Chapter 126 (2) Differences in Tang and Song poetry styles

Tang poetry and Song poetry are not only different in dynasties, but also in physique and character.There are two kinds of people in the world, and there are two kinds of poems.Tang poetry is mostly good at richness, emotion and charm, while Song poetry is mostly good at muscles, bones and reasoning.Yan Yiqing was the first to advocate breaking endorsement poems, and "Canglang Poetry Talk" said that "people in this dynasty valued reason, and people in Tang Dynasty valued meaning".It's called Tang and Song, and it's just a matter of convenience.It is not said that Tang poetry must come from Tang people, and Song poetry must come from Song people.Therefore, Shaoling, Changli, Xiangshan, and Dongye in the Tang Dynasty were the ones who developed the tune of the Song Dynasty; Keshan, Baishi, Jiuseng, and Siling in the Song Dynasty were the people in the Song Dynasty who had Tang sounds. "Yang Chengzhai Collection" Volume 79 "Jiangxi Sect Poetry Preface" said ④: "Poems are from Jiangxi, not all people are from Jiangxi." , Lingyang, Zimian, Junfu, Erlin⑤, etc. are all not from Jiangxi. It seems that Chengzhai's theory has never been heard.

The division of poets into Tang and Song Dynasties is also similar to that of Yang Xu. (2 pages) Later, I saw Mr. Wu Yuseng's "Genzhai Poems and Grass Preface" ⑥, and I also held the same view.Madam's nature, each has its own bias.Pronounced as sound poetry, the brilliant ones are close to the Tang Dynasty, the latent ones are close to the Song Dynasty, and there are unexpected ones.Therefore, since the Song Dynasty, in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties, talented people have emerged in large numbers, but their works cannot exceed the scope of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and they can all be divided into the boundaries of the Tang and Song Dynasties⑦.The Han, Wei, and Six Dynasties before the Tang Dynasty were muddy but unplanned, accumulated but not developed, and it is not impossible to follow this example.The second volume of Ye Hengshan's "Original Poems" ⑧ says: "In a place where trees grow, Song poems can bloom, and trees can do things well. Poems from the Song Dynasty onwards are nothing more than flowers blooming and then thanking, and thanking and then blooming again. "Jiang Xinyu's "Zhongyatang Poetry Collection" Volume 9, Volume 13, "Poetry Debate" says: "Tang and Song Dynasties are great men, and each has a generation of poems. After the Song Dynasty was born in the Tang Dynasty, it was really difficult to develop. The Yuan and Ming cannot change, not just the decline of strength. There are things that can be done. The end is extremely difficult and strange.” It can be seen that the five or seven characters are divided into Tang and Song Dynasties. For example, Tai Chi has two ceremonies, which are based on the judgment of hostages. .

According to Jung: psychologische Typen divided into Introvert and Extravert ⑩.It's not what it is called in the period of dynasties. But there are still Lao Su⑾, or they abuse the present and the past, saying that Song poetry is too recent, why not follow the best method;They are all overwhelmed.And in another episode, in a lifetime, the youthful talents are developed, so it is Tang style⒀, and the late festival is deep and thoughtful, and it is dyed Song tune⒁.If the tree is bright, the scenery of the mountain is different, the light of the heart is different, and the voice of the heart is also in the same sequence.

Yanzhou, the king of Ming Dynasty, can testify.Yanzhou is the crown of the seven sons of Jiajing; the words and writing must be the Western Han Dynasty, and the poetry must be the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In "Sibu Manuscripts" ⒅, Mo Fei is really loud and loud.However, Yanzhou's "Continued Draft" has become more reserved and high-spirited, and the scars of words and scratches are almost cut straight.Repeatedly rhymes with Dongpo's poems. Volume 41 of the "Continued Draft" "Selected Preface to Song Poems" says that those who try to suppress Song poetry "in order to cherish the style", this is "not to apply for the Song Dynasty", but to "use the Song Dynasty".Volume 42 "Su Changgong's Preface to the Foreign Records" Yu Dongpo's talent is full of praise, and he said: "When I was young, I learned ancient Chinese words with Yu Lin⒆, but I couldn't get along with the four families⒇. But rest assured. Regardless of Su Gongwen, that is, his poems are most known as elegant and mixed, although they cannot be my style, they are also sufficient for my use." "After Reading" (21) Volume 4 "Book of Su Poetry" said : "At that time, Changgong's poems were competing for interest in the world, just like princes and kings seeking to be entrusted to Western Chu. Afterwards, if the battle of Gaixia (22), the orthodoxy was separated and no longer belonged. Although there are good ones today, they dare not speak publicly For people. It’s a serious disaster. It’s late and I don’t think so.” The following is a detailed description of Dongpo’s gods and Shaoling’s poetry, which can be compared with his earlier work "Sibu Manuscript" volume 147 "Yiyuan 卮言" on Dongpo Visit in Polish.However, "Xianyan" regards Dongpo with Xiangshan and Jiannan as the most authentic and extensive enlightenment masters (23), and it also says: "Su is in Bai, and dust is there"; Volume 46 of "Four Parts Manuscripts" "Drunk and Speaking" says: "You don't have to bury me even if you die, teach him to be happy and sad." Zhou's early works have already touched Su's poetry.Although the spirit of Ci is still negative, solid and lofty, and he refuses to show it abruptly, Nai Xin is already convinced.Therefore, Ding Ji (24) of Qian Muzhai's "Poetry Collection of Liechao" and Volume 1 of "Yinshu House Book Shadow" by Zhou Liyuan all record Yanzhou's death (25), and the Shoupo collection is not released.To be able to conscript the ancestors of the Tang and Song Dynasties, it is related to the age.According to the difference in poetics in the early and late years of Yanzhou in the Ming Dynasty, it does not mean that the poetry of Yanzhou in his later years is better than his early years.Wu Meicun's "Jia Zang Manuscript" (26) Volume 30 "Ten Poems of Taicang Preface" has "rescue those who have been corrupted in late poetry, and wipe out the meaning of Yanzhou's prime years. , Shen Shen upside down" and so on, the discussion is extremely public.Yanzhou's "Continued Draft" has a lot of chapters, intentional and without rhyme, strong and straightforward, which is not as good as the previous draft with both sound and emotion;Recently, poets from outside the lake (27), such as Chen Baobi and Cheng Shifa (28), have changed from Tang Dynasty to Song Dynasty, which can be regarded as examples.The dispute between Tang and Song poetry had already occurred in the Southern Song Dynasty, and it did not start from the Ming Dynasty; Yuan Zicai's "Book with Shi Lan", Volume 16 of "Suiyuan Poetry Talk" quoted Xu Langzhai's words and other mediation theory (29), which also existed at that time.For example, Dai Bing's "Dongye Farmer's Song Collection" (30) Volume 4 "Answers on Tang and Song Poetry Styles" said: "There is no need to carve and vomit, the words can express the meaning, that is, the article. There is no such thing as the present and the past, so why should the style be distinguished from the Song and Tang Dynasties?" .I don't know the difference in style, but I have the original temperament; although the temperament is the same, it can also change luck.Qi said that the difference between Johnson and Johnson is difficult to distinguish when paddling; I am afraid that there will be similarities and differences, and there will be no gathering when kneading sand. The theory of liver and gallbladder in "Zhuangzi? (Pages 3-5) ①Yan Yiqing: Yan Yu, a Song poetry theorist, was named Canglangbuke.He is the author of the volume "Canglang Poetry Talk", which discusses the poems before Song Dynasty in five categories: Poetry Discrimination, Poetry Style, Poetry Method, Poetry Criticism and Poetry Evidence.

② Shaoling: Tang Dufu called himself the old man of Shaoling.Changli: Tang Hanyu, the prefect of Changli.Xiangshan: Tang Bai Juyi, nicknamed Xiangshan Jushi.Dongye: Tang Mengjiao characters. ③ Keshan: Song Zhang Lei number.Baishi: Song Jiangkui, nicknamed Baishi Taoist.Nine monks: Refers to the nine poet monks of the Song Dynasty: Huainan Huichong, Jiannan Xihua, Jinhua Baoxian, Nanyue Wenzhao, Tiantai Xingzhao, Ruzhou Jianchang, Qingcheng Weifeng, Jiangdong Yuzhao, Emei Huaigu.There is a collection of "Poems of Nine Monks", which has been lost.Four Spirits: A Guide to the Four Poets of Zhejiang Yongjia in the Late Song Dynasty: Xu Zhao (named Linghui), Xu Ji (named Lingyuan), Zhao Shixiu (named Lingxiu), and Weng Juan (named Lingshu). Character.

④ "Yang Chengzhai Collection": written by Song Yang Wanli (No. Chengzhai), 133 volumes.Jiangxi School of Poetry: One of the schools of Song poetry, represented by Huang Tingjian and Chen Shidao.Lu Benzhong's "Jiangxi Poetry Club School School Map" lists Chen Shidao, Pan Dalin, Xie Yi, Hong Chu, Rao Jie, Seng Zuke, Xu Fu, Hong Peng, Lin Minxiu, Hong Yan, Wang Ge, Li Chun, Han Ju, Li Peng, Twenty-five people including Chao Chongzhi, Jiang Duanben, Yang Fu, Xie Jin, Xia Ni, Lin Mingong, Pan Daguan, He Kai, Wang Zhifang, Seng Shanquan, and Gao He.They imitated Du Fu and Han Yu, advocating that there is no word without origin, pursuing strangeness, using allusions, and advocating "reborn", resulting in sculpted forms.

⑤ "The Collected Works of Liuhou Village": Song Liu Kezhuang (No. Houcun), one hundred and ninety-six volumes.Houshan: Song Chen Shidao, known as Houshan Layman.Lingyang: Song Hanju, styled Zicang, has "Lingyang Collection".Zi Mian: Song Gao Mian characters.Jun's father: Song Xia Ni.Erlin: Refers to Lin Minxiu and Lin Mingong of the Jiangxi School of Poetry. ⑥Wu Mi: Jinren, also known as Yusheng, the owner of Tengying Hesheng. ⑦ Boundary: Boundary. ⑧Ye Hengshan: Qing Yexie, formerly known as Ye Zhou.He has written four volumes of "Original Poems".Discuss the origin and flow of poetry, its fundamentals, positive changes, ups and downs, methods of practice, etc.

⑨Jiang Xinyu: Qing Jiang Shiquan character.He has written twenty-seven volumes of Zhongyatang Poetry Collection. ⑩Taiji has Liangyi: "Book of Changes? Xici Zhuan": "Yi has Taiji (the vitality before the world is not divided), which is the birth of Liangyi (heaven and earth)." Liu Shao: Wei of the Three Kingdoms.He has written three volumes of "Character History". Jung: Translated as Jung, a modern Swiss psychoanalyst.Its "Psychological Type" divides introverted personality and extroverted personality. ⑾ Lao Su: Refers to a mature and learned person.

⑿ Xunqing: a person in the Warring States Period, the honorific title of the famous philosopher Xun Kuang.Fahouwang: See "Xunzi? Feixiang", the method is based on the current kings, it is Xun Kuang who proposed for the former kings of Confucius and Mencius, he believed that if the law is inconsistent with the current kings, he will go down the wrong road. ⒀ Tang style: one of poetry.Refers to poems that are longer than rich in spirit and emotion, not limited to the works of people in the Tang Dynasty. ⒁Song Diao: One of Poetry.Refers to poems that win with strength and reason, not limited to the works of people in the Song Dynasty.

⒂ Ruomu Zhiming: Ruomu, "Shan Hai Jing? Da Huang Bei Jing" refers to a tree where the sun rises, which refers to the early years of a person.崦嵫: The name of the mountain, in the west of Tianshui County, Gansu Province today, the ancients called it the sunset. ⒃ Bu Mo: Not waiting. ⒄ Wang Yanzhou: Ming Wang Shizhen, named Yanzhou Shanren. ⒅ "Four Manuscripts": written by Wang Shizhen, one hundred and seventy-four volumes. "Continuation" volume 207.The Wang family is rich in talent and learning. Although it is said that the literature must be in the Western Han Dynasty and the poetry must be in the Tang Dynasty, his early poems are close to the Tang style, and his style has changed in his later years, and he gradually adopts Song tunes.

⒆Yu Lin: Ming Li Panlong characters. ⒇Four Schools: Wang Shizhen's "Su Changgong's Outer Records Preface": "Today, among the four surnames, only Su Changgong's works are the most convenient, and the theories and policies he wrote are the most recent at that time, so use the gu. There are few scholars who are not familiar with Su official documents." This is the only mention of Su Shi in the four-surname article.When Wang Shizhen and Li Panlong were young, they didn't like the articles written by Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, and Su Shi. (21) "After Reading": written by Wang Shizhen, eight volumes. (22) Begging for the title of Western Chu, the Battle of Gaixia: After Xiang Yu destroyed Qin, he divided the princes and kings.After the battle of Gaixia, he was defeated and killed himself.It is used as a metaphor for Su Shi's experience. (23) Xiangshan: Tang Bai Juyi, named Xiangshan Jushi.Jiannan: Song Luyou, with a view on character affairs, called himself Fangweng, and has "Jiannan Poetry Draft".The master of enlightenment: Tang Zhangwei wrote a volume of "The Poet's Master and Guest Picture", with Bai Juyi as the "master of enlightenment".Volume 4 of Wang Shizhen's "Yiyuan Yanyan": "The poems come from outside the orthodox sect, and those who are called the masters of enlightenment in the past, got a man in Changqing, named Bai Letian; got a man in Yuanfeng, called Su Zizhan; Yu Nan After crossing, I got a man, who called Lu Wuguan: for his complete preparation of love, affairs and scenery. As for Su and Bai, it is dusty; It means that Bai Juyi is more vulgar than Su Shi, so it is said that "Su Shi connects Du Fu directly", and Su Shi directly connects Du Fu. (24) "Poetry Collection of Lie Dynasty": Qing Qian Qianyi (No. Muzhai) selection, eighty-one volumes.About 2,000 representative works of poets in the Ming Dynasty were collected. (25) "Yin Tree House Book Shadow": written by Zhou Lianggong of the Qing Dynasty (character Yuan Liang, No. Liyuan), ten volumes. (26) Wumei Village: Qing Wu Weiye.There are fifty-eight volumes of "Manuscripts Collected by Wumei Village Family". (27) Outside the lake: refers to Hunan and Hubei. (28) Chen Baobi: It should be seen in the fourth volume of Cheng Shifa's "Xiangshe Ji".Cheng Shifa: I am close to Cheng Songwan.There are thirty-two volumes of "Shifa'an Leigao" and four volumes of "Xiangshe Ji". (29) Yuan Zicai: Yuan Mei in the Qing Dynasty, named Suiyuan Old Man.There are thirty-five volumes of "Xiaocang Shanfang Anthology" and sixteen volumes of "Suiyuan Shihua".Yuan Mei's "Response to Shilan's Book of Poetry": "Husband's poetry has nothing to do with Tang and Song Dynasties. Tang and Song Dynasties, the country's ear of a generation, have nothing to do with poetry. Poets, each person's temperament, has nothing to do with Tang and Song Dynasties. "Xu Langzhai: Qing Xu Song. "Suiyuan Poetry Talk" Volume 16: "Xu Langzhai Song said: '...I hate that the Li family is not as good as Ji Jiaer! If the Tang Dynasty is like the Zhou family for eight hundred years, then the poems of the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties are all called Tang poetry; Why are you lords arguing! It should be known that the discussion of poetry is only about poor craftsmanship, regardless of the dynasty. For example, gold and jade, born in the soil of today, cannot be called non-precious." (30) Dai Bing: A native of Song Dynasty, with the word Dongye.There are five volumes of Dongye Nongge Collection. (31) "Zhuangzi? Dechong Fu": "From the perspective of the difference, it is full of courage and courage. From the perspective of the same, all things come out of one." That is to say, from the perspective of the difference, there is also Song style in Tang poetry ; From the same point of view, there are also Tang styles in Song poetry. (32) Su Shi's "Ode to the Former Red Cliff": "Is the guest also aware of the water and the moon?... If you look at it from its change, the heaven and the earth have never been able to take a moment; if you look at it from its unchanging, then things and I am endless.” That is to say, from the point of view of change, Tang poetry has also changed; from the point of view of change, Tang and Song poetry are all immutable. The two chapters here talk about the difference between Tang poetry and Song poetry, not because of the difference between dynasties, but because of the two different styles. (1) Style is determined by a person's disposition. In the same dynasty, works of different styles will appear.Wang Guowei is called Tang Poetry and Song Ci in Chinese, which distinguishes the prevailing styles according to the dynasties. Tang is better than poetry, and Song is better than Ci.Mr. Qian said that the difference between Tang poetry and Song poetry is based on style. He explained it very thoroughly in "Song Poems Annotated Preface".Jiaoshi said: "Reversing the ancients is called restoration, and not stagnant is called change. If only the restoration remains unchanged, then it will fall into a pattern of similarity, and its shape is like a horse in the same stable, which cannot be distinguished without Cepheus." If you make small things, don't avoid going too far", "If there is no secret, it will be powerful and retro, and it will disturb the mind" ("Poetry Style? Going Back to the Variant"), this is the standard for poetry writing and criticizing in the Tang Dynasty. "Flexibility" is more important than "retro", and writing focuses on self-expression.Jiang Shiyun: "If you don't want to be in harmony with the ancients, you can't be different; if you don't want to be different from the ancients, you can't be different" ("Preface to the Poetry Collection of Baishi Taoist"). In the works, he seeks inspiration and role models for poetry, and then incorporates reasoning, discussion, and facts into the poems, forming a style different from Tang poetry.Yan Yu, a poetic theorist in the Song Dynasty, was the first to advocate the theory of poetry by dynasties, in order to study the overall characteristics of the development of poetry in each period. Roughly summed up, the titles of Tang and Song before the poems are also for the convenience of titles. It does not mean that Tang poems must come from the hands of Tang people, and Song poems must come from Song people, but that poems that "advocate reason" are close to Song Dynasty, "advocate Yixing" is close to the Tang Dynasty.Yuan Mei's "Suiyuan Poetry Talk" Volume 8 also says: "Poetry is divided into Tang and Song Dynasties, and people still abide by it today. Those who don't know the poets are the temperament of people; those who are in the Tang and Song Dynasties are the titles of the emperors. How can people's temperament be transferred by the title of the country?" ?” Here it is said that "Tang poems are mostly good at expressiveness, emotion and charm, while Song poems are mostly good at strength and reasoning", which is also a rough generalization, pointing out the different characteristics of the so-called Tang style and Song tune.For example, Du Fu and Han Yu were both great poets of the Tang Dynasty, but their works opened the way for Song tunes.Like Du Fu's "Wu Lang Again": In front of the hall, he is the neighbor to the west. There is no food, no children, and a woman.I would rather have this not because of poverty, but because of fear.That is to say, although there are many things to prevent distant guests, it is very true to plant sparse fences.I have complained that I have been so poor to the bone, and I am thinking about the soldiers and horses with tears! The two couplets in the middle of this poem are discussing, reasoning, not freehand, isn't it just the reasoning of Kai Song poetry?Like Han Yu's "Dirty": Dirty scholars in the world worry about hunger and cold.But those who see the cheap feel sad, and those who don't hear the noble sigh.Great sages have different careers and far embrace non-vulgar views. The heart of serving the country is bright and clean, and tears are bursting into tears when I read it. ...Aren't you also reasoning? For those who have Tang Yin in their poems, here are the poems of Zhang Lei and Zhao Shixiu, so that you can see their styles.Such as Zhang Lei's "First Seeing Songshan Mountain": Over the years, the pommel horse has been trapped in dust, and I rely on the green hills to spare me.At dusk, the north wind blows the rain away, and the thin peaks come out of the clouds. It's really unrestrained and free, with blending scenes and rich expressions, emotions and rhymes, which are similar to Tang poetry.Another example is Zhao Shixiu's "Your Guest": It rains in every house during the Huangmei season, and frogs are everywhere in the grass and ponds.If you have an appointment and don't come to stay in the middle of the night, you can knock on the chess pieces and drop the lanterns. His poems are fresh and mellow.The lyrical scene description is kind, as if it came from the hands of Tang people.Tang poetry and Song poetry mainly refer to the style of poetry, just as Yang Wanli said about the Jiangxi School of Poetry, "Poems from Jiangxi, not everyone in Jiangxi", both refer to the style of poetry.Huang Tingjian, the leader of the Jiangxi School of Poetry, is a native of Jiangxi. He united a group of poets with the idea of ​​"understanding the strengths of a hundred schools of thought and understanding the changes in the system of the past dynasties" to compose poems based on the advantages of each style, forming A school of poetry with a similar style is called Jiangxi by the world. It does not mean that the members of this school of poetry are all from Jiangxi, nor does it mean that the poems of this school of poetry are all written in Jiangxi. (2) Times and regions have a certain influence on the formation of literary style, but it is mainly human nature that determines the style of a work.Wu Mi, a modern person, said that "the brilliant ones are close to the Tang Dynasty, and the deep potential ones are close to the Song Dynasty", which also refers to the two different styles of poetry.After the Song Dynasty, poets emerged in large numbers, but none of them seemed to be able to break out of Tang style and Song tune.The styles of poems of all dynasties before the Tang Dynasty can also be analyzed in this way.Just like Ye Xie’s metaphor in "Original Poems": The wood grows in the ground, and the wonderful flower of Song poetry blooms. The poems after the Song Dynasty are just the difference between flowers blooming and withering, blooming and withering, and ultimately cannot be separated from Song tunes. "Wood" is human nature.Jiang Shiquan's "Debating Poems" also means this.Poetry is divided into Tang and Song Dynasties, as if before the world was divided, when the vitality was mixed into one, there was already a world difference.Wei Liushao wrote "Character History", and judged people's character as a deep-thinking type and a simple and cheerful type, which is the introverted personality and extroverted personality in Jung's "Psychological Types". These two different characters, It cannot be said that it has nothing to do with the dynasty period or the geographical environment, but it has little to do with it. (3) There is no distinction between Tang style and Song tune, they are just two different styles.The difference in style is based on temperament, temperament is not static, and style will change accordingly.For example, in a person's life, he is full of talent in his early years, likes Tang style, matures and prudent in his later years, and is easy to practice Song tunes. Wang Shizhen is an obvious example.In his early years, his poems were often "pretentious and high-spirited", such as "Climbing the Taibai Tower": "I heard that Li was enshrined in the past, and Chang Xiao went up the tower alone. Looking down at this place, it is famous for EMI. The sea of ​​white clouds is the dawn, the moon is bright and the sky is autumn. I want to find it." When he comes back again, the gurgling water flows." The sea and the sky are broad, and the momentum and syllables are similar to Li Bai; in his later years, his style changed, "straight and straight", such as "Song of the Taibao": "The Taibao entered the gate, riding like a cloud. When you come to meet the nobles, everyone is like a younger brother. The Taibao came from the east, one step at a time. The walker enters the house, and the resident slaps his chin...." The momentum of Yan Song, the traitor, is vivid, but the style is simple.Wang Shizhen also has different views on Su Shi. When he was young, he rejected Su Shi, but later he liked Su Shi.It can be seen that the inheritance of Tang style and Song melody has a lot to do with age and disposition, but this does not mean that Wang Shizhen's poems in his later years are necessarily better than his early years. In short, the styles of Tang and Song poetry are different, and which one wins and which loses has been debated endlessly since the Southern Song Dynasty. Yuan Mei once quoted Xu Song's words: "On poetry, it is only about workmanship, regardless of dynasty. For example, gold and jade come from today's soil. It is not a treasure. The ruined rocks and rubble are passed down from the prehistoric times, so they cannot be called treasures" (Volume 16 of "Suiyuan Shihua").Yuan Meiju's quotation of Xu Song's words should make people understand that there seems to be no need to decide the winner for Tang and Song poetry.