless of sowing, which is a smaller division of labor.It can be further divided.It cannot be further divided, because, if you open your eyes, you will know that the so-called life can be understood as that as long as there is life, you have to be active; roughly speaking, a small amount of activity has nothing to do with making a living (such as reciting poems, smoking, etc., and quitting is the same. Can live), most of them are related to earning a living, and all kinds of related things are done by someone, but the fact must be to do this and not to do that. This is the division of labor.

The reason for this is that there are infinite things that cannot be done by one person.Among them are those beyond the control of human beings, which are the continuation races mentioned above.Manpower is helpless and belongs to heaven; here we only talk about what belongs to man.The general reason is that people cannot live without culture, and have culture.Culture is a hodgepodge, and as time goes by, it becomes more and more complex, or in other words, the content is more and more, and the degree of sophistication is getting higher and higher.That is to say, taking the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period with less content and less subtlety as examples, Zhuangzi also said: "Although the Pao people don't cure the Pao, the corpses will not go beyond the Zunzu and replace them." Now it is naturally even more serious. Farming and eating, weaving and clothing, can only exist in fantasy, not to mention watching TV at home, and taking a car when going out.Therefore, life is inseparable from various enjoyments, so we cannot do without division of labor.

The division of labor comes from enjoying.Enjoyment can be divided into two categories.One kind does not need to be exchanged by manpower, such as air, and what Su Dongpo called "the cool breeze on the river and the bright moon in the mountains" and so on.But this - after all, is a minority.The vast majority belong to the other category, which needs to be exchanged with manpower. The so-called sowing melons reaps melons, and sowing beans reaps beans.In exchange for manpower, some can be seen directly, such as melons and beans, and some cannot, such as institutions and consciousness, which are collectively called culture.Culture always comes from behind.In general, it includes more and more precision, so the division of labor is always getting more and more detailed, and it is becoming more and more inevitable. In other words, the professionalism is getting stronger and stronger.In ancient times, men farming and women weaving can solve the problem of food and clothing; in modern times, taking advanced countries as examples, there are very few people engaged in farming and weaving, because many new tricks have been added besides farming and weaving, ranging from Coca-Cola to spaceflight. Dry.The division of labor becomes more and more detailed, and its influence becomes greater and greater.One of the biggest consequences is expansion into new areas.Let me cite one kind of writing that has already been seen in the facts. In the early years, I thought about it and wrote it myself;Another thing that has not yet been seen in reality is that some people assume that the continuation of the race will also divide labor in the future, that is, select a few men and women who are suitable for eugenics and specialize in childbearing, and the others who are not selected will be willing to have no children.Is this good?The problem is large and complex, and must be left to future generations to consider.It is only said here that with the development of culture, the division of labor must become more and more detailed.

Of course, there must be a limit to fineness, and we cannot go forward indefinitely.There are two situations, or indivisible, or not suitable for division.One, such as the so-called creation, such as writing, painting, sculpture, etc., even if the piece or piece is very large, it is better for one person to start and finish.Another kind, in daily life, a person is multi-talented, such as sewing broken clothes, washing them when they are dirty, repairing broken lights, making modular furniture, etc. It is better than having to hire professional workers for everything. . The division of labor is a fact; as the saying goes, things happen for a reason.The ideal reason is to measure the material for use.This encounters two difficulties.One is that it is difficult to measure talents, especially when they are young, or they are mixed with the crowd, and it is difficult to measure accurately when they are not showing their talents.The second is that the amount needs to be measured by the number of people. Who will measure it?The ideal is someone who knows people well, but also has the virtue of not avoiding relatives inwardly and not avoiding enemies externally. Where can I find such a person?Or to put it more practically, how can such a person climb to a high position with distribution rights?So how to divide the labor.It is the same in ancient and modern times, and most of them still have to follow the traditional old road.This old way includes many situations.It is a situation that the son of a bowman often becomes a bow. The so-called near-water towers, learn the convenience, and get out of the door.This can be done until it is hereditary, such as Hu Hai, the second emperor of Qin, even though he is a bastard, he can still be emperor.Others such as the two kings, the big and small generals Li, the two Yans, the big and small rice, etc., are all descendants of their fathers.It's okay, the father is a farmer and his son is a farmer, the father is a worker and his son is a worker, until he advertises the secret recipe passed down from his ancestors and sells dog skin plasters.Another situation, the quantity is quite large, is by chance.It was originally in a back alley, with no name and no position, but it happened that a relative or friend became prosperous, so I took advantage of this wind to also go to the sky.Ordinary people such as originally wanted to borrow the light of their friend Zhang Sanzhi to enter the business world, but when they hit a wall, they turned to Li Si, and they succeeded and entered the factory.There is another situation, perhaps only a few, or relying on both talent and hard work, or just hard work, have achieved the achievements that the world sees, so they walk on the path they want to go.No matter which way you go to a certain place, if you look at the whole with a comprehensive eye, the following imbalances will inevitably appear in the result of the division of labor.One is the balance between high and low status.Taking the old days as an example, the most prominent ones are the emperor and the common people, the high ones are too high, and the low ones are too low.Next, in terms of foremen and ordinary workers, there is also a significant difference between high and low.The second is that work and rest cannot be balanced.Usually it is Lao with low status and Yi with high status.There are also people with the same status but different work and rest, like a salesman who works in a busy street and rests in a remote street; sells food and sells antiques.The third is to obtain unbalanced.It is the same as in ancient times and modern times, with the same amount of force, the results may not be the same.On the contrary, it is often the case that those who work hard gain little, and those who work hard gain much.The above three situations are said to be unbalanced, not unreasonable, because some of them may be unavoidable; not to mention unequal, because equality not only involves social issues, but also involves philosophical issues (later will also be discussed).However, it is not necessarily unreasonable. It is another thing to be willing to accept or not to be willing to accept it. This will lead to some problems that deserve careful consideration but may not be easy to solve.

Before talking about the problem, I would like to say that the division of labor is not only inevitable, but also has advantages that cannot be ignored.One, obviously, is that learning is easier because of the singleness.For example, as far as intellectuals (the ancient sayings are called scholars), Qin used to have to master rituals, music, archery, and imperial books, but now there is no need for them. Anyone who can master a subject can be a university professor.The second is that because of this, academics and skills have improved rapidly.The third is that because of this, life can reduce a lot of troubles.The fourth is that after the division of labor, the overall production will be much more efficient; many of them even become impossible, such as steelmaking, railway laying, and aircraft manufacturing.The fifth is that, if there is no major inappropriateness, at least on the surface, it seems that everyone can get his own place.

It is said that it is because it is difficult to really get what they want.Generally speaking, it is difficult to divide the questions properly.The reason mentioned above is that I have to rely more on family heirlooms and opportunities.As a result, there are inevitably two kinds of inappropriateness.One is from an overall perspective that people cannot give full play to their talents. For example, there are mathematical geniuses, or even mathematical geniuses, but they are assigned to sweep the streets.The other is from the individual point of view, career and interest are often inconsistent, for example, originally like singing and dancing, but was assigned to act in drama.In addition, even if there is no such inappropriateness, the division of labor is too detailed, and if one person takes a certain position, it is like a certainty, and it will remain unchanged for a long time, and it will remain unchanged for a lifetime. At least some people cannot help but feel monotonous.This is not easy to handle, but fortunately this belongs to the nature of everything that is gained must be lost, so it doesn't matter if it is not a problem.

The biggest and most troublesome problem caused by the division of labor comes from the division of labor between the rulers and the governed, which will be discussed later.