Chapter 3 The fourth, fifth and sixth chapters of the second chapter

(1) Types of confrontation Word classification is the basis of antithesis [37].The parts of speech that ancient poets classified when using antithesis are similar to the parts of speech classified in grammar today, but the poets at that time did not give them some grammatical terms[38].According to the antithesis of verses, words can be roughly divided into the following nine categories: 1. Nouns 2. Adjectives 3. Numerals (number words) 4. Color words 5. Position words 6. Verbs 7. Adverbs 8. Function words 9. Pronouns[39] Words of the same kind are opposed to each other.We should pay special attention to four points: (a) Numbers are in their own category, and words such as "solitary" and "half" are also counted as numbers. (b) Colors are in a class of their own. (c) Orientation is in its own category, mainly words such as "east", "west", "south" and "north".These three types of words are rarely compared with other words. (d) Intransitive verbs are often opposed to adjectives.

Lian Mian characters can only be compared with Lian Mian characters.The continuous characters are further divided into noun continuous characters (mandarin duck, parrot, etc.).Continuous characters with different parts of speech generally cannot be compared. Proper names can only be opposed to proper names, preferably person names to person names, and place names to place names. Nouns can also be subdivided into the following subcategories: 1. Astronomy 2. Season 3. Geography 4. Palace 5. Clothes 6. Utensils 7. Plants 8. Animals 9. Human relations 10. Personnel 11. Body [40] (2) The routine of the confrontation - the two couplets

For the convenience of explanation, the ancients called the first and second sentences of the regulated poems the first couplet, the third and forty-two sentences the jaw couplet, the fifth and sixth sentences the neck couplet, and the seventh and eighth two sentences the tail couplet. The antithesis is generally used in the jaw couplet and the neck couplet, that is, the third and fourth sentences and the fifth and sixth sentences.Now try a few typical examples: Reminiscing about Li Bai in spring Du Fu Bai Ye is invincible in poetry, and his thoughts are not grouped. Fresh Yu Kaifu, Junyi Bao joined the army.

Spring trees in Weibei, sunset clouds in Jiangdong. When is a wine, heavy and detailed papers [41]? ("Kaifu" is to "join the army", official name is to official name; "Wei" is to "Jiang" [Yangtze River], is water name to water name.) hunting Wang Wei The wind is strong and the horns are bowing, and the general hunts Weicheng. The grass is dry and the eagle's eyes are sick, and the snow is as light as the horse's hoof. Suddenly passed Xinfeng City, returned to Xiliuying. Looking back at the eagle shooting place, Qianli Muyunping[42] ("Xinfeng" to "Xiliu" is a place name to a place name.)

guest to Du Fu There are spring waters in the south and north of the house, but you can see flocks of gulls coming every day. The flower path has never been swept away by customers, and the Pengmen is now opened for the king [43]. Pan飧 City is far from having both tastes, and the Zun Restaurant is poor with only old grains. Willing to drink with his neighbor, calling for the rest of the cup across the fence. Parrot Bai Juyi The parrots from Longxi came to Jiangdong, and they were raised for many years and gradually became popular. It often cuts its wings first in fear of returning home, and often opens the cage temporarily for feeding.

Although the person is pitiful and clever, the words are heavy, but the bird's memory is different. It should be like a wealthy singing and dancing prostitute, hiding deep in the back room of the prison [44]. (3) The first league confrontation The matchup of the first league is available or not.The use of confrontation in the first couplet does not reduce the confrontation between the two couplets.All regulated poems that use antithesis in the first couplet, in fact, often use antithesis in a total of three couplets. The first couplet of the five rhythms uses more antithesis, while the first couplet of the seven rhythms uses less antithesis.The main reason is that the first sentences of the five rhythms do not rhyme more, and the first sentences of the seven rhythms do not rhyme less.However, this reason is not absolute; when the first sentence is in rhyme, it is still possible to use antithesis in the first couplet.In the verses quoted above, there are already some examples of first couplet antithesis[45].Now give two more examples:

spring night farewell Chen Ziang The silver candle spits green smoke, and the golden statue faces Qi Yan. Leaving the hall and thinking about the piano, don't go around the mountains and rivers. The bright moon hides the tall trees, and the long river has no dawn. Let's go to Luoyang leisurely, when will this meeting be [46]? (The first couplet is antithetical, and the first sentence is in rhyme.) hate goodbye Du Fu Los Angeles is four thousand miles away, and Hu Qi drove for five or six years. The grass and trees decline and walk outside the sword, and the sword blocks the old river.

Homesickness steps up the moon and stands at night, recalling my younger brother looking at the clouds and white day sleeps. Hearing that Heyang was near victory, Situ was anxious to break Youyan[47]. (In the first couplet, the first sentence does not rhyme.) (4) Tail couplet battle Weilian generally does not need to fight.At the end of the couplet, a poem is coming to an end; antithesis is not very suitable for concluding remarks. However, there are a few exceptions.For example: Wen Guanjun took over Henan and Hebei Du Fu Outside the sword, it was suddenly reported that Jibei was collected, and when I heard it for the first time, my clothes were full of tears.

But what's wrong with his wife?Manjuan poems and books are crazy about joy [48]! Singing songs during the day requires excessive drinking, and the company of youth is good for returning home. That is to say, from Ba Gorge to Wu Gorge, it will go down to Xiangyang to Luoyang. The last two sentences of this poem are completed in one go, which is a kind of flowing water pair (see below for details about the flowing water pair).It is still quite different from the general confrontation [49]. (5) Confrontations with less than two couplets Although the principle of verses is to use the antithesis of the two couplets in the Chinese couplet, under special circumstances, the antithesis can be less than two couplets.In this way, there is only one couplet left.

This kind of single-link confrontation is more commonly used in neck couplets [50].For example: Stop the next song (the first one) Li Bai In May, there is snow in the Tianshan Mountains, there are no flowers, only cold. The willows are heard in the flute, but the spring scenery has never been seen. Xiaozhan follows the golden drum, night sleeps holding the jade saddle. Willing to lower the sword from the waist to cut Loulan[51]. Climbing Xianshan Mountain with the disciples [Tang] Meng Haoran Personnel and affairs are metabolized, and exchanges become ancient and modern. There are scenic spots in the mountains and rivers, and my generation will come again.

The water falling into the fish beam is shallow, and the sky is cold and the dream is deep. The Yanggong monument is still there, and tears stained my breasts after reading it. (6) The confrontation of Changlu The antithesis of Changlu is the same as that of verse. Only the end couplet does not need antithesis, the first couplet can be used or not, and the rest of the couplets all use antithesis.For example: Shou Sui Yang Poetry [Tang] Zhang Xun With the coming of war and the bitterness of spring, the lonely city is becoming more and more dangerous. Surrounded by the moon halo, guarded like a fish. Repeatedly tired of the yellow dust, when the white feather will be called. Wrapping wounds is still out of battle, and drinking blood is even more impressive. Loyalty should be formidable, steadfast and unwavering. Heaven and man report to the Son of Heaven, what do they want to do [52]! Learn from Jinshi to fill the sea with stones in the title of Jingwei [Tang] Han Yu Birds are rewarded for their grievances, and they hold each other sincerely all the year round. The mouth is full of fine mountains and rocks, and the heart is looking forward to the flatness of the sea. It's hard to see the insignificant merit, and the mere life is already light. Everyone ridicules making mistakes, but I only reward specialization. There is no day to rest, but this life should be exhausted [53]. How shameless is the story of the assassin, without reporting the name! (7) The importance of antithesis There are many particularities in the antithesis of verses, and now I will talk about the important ones. (1) Work pairs All words of the same kind are relative, called work pairs.Since nouns are divided into several sub-categories, words in the same sub-category are relative to each other, and they are even more right.Although some nouns are in different subcategories, they are often listed side by side in the language, such as heaven and earth, poetry and wine, flowers and birds, etc., which are also considered correct.Antonyms are also considered correct.For example, in Li Bai's "The Next Song", "Dawn battles follow the golden drum, night sleep embraces the jade saddle", which is a work pair. A self-pair in a sentence and two sentences are relative to each other, it is a work-pair.Like in Du Fu's poem, "The country is broken by mountains and rivers, and the city is full of spring grass and trees." Mountains and rivers are geography, grass and trees are plants, and they are already neat, so geography is also neat for plants. In a couplet, as long as most of the words are neatly aligned, it is a work pair.For example, Chairman Mao's "Send the Plague God" (Part 2): "The red rain turns into waves at will, and the green mountains become bridges. " to "XiXin", "translation" to "transformation", "Tianlian" to "Earthquake", "Five Ridges" to "Three Rivers", "Silver" to "Iron", "Luo" to "Shake", all It is very neat; and "rain" is to "mountain", "wave" is to "bridge", "hoe" is to "arm", and nouns are to nouns. If it exceeds this limit, it is not neat, but delicate.Generally speaking, the antithesis of Song poetry is more delicate than that of Tang poetry; however, the artistic level of Song poetry is relatively low. Synonyms are relative, like work but really clumsy. "Wen Xin Diao Long" said: "Opposition is superior, and opposition is inferior [54]." Synonyms are naturally more "inferior" than general opposition.Like Du Fu's "Guest Arrival": "The flower path has never been swept by the guest, and the Pengmen is now opened for the king." "Fate" and "for" are synonyms.Because they are function words (prepositions), not content words, they are not considered disadvantages.Besides, in a poem, it doesn't matter if you use a pair of synonyms occasionally, but it's not appropriate to use them more often.A sentence that is completely synonymous (or basically synonymous) with a sentence is called "joining palms", and it is a taboo for poets. (2) The form is subject to the content, and poets should not damage the ideological content in pursuit of the work.Whether the same poet uses the working pair in this poem and the wide pair in another poem depends entirely on the specific situation. There are adjacent pairs between wide pairs and work pairs, that is, adjacent things are relative.For example, astronomy versus seasons, geography versus palaces, colors versus orientation, synonyms versus continuous characters, and so on.Wang Wei's "Envoy to the Fortress": "Leave Peng to go out of Hansai, and go back to Hutian". The "heaven" versus "Sai" is astronomy versus geography; The road goes around the mountains and rivers", and the "road" to the "tang" is the geography to the palace.There are many such cases. A little wider, it is noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, etc. This is the most common situation. And wider, that is half to half wrong.The confrontation in the first couplet can be used or not, so it is natural that the first couplet is half right and half wrong.Chen Ziang's "The Huns are still alive, Wei Jiang returned to join the army", and Li Bai's "Crossing far outside Jingmen, came to travel from Chu State" is the case.If the first sentence is in rhyme, there will be more cases of half right and half wrong.The confrontation of the jaw couplets is not as strict as the neck couplets, so it is relatively common to be half right and half wrong.This is the case in Du Fu's "Remote pity for children, unresolved memories of Chang'an".Let me cite Chairman Mao's poem as evidence: To Mr. Liu Yazi Mao Zedong I can't forget to drink tea in Guangdong, and I can't forget Ye Zhenghuang in Yuzhou. Thirty-one years to return to the old country, read Huazhang when the flowers fall [55]. If you complain too much, you will not be heartbroken, and you should look at the long-term scenery. Mo Dao Kunming Lake is shallow, watching fish is better than Fuchun River. (3) Borrowing a word has two meanings. The poet uses the first meaning in the poem, but at the same time borrows its second meaning to contrast with another word. This is called borrowing.For example, in Du Fu's "Wuxia My Hut Presented as a Gift to the Four Uncles Serving the Emperor", "My uncle is flooded with luggage, and Zhu Mao asked the old man", the "li" in "luggage" is not the "li" of Taoli, but the poet borrows the meaning of "li" from peach Let's fight against the word "Mao".Another example is Du Fu's "Qujiang" "Wine debts are common, but seventy is rare in life." Sometimes, not by meaning, but by sound.Borrowing sound is more common in color pairs, such as borrowing "basket" for "blue", borrowing "huang" for "yellow", borrowing "cang" for "cang", borrowing "zhu" for "zhu", borrowing "qing" for " Green" etc.Du Fu's "Hate Farewell": "Sitting for home, stepping on the moon and standing at night, remembering my brother looking at the clouds and white and sleeping at night", using "clear" to "white", and "Going to Qingcheng County and leaving Chengdu to send Tao Wang Er Shaoyin": "Dongguo Cang This is the case in Jianghe, the snow is high in the west mountain", and "Cang" is used to "white". (4) Running water pairs are usually two parallel sentences, each of which has its own independence.However, there is also a kind of antithesis in which one sentence is divided into two sentences. In fact, ten or fourteen characters are just a whole, and a sentence has no meaning independently, at least the meaning is not complete.This is called running water pair.Here are some examples from the Psalms quoted above: That is to say, from Ba Gorge to Wu Gorge, it will go down to Xiangyang to Luoyang. (Du Fu) Although the person is pitiful and clever, the words are heavy, but the bird's memory is different. (Bai Juyi) The great wall is empty and I promise myself, the temples in the mirror are already stained. (Lu You) In short, the antithesis of verses is not as strict as that of Pingze, and poets have more freedom in using antithesis.Artistic poets are often able to use neat antithesis successfully to express the content of the thought better than to detract from it.When necessary, you can also get rid of the shackles of confrontation to fully express your artistic conception.Unprincipled pursuit of delicacy in battle is a vulgar style. As mentioned above, quatrains should be divided into law quatrains and ancient quatrains.Rhythm poems only existed after the rise of verses, and Gu Jueyuan existed before the appearance of verses.Here we discuss the two quatrains separately. (1) Absolutely Rhythm is the same as rhythm poetry, rhyme is limited to level rhyme, and according to the level of the rhythm sentence, pay attention to sticking to it. (A) Five-character quatrains (1) flat rise type Flat, flat, flat, flat. Flat, flat, flat, flat. Climb the stork tower [Tang] Wang Zhihuan The sun is at the end of the mountain, and the Yellow River flows into the sea. If you want to see a thousand miles away, go to a higher level. In the other formula, the first sentence is changed to 奶查奶平平, and the rest remain unchanged. (2) Flat rise Flat, flat, flat, flat. Flat, flat, flat, flat. listen to the zither [Tang] Li Duan The zither and the golden millet pillar are in front of the jade house with plain hands. Wanting to win Zhou Lang's attention, he always brushes the strings by mistake. In another formula, the first sentence is changed to 平平奇函平, and the rest remain unchanged. (B) Seven character quatrains (1) flat rise type Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat. Title photo for female militiamen Mao Zedong The valiant and heroic five-foot spear, the first light of dawn shines on the military field. The sons and daughters of China are so ambitious, they don't like red clothes, they love armed forces. In the other formula, the first sentence is changed to 结凯平平平结奶, and the rest remains unchanged. (2) Flat rise Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Early Baidi City Li Bai In the court speech Baidi Caiyun, thousands of miles of Jiangling will be returned in one day. The apes on both sides of the strait can't stop crying, and the light boat has passed the Ten Thousand Mountains. In the other formula, the first sentence is changed to 平平奶函平平查, and the rest remains unchanged. Like verses, it is common for the first sentence of five-character quatrains not to rhyme, and it is common for the first sentence of seven-character quatrains to have rhyme; Like regulated poems, regulated poems must rhyme with the rhyme parts of the rhyme book.After the late Tang Dynasty, it was allowed to use lin rhyme in the first sentence. Like verses, lutes can use a specific format[57].For example: Su Jiandejiang [Tang] Meng Haoran Move the boat to the Yanzhu, and the guests worry about the new [58]. In the open sky and low trees, Jiang Qingyue is close to people. Sunny and rainy on the drinking lake Su Shi The water is shimmering and the sun is good, and the mountains are empty and rainy. If you want to compare the West Lake to Xizi, it is always appropriate to wear it lightly and thickly[59]. Like lyric poems, lyric must avoid Guping.If the first character of the five-character "Ping Ping Zhe Ping" uses a flat tone, the third character must be a flat tone; the third character of the seven-character "Ze Ze Ping Ping Zhe Ping" uses a flat tone, and the fifth character must be a flat tone.For example: Overnight at Mountain Temple Li Bai The dangerous building is a hundred feet high, and the stars can be picked by hand. Don't dare to speak loudly, for fear of frightening the heavenly beings[60]. Homecoming Puppet Book [Tang] He Zhizhang The young and the young leave home and the eldest returns, the local accent remains unchanged, and the mane hair declines. The children met each other and did not know each other. They laughed and asked where the guests came from[61]. (The word "bu" and "ke" are awkward, and the word "he" is rescued, see page 33 above.) Quatrains, in principle, there is no need for confrontation.Among the eight quatrains quoted above, five of them do not need confrontation.Now give two more examples: Po Qinhuai Du Mu The smoke cage is cold, the water is moon cage, and the sand is in the moon cage. At night, the Qinhuai River is near the restaurant. The business woman doesn't know the hatred of the subjugated country, and she still sings the flowers in the backyard across the river. Plug the next song (second song) [Lu Lun] Moon black geese fly high, Shan Yuye flees. If you want to chase Qingqi away, the bow and knife will be covered with heavy snow. If you use confrontation, it is often used in the first couplet.There is already one of the quatrains quoted above (Su Shi's "Drinking the Lake on the First Sunshine and Later Rain") that uses antithesis in the first couplet. Now let's take two more as examples: Eight diagrams Du Fu The merits cover the three parts of the country, and the name becomes the Eight Arrays. The river flows and the stone does not turn, and the regret is lost and swallowed Wu. Meiwu Su Shi What are you afraid of if you wear thick armor in your clothes?The gold in the dock is more than enough to retreat. After all, who is the hero?Umbilical fat self-illumination does not need a lamp! However, it is not uncommon to use confrontation in tail couplets.For example, Meng Haoran's "Su Jiande River" quoted above uses antithesis in the tail couplet. It is not uncommon to use antithesis in the first and last couplets, that is, to use antithesis in the whole article.Wang Zhihuan's "Climbing the Stork Tower" quoted above uses antithesis throughout.Here are two more examples, one is that the first couplet is half right and half wrong, and the other is that the whole article uses antithesis: next song Li Yi Fu Bo only wishes to return the shrouded body, why should Dingyuan enter the customs? Don't send only one round to return to the sea cave, but still leave an arrow to shoot at Tianshan Mountain. Four Quatrains (Part Three) Du Fu Two orioles sing green willows, and a group of egrets go up to the blue sky. The window contains the snow for thousands of years in Xiling, and the gate is anchored by a boat thousands of miles away in Dongwu. Some people say that "quatrains" are the four sentences of the regulated poems. If this statement is used to explain the origin of the name of the "quatrains", it is wrong. For the front and back couplets, no antithesis is needed, or the middle two couplets are intercepted, all of which are used for antithesis; or the first two couplets are intercepted, and the first couplet is not used for confrontation; (2) Ancient Jue Since Gujue is opposed to regulated poetry, it is not bound by the rhythm of regulated poetry.It is a kind of ancient poetry.Anyone who meets one of the following two conditions should be considered ancient: (1) use zhe rhyme; (2) If you don't use regulated sentences, sometimes they are not sticky or correct.Of course, some of the ancient must have both situations. As mentioned above, regulated poems generally use flat rhyme, so regulated poems also use flat rhyme.If the oblique rhyme is used, it can be considered ancient.For example: Compassionate Nong (two poems) [Tang] Li Shen A grain of millet planted in spring will yield thousands of seeds in autumn. There is no idle land in the world, and the peasants still starve to death. At noon on the day of hoeing, the sweat dripped down to the soil. Who knows dishes on the menu, A Journey! fisherman on the river [Song] Fan Zhongyan There are people on the river, but they love the beauty of perch. Jun look at a boat, in and out of the storm [62]! From the three quatrains quoted above, it can already be seen that the ancient quatrains do not need to follow the mediocrity of the quatrains.In Li Shen's "Compassion for Farmers", the sentence "chunzhong" uses three flat tones in a row, and the sentence "who knows" uses five flat tones in a row.Fan Zhongyan's "Fisherman on the River" uses four regulated sentences, but the first couplet is uneven, and the last couplet is not sticky, which still does not conform to the rules of regulated poetry. Even if level rhyme is used, if no regulated sentence is used, it can only be regarded as an ancient masterpiece.For example: night thoughts Li Bai The bright moonlight in front of the bed is suspected to be frost on the ground. Looking up at the bright moon, bowing your head and thinking about your hometown. "Suspected" sentences use "Ping-Ze-Ze-Ping", which is not a legal sentence. The sentence "raising the head" is not sticky, and the sentence "lowering the head" is wrong, so it is ancient. Five-character ancient jue is more common, and seven-character ancient jue is relatively rare.Now let’s take Du Fu’s two seven-character poems as examples: Three quatrains (choose two) Du Fu Twenty families entered Shu together, but only one left left Luogu. He said that when the two girls were biting their arms, they turned around and cried to Qin Yun. Although the soldiers and horses in front of the hall are mighty, their violence is the same as that of Qiang Hun. It is said that there are many women in the army in the murderous Hanshui. The first "Wei Can" sentence uses "Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping", and the sentence "Self-talk" uses "Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping" which is not in compliance with the law.The last couplet and the first couplet are not sticky, and the rhyme is used.The second sentence of the "vertical storm" uses "仄仄 一 仄 Pingping", and the "women" sentence uses "Pingping Pingping Ping Ping", which is not a rhythmic sentence. The sentence "in front of the palace" is not perfect. Of course, the boundary between Gu Jue and Lu Jue is not very clear, because after the rise of regulated poetry, even writing Gu Jue cannot be completely free from the influence of regulated sentences.They are divided into two categories here just to explain that quatrains can neither be completely classified into ancient style poetry nor modern style poetry. Archaic poetry is not bound by any meter except rhyme, which is a kind of semi-free style poetry.Now describe the rhyme, level, antithesis, etc. of the ancient style poems in one section. (1) The rhyme of ancient poetry Archaic poems can rhyme with flat tone and rhyme with oblique tone.Among the oblique rhymes, it is also necessary to distinguish the upper rhyme, the lower rhyme, and the incoming rhyme; generally speaking, different tones cannot rhyme.When we talk about the rhymes of regulated poems in the second section of this chapter, we have explained the 30 rhymes of the flat tone; now we list the 29 rhymes of the upper tone, the 30 rhymes of the falling tone, and the 17 rhymes of the entering tone: Shangsheng 29 rhyme: One Dong, Two Swollen, Three Lectures, Four Papers, Five Tails, Six Languages, Seven Nuts, Eight Shepherds, Nine Crabs, Ten Bribes, Eleven Fus, Twelve Kisses, Thirteen Nguyen, Fourteen Droughts, Fifteen Shanks, Sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, Twenty-seven senses, twenty-eight frugality, twenty-nine pigs[63] 30 rhymes for removing the sound: One Song, Two Songs, Three Jiang, Si Zhi, Wu Wei, Liu Yu, Qi Yu, Ba Ji, Jiu Tai, Ten Hexagrams, Eleven Teams, Twelve Zhens, Thirteen Questions, Fourteen Wishes, Fifteen Hans, Sixteen Admonitions, Seventeen Shots, Eighteen Xiaos, Nineteen Effects, Twenty Numbers, Twenty-one Shots, Twenty-two Shouts, Twenty-Three Waves, Twenty-Four Respects, Twenty-five Paths, Twenty-six Shouts, Twenty-seven qin, twenty-eight surveys, twenty-nine colors, and thirty depressions[64] Entering 17 rhymes: One house, two fertiles, three senses, four qualities, five things, six months, seven horns, eight crooks, nine scraps, ten medicines, eleven strangers, twelve tins, thirteen posts, fourteen ji, fifteen together, Sixteen leaves, seventeen leaves The rhyme used in archaic poetry is slightly wider than that in regulated poetry; it is certainly possible to use one rhyme alone, but it is also okay to use two or more rhymes in common.However, the so-called common use is not random; it must be adjacent rhyme to be common.According to the general situation, the three tones can be divided into 15 categories, as shown in the following table: The first category: Ping Sheng Dongdong; Shang Sheng Dong Zhan; Qu Sheng Song Song. The second category: flat tones of Jiangyang; upper tones of Yang Yang; The third category: the flat tones are slightly neat, the upper tones are paper-tailed chestnuts, and the lower tones are set to Weiji. The fourth category: the flat tone Yuyu, the upper tone Yuyu; the Qu tone Yuyu. The fifth category: Ping Sheng Jia Hui, Shang Sheng Crab Bribe, and Go Sheng Tai Gua Team. The sixth category: Ping Sheng Zhen Wen and Yuan Ban, Shang Sheng Zhen Kiss and Ruan Ban, Qu Sheng Zhen Wen and Yuan Ban [65]. The seventh category [66]: Ping Sheng Han deletes the first and Yuan Ban, Shang Sheng Han Shan and Ruan Ban, Qu Sheng Han Jian and Yuan Ban. The eighth category: flat tones of Xiao Yaohao, upper tones of Xiaoqiaohao, and lower tones of Xiaoxiaohao. The ninth category: flat tones, upper tones, and lower tones. The tenth category: flat sound numb, upper sound horse, and lower sound 禡. The eleventh category: flat tones of Geng Qing, upper tones of Jijiu, and tones of Qu to Jingjing. The twelfth category: flat sound steaming [67]. The thirteenth category: level voice You, upper voice You, and Qu Sheng You. The fourteenth category: Ping Sheng Yin, Shang Sheng Sleeping, Qu Sheng Qin. The fifteenth category: the level tone is Qin Yanxian, the upper tone is Xianjian Jian, and the tone is Kanyanyan. Incoming sounds can be divided into eight categories: The first category: House Wo. The second category: sleep medicine. The third category: matter and moon and a half. The fourth category [68]: Hejiao crumbs and moon and a half. The fifth category: Moxi. The sixth category: job. The seventh category: arrest. The eighth category: Heyeqia. Note: After being grouped into several major categories, there are still seven rhymes that are used exclusively.The seven rhymes are: Song Ma Steamed You Invasion [69] Now try to give some examples as proof: Fifty-Nine Poems of Ancient Style (Record 2) Li Bai its fourteen Hu Guanrao is windy and sandy, but Xiao Suo is forever.The trees are falling, the grass is yellow in autumn, and I climb high to look at the captives.The deserted city is empty and the desert is empty, and the border towns are full of obstacles.The bones of the dead are covered with thousands of frosts, and the towering mountains cover the wild hazel [70].May I ask who abused it?Tianjiao is poisonous and mighty.He angers me, the Holy Emperor, and works hard for the teacher.Yanghe turned murderous, and sent a pawn to riot in the middle of the earth.Three hundred and sixty thousand people mourned and cried like rain.And if you are sad, you will serve, and you will run a farm?If you don't see Zheng Shu'er, how do you know that Guanshan is suffering?Li Mu is not here now, and the neighbors feed jackals and tigers. (The rhyme is only used in the whole article) its nineteen Go west to Lianhua Mountain and see stars from afar.The plain hand holds the hibiscus, and the empty steps are too clear.The neon clothes drag the wide belt, fluttering up to the sky.Invite me to climb the Yuntai and bow to Wei Shuqing.Go with it in a daze, and drive Hongling Ziming.Overlooking the Luoyang River, walking in the vast expanse of Hu Bing.Blood smears weeds, and wolves are crowned with tassels. ("Qing", "Xing", "Qing", "Bing", "Ying", Geng rhyme; "Star", "Ming", Qing rhyme.) hurt house Bai Juyi Whose family starts from Jiadi, beside the Zhumen Avenue?Row to row in the rich house, looping outside the high wall.There are six or seven halls, and the buildings are connected.A class costs millions, and the green smoke is gloomy.The bridal chamber is warm and clear, and the cold and heat cannot be dry.The high hall is empty and remote, and you can see Nanshan when you sit and lie down.The wisteria trellis around the corridor is sandwiched with red medicine bars.Climbing branches to pick cherries and moving peonies with flowers.The master sits here and has been a high official for ten years.There is rotten meat in the kitchen, and rotten money in the treasury.Who can speak my words and ask your flesh and blood: Is it infinitely cheap?Can you bear the hunger and cold?How to serve one body and want to keep it for thousands of years?Don't see Ma's house, now it's Fengcheng Garden? ("Bian", "Yan", "Yan", "Qian", "Nian", the first rhyme; "Yuan" Yuan rhyme; "Qian", "Lan", "Dan", "Official", "Cold", Cold rhyme; "huan", "mountain", "between", delete the rhyme.) drunk song Lu You After reading 30,000 volumes, all the officials and eunuchs are tied up in the pavilion; for 40 years of learning swords, the blood of captives has not been stained.Not for the Changhong, sweeping the vast expanse; not for the strong wind, sending hail in June.The horses die in the stables, and the ministers keep the peace treaty.The poor side refers to Huaifei, and the foreign land refers to Jingluo.Why do you think so?I can't bear to drink when I have wine?For food and clothing all my life, I have two feet of boots.Although the heart knows right and wrong, the mouth does not give promises.Now old and sick, his temples are bald and his teeth are falling out.Looking up to the sky and exhaling less, starving to death is really bad!A strong heart is buried in immortality, and it can still be done for thousands of years! ("Hail", jue rhyme; the rest of the rhymes are medicinal rhymes.) From the above examples, we can see that although ancient poetry can rhyme, poets do not necessarily use rhyme every time.For example, the fourteenth poem of Li Bai's ancient style uses 麌 rhyme alone, not miscellaneous rhyme words.Special attention is paid to: the upper and lower tones can sometimes rhyme, but the level and tones cannot rhyme, and the entering tones cannot rhyme with other tones.Just look at Lu You's "Drunk Song", except for the word "hail", all of them use rhyme characters.Take the word "hail" as an example, it is also a entering tone, and it is a rhyme word.Jue medicine is adjacent rhyme, which could have been connected with medicine rhyme. The rhyme used in ancient poetry varies with the times.The actual pronunciation changes, and the rhyme becomes less strict.The rhyme used in the middle and late Tang Dynasty was already slightly wider, and after the Song Dynasty, the rhyme used in the ancient style was even wider. (2) Boliang style There is a seven-character ancient poem in which every sentence rhymes, which is called Boliang style.It is said that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty built the Bailiang Terrace, and wrote poems in conjunction with his officials, and the sentences used rhyme, so this kind of poem is called Bailiang style.In fact, Bao Zhao's previous seven-character poems (such as Cao Pi's "Yan Ge Xing") all used rhyme every sentence, and there was another kind of seven-character poems that used rhyme every other sentence in ancient times.After the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the seven-character poems changed to rhyme every other sentence, and the seven-character poems with rhyme every sentence changed into a special poetic style. An example of Boliang script below: Song of the Eight Immortals in Drinking Du Fu Zhizhang rode a horse like a boat, dazzled and fell to sleep at the bottom of a well.Ruyang's three fights began to rise to the sky, and Dao Fengqu was salivating at the mouth of the car, and he hated to seal him to Jiuquan.Zuo Xiang is spending tens of thousands of dollars day by day, drinking like a long whale and sucking hundreds of rivers, and the sage of holding a cup of music is called avoiding the virtuous.Zongzhi is a handsome and handsome young man, with his head up and his eyes looking at the blue sky, as bright as a jade tree before the wind.Before Su Jin Changzhai embroidered the Buddha, he often fell in love with escape meditation when he was drunk.Li Bai fights a hundred poems, and sleeps in a restaurant in Chang'an.The emperor called him unable to board the ship, and claimed that his minister was a wine fairy.Zhang Xu's three-cup grass sage biography, taking off his hat and uncovering his head in front of the prince.Flicking a pen and falling paper like a cloud of smoke, Jiao Sui's five fights and Fang Zhuoran's eloquent talks and eloquent debates amazed the four feasts. There are also some seven-character ancient poems, which are basically in Boliang style, but with some modifications.For example: Beauty Walk Du Fu The weather is fresh on March 3, and there are many beautiful people by the water in Chang'an.The shape is thick, the meaning is far and gentle, and the texture is delicate and even.The embroidered clothes shine in late spring, and the golden peacock and silver unicorn are woven together.What's on your head?Cuiwei 盍 {additional 勹} leaves hanging down the temples and lips.What do you see behind?The beads are pressed against the waist to stabilize the body.As for Zhongyun Mujiaofang's relatives, they were named Guo and Qin, a great country.The purple camel's peak comes out of the emerald cauldron, and the disc of the water essence is lined with plain scales.The rhinoceros chopsticks are tired of eating for a long time, and the Luan knife cuts through the air.The flying birds of the Yellow Gate do not move the dust, and the imperial cooks send out eight treasures one after another.The mourning of flute and drum is a sense of ghosts and gods, and the guests are miscellaneous.Later, when the pommel horse hesitated to patrol, Dangxuan dismounted and entered Jinyin.Yanghuaxue road covered white apples, and blue birds flew to hold red scarves.The popularity is unmatched, so be careful not to get angry with the prime minister. (3) change rhyme Rhyme is a rhyme to the end.Although ancient poetry can rhyme to the end[71], it can also change the rhyme, and you can change the rhyme several times.There are many ways to change rhymes: you can change rhymes every two sentences, every four sentences, every six sentences, or you can change rhymes only after more than a dozen sentences; you can use two level rhymes consecutively, and two There are two oblique rhymes, and flat and oblique rhymes can also alternate.Now for a few examples: Shi Hao official Du Fu In Mutou Shihao Village, officials arrested people at night.The old man walked over the wall, and the old woman went out to watch[72].How angry are the officials!Why bother a woman crying!Listening to the speech made by the wife, the three men were garrisoned in Yecheng.One man attached a letter, and the second man died in battle.The survivors live in stealth, and the dead are long gone.There is no one in the room, only grandchildren.There is a grandma who has not gone, and there is no end to the skirt.Although the old woman's strength is weak, please return from the official night.In response to the Heyang campaign, we still have to prepare the morning cooking.For a long time at night, there was no sound, as if weeping and swallowing.The day is on the way to the future, and I will say goodbye to the old man alone. ("Village", Yuan rhyme; "People", true rhyme; "Look", cold rhyme. True Yuan Han rhyme. "Anger", "Shu", Yu rhyme; "Bitter", 麌 rhyme. Rhyme. "To", set rhyme; "dead", "Yi", paper rhyme. Paper set up to connect rhyme. "Ren", true rhyme; "Sun", Yuan rhyme; "Qun", Wen rhyme; Tongyun. "Decrease", "cooking", branch rhyme; "return", micro rhyme. Branch and micro rhyme. "Je", "pharynx", "bie", scrap rhyme.) snow song [Tang] Cen Shen The north wind blows the ground and the white grass breaks, and Hu Tian is snowing in August.Suddenly, like a spring breeze overnight, thousands of trees and pear trees bloom.Scattered into the bead curtain and wet Luo curtain, the fox fur is not warm, and the brocade quilt is thin.The general can't control his horn bow, and the iron coat of the general's guard is hard to wear.The vast sea is surrounded by hundreds of feet of ice, and the gloomy clouds are gloomy.The Chinese army buys wine and drinks for returning guests, Huqin, lute and Qiangdi.Dusk snow falls down the gate one after another, and the red flag is frozen by the wind and cannot be turned over.The east gate of Luntai saw you off, and the Tianshan Road was covered with snow.You can't see you when you turn around the mountain circuit, and stay in the horse riding place in the sky above the snow. ("Fold", "Snow", crumb rhyme. "Lai", "Open", gray rhyme. "Mu", "Bo", "Zhu", medicinal rhyme. "Bing", "condensation", steam rhyme." "Ke", Mo rhyme; "Flute", Xi rhyme. Mo Xi Tong rhyme. "Gate", "Fan", Yuan rhyme. "Go", "Chu", Yu rhyme. "Road", Yu rhyme. Yu Yutong rhyme.) Note: The first sentence of a rhyme change usually always rhymes.The first sentence of modern style poetry often rhymes, and ancient style poetry may be influenced by modern style poetry at this point. (4) The smoothness of ancient poetry There is no regulation on the level of ancient style poetry.Since the poems before the Tang Dynasty did not have clear rules in terms of level, then the so-called ancient style after Tang and Song Dynasties should also be completely free in terms of level.However, when some poets write ancient style poems, they deliberately avoid regulated sentences, thus creating a kind of atmosphere invisibly, to make ancient style poems as different as possible from the form of regulated poems, the more obvious the difference, the better, thinking that only in this way will the style appear ancient.The specific method is to use as many obscure sentences as possible, not only the one or two kinds of obscure sentences allowed by the verses, but also all possible obscure sentences.We can look at it in two ways: (1) From the perspective of three-suffixes, common oblique sentences have the following four three-suffixes: (a) mediocre.This sentence pattern is called Sanping Diao, which is the most obvious feature in ancient poetry. (b) flat flat. (c) Zee Zee. (d) Flat and flat. (2) Judging from the flatness of the whole sentence, the flatness of the oblique sentence is not alternate, but interrelated.Either the second and fourth characters are both 差, or the second and fourth characters are both flat.If it is a seven-character sentence, there are fourth and sixth characters Duze or Duping. Take the first eight sentences of Cen Shen's "Song of White Snow" to see that there are three sentences that meet the first situation, namely "Hu Tian is snowing in August", "Suddenly like a spring breeze overnight", "Fox fur is not warm, brocade quilt is thin ", there are five sentences that meet the second situation (also in line with the first situation), that is, "the north wind blows the ground and the white grass breaks", "thousands of pear trees bloom", "scattered into the bead curtain and wet curtain", "The general's horn bow can't be controlled", "the iron clothes of the general guard are hard to wear". Now take another example: Sui Yanxing Du Fu Years old clouds and evening winds are more northerly, Xiaoxiang Dongting is covered with snow.The fisherman's net is frozen in cold weather, and Mo Yu shoots Yan Ming's mulberry bow.Last year, rice was expensive and the army was fed, but this year rice is cheap and hurts farmers.Gao Daguan hates meat and wine, and this generation is empty.Chu people value fish more than birds, so Ruxiu killed Nan Feihong in vain.It's been heard that men and women are everywhere, and they cut kindness, forbearance and love and return rent.In the past, money was used for smuggling and casting, but now lead, tin and bronze are allowed.Carved clay is the easiest to get, and likes and dislikes are not compatible with each other.The city of ten thousand countries is blowing the painted horns, when will this sad song end? In this poem, there are only two regulated sentences ("This year's rice base hurts the farmers", "Wan Guocheng blows the painted horns"), and the rest are oblique sentences, and among the nine flat-footed sentences, there are seven The sentence is a three-level tone.It can be seen that it is not accidental. Of course, informality is also one of the characteristics of ancient poetry, so I won't discuss it in detail here. (5) The antithesis of ancient poetry The extreme freedom of antithesis in archaic poetry.Generally, antithesis is not emphasized; if antithesis is used in some places, it is only for rhetorical needs, not for metrical requirements.In Du Fu's "Sui Yan Xing", which is quite long, there is no antithesis in the whole article; Cen Shen's "Song of White Snow" only uses one antithesis, that is, "The general's horn bow cannot be controlled, and the guard's iron clothes are hard to wear." , is also only a wide pair.And be careful: there are two differences between the antithesis of ancient style poetry and the antithesis of modern style poetry: (1) In modern style poetry, the same characters are not relative; in ancient style poetry, the same characters can be relative.For example, Du Fu's "Stone Trench Officials": "The old man walks over the wall, and the old woman goes out to watch." (2) In modern style poetry, antithesis requires flat and oblique relative; ancient style poetry does not require flat and oblique relative.Such as Bai Juyi's "Shang Zhai": "Pick cherries by climbing branches, and move peonies with flowers." Another example is Cen Shen's "Song of White Snow": "The general's horn bow can't be controlled, and the guard's iron clothes are hard to wear[73]". Ancient poets sought their skill in antithesis in modern style poetry, and sought their clumsiness in antithesis in ancient style poetry.In their view, Zhuo and Gao Gu are related.In fact, there is no need to deliberately seek clumsiness, as long as it is pure and natural, without any constraints. (6) Long and short sentences (miscellaneous poems) As we said in the first section, ancient style poetry has the unity of miscellaneous words.Miscellaneous words, that is, long and short sentences, can be changed at will from three to eleven words.However, most of the sentences in the article are still seven-character, so the miscellaneous words are regarded as seven-character ancient poems. Miscellaneous poems give people a feeling of unrestrained and unrestrained because the length of sentences is not restricted.The poet who is best at miscellaneous poems is Li Bai. He also uses prose grammar in his poems, which makes people feel that this is a poetic style completely different from ordinary five-seven-character ancient poems.Let us now take one of his miscellaneous poems as an example: Shu road is difficult Li Bai Hey, hey, the danger is high!The difficulty of the road to Shu is harder than going to the blue sky!Cancong and yufu, how at a loss was the founding of the country!You are 48,000 years old, and you will not live with Qin Saitong.Xidang Taibai has a bird path, which can cross the Emei peak.Dibengshan destroyed the strong men to death, and then the ladders and stone stacks were connected with each other.On the top is the high mark of the six dragons returning to the sun, and on the bottom there is the rushing and turning back to Sichuan.The yellow crane cannot fly well, and the ape wants to overcome his worries and climb up [74].What a dish of green mud!One hundred steps and ten folds of lingering rocks.Went to the Lijing well and raised his breath, touched his chest with his hands and sat down with a long sigh [75].When will I return Journey to the West?If you are afraid of the road, you will not be able to climb the rock.But I saw the ancient wood of the Mourning Bird, male and female flying around the forest.I also heard that Zigui cried at night, worrying about the empty mountains.The difficulty of the road to Shu is harder than going up to the blue sky, which makes people listen to this carving.Even the peaks go to the sky without a foot, and the withered pine hangs upside down and leans against the cliff.The turbulent waterfalls are noisy with each other, and the cliffs turn into rocks and thunder.其嶮也若此，嗟爾遠道之人胡為乎來哉？劍閣崢嶸而崔嵬，一夫當關，萬夫莫開。所守或匪親，化為狼與豺。朝避猛虎，夕避長蛇；磨牙吮血，殺人如麻。錦城雖云樂，不如早還家。蜀道之難難於上青天，側身西望長咨嗟。 （七）入律的古風 講到這裏，古體詩和近體詩的分別非常明顯了。但是，並不是所有的古體詩都和近體詩迥然不同的。上文說過，律詩產生以後，詩人們即使寫古體詩，也不可能完全不受律詩的影響。有些詩人在寫古體詩是還注意粘對（衹管第二字，不管第四字），另有一些詩人，不但不避律句，而且還喜歡用律句。這種情況，在七言古風中更為突出。我們試看初唐王勃所寫的著名的《滕王閣》詩： 滕王閣 [唐]王勃 滕王高閣臨江渚，佩玉鳴鑾罷歌舞。畫棟朝飛南浦雲，珠簾暮捲西山雨。閒雲潭影日悠悠，物換星移幾度秋。閣中帝子今何在？檻外長江空自流！ 這首詩平仄合律，粘對基本上合律[76]，簡直是兩首律詩連在一起，不過其中一首是仄韻絕句罷了。注意：這種仄韻與平韻的交替，四句一換韻，到後來成為入律古風的典型。高適、王維等人的七言古風，基本上是依照這個格式的。現在試舉高適的一個例子： 燕歌行 [唐]高適 漢家煙塵在東北，漢將辭家破殘賊。男兒本自重橫行，天子非常賜顏色。摐金伐鼓下榆關，旌旗逶迤碣石間。校尉羽書飛瀚海，單于獵火照狼山。山川蕭條極邊土，胡騎憑凌雜風雨[77]。戰士軍前半死生，美人帳下猶歌舞。大漠窮秋塞草衰，孤城落日鬬兵稀。身當恩遇常輕敵，力盡關山未解圍。鐵衣遠戍辛勤久，玉箸應啼別離後[78]。少婦城南欲斷腸，征人薊北空回首。邊風飄飄那可度，絕域蒼茫更何有？殺氣三時作陣雲，寒聲一夜傳刁斗。相看白刃血紛紛，死節從來豈顧勳？君不見沙場征戰苦，至今猶憶李將軍[79]！ 這一首古風有很多的律詩的特點，主要表現在： （1）篇中各句基本上都是律句，或準律句（即仄仄平平仄平仄）。 （2）基本上依照粘對的規則，特別是出句和對句的平仄完全是對立的。 （3）基本上四句一換韻，每段都像一首平韻絕句或仄韻絕句；其中有一韻是八句的，像仄韻律詩。 （4）仄聲韻與平聲韻完全是交替的。 （5）韻部完全依照韻書，不用通韻。 （6）大量地運用對仗，而且多數是工對。 就古風入律不入律這一點看，高適、王維的一派（入律），後來白居易、陸游等人是屬於這一派的；李白、杜甫是另一派（不入律），後來韓愈、蘇軾是屬於這另一派的。白居易、元稹等人所提倡的“元和體”，實際上是把入律的古風加以靈活的運用罷了。 由上所述，我們可以看見，在古體詩的名義下，有各種不同的體裁，其中有些體裁相互顯示著很大的差別。雜言古體詩與入律的古風可以說是兩個極端。五言古詩與七言古詩也不相同：五古不入律的較多，七古入律的較多。當然也有例外，像柏梁體就不可能是入律的古風。從各種不同的角度去看各種“古風”，纔不至於懷疑它們的格律是不可捉摸的。 -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ [1] 六言詩是很少見的。 [2] 也有七言長律，如杜甫《清明》二首等。 [3] 參照下文第43頁。 [4] 郭編杜甫詩集把多數絕句都歸入近體詩。元稹所編的《白氏長慶集》索性就把這種絕句歸入律詩。 [5] 《佩文韻府》等書，也是按這個詩韻排列的。 [6] 劉長卿、白居易、韓偓等人寫了一些仄韻律詩，因為這種詩是罕見的，這裏不談。 [7] 我們有意識地舉一些在今天看來不必分別，而前人在律詩中嚴格區別開來的韻，如東與冬，魚與虞，庚與青。其餘的韻可以參看下文各節所舉的例子。四支，張巡《守睢陽詩》，43頁。五微，蘇軾《壽星院寒碧軒》，36頁。十灰，杜甫《春日憶李白》，39頁。十三元，林逋《山園小梅》，20頁。十四寒，杜甫《月夜》，29頁。十五刪，陸游《書憤》，23頁。一先，王維《使至塞上》，27頁。二蕭，毛主席《送瘟神》（其二），30頁。四豪，盧綸《塞下曲》，51頁。五歌，杜甫《天末懷李白》，32頁。六麻，杜牧《泊秦淮》，50頁。七陽，杜甫《聞官軍收河南河北》，42頁。十蒸，蘇軾《郿塢》，51頁。十一尤，李白《渡荊門送別》，29頁。窄韻不舉例。 [8] 揚炯《從軍行》：“牙璋辭鳳闕，鐵騎繞龍城。”“龍庭”就是“龍城”。這裏不用“龍城”，而用“龍庭”，因為“城”字是八庚韻，“庭”字是九青韻。 [9] 李白有一首《訪戴天山道士不遇》也是首句用鄰韻，還有李頎的《送李回》。但是這種情況不多見。 [10] 勝，平聲，讀如升。簪字有zan、zen兩讀，分入覃侵兩韻，這裏押侵韻，讀zen。字下加小圓點的都是入聲字。下同。 [11] 參看上文19頁杜甫《月夜憶舍弟》。 [12] 這一種格式比較少見。參看上文第19頁王維《送趙都督赴代州》。 [13] “那”，平聲。 [14] “教”，平聲。 [15] “漫”，平聲。 [16] 參看下文第42頁杜甫《聞官軍收河南河北》。 [17] 參看下文第40頁杜甫《客至》。 [18] “粘”，讀nian。 [19] 失粘有廣義，有狹義。廣義的失粘指一切平仄不調的現象。狹義的失粘就是這裏所講的。 [20] “燕”，平聲。 [21] 注意：犯孤平指的是平腳的句子；仄腳的句子即使衹有一個平聲字，也不算犯孤平。如李白《宿五松山下荀媢家》：“我宿五松下”衹算拗句，不算孤平。又指的是“平平仄仄平”這個格式，至於像孟浩然《臨洞庭上張丞相》“八月湖水平”，那也是另一種拗句，不是孤平。 [22] 杜甫《秦州雜詩》第二十首：“曬藥能無婦，應門幸有兒。”《獨坐》第二首：“曬藥安垂老，應門試小童。”答應的應（又寫作譍）在唐宋時有平去二讀，這裏讀平聲，所以不犯孤平。參看《詩韻合璧》蒸韻譍字條。 [23] 唐人的試帖詩也容許這種平仄格式，可見它是正規的格式。 [24] 上文20頁所引林逋《山園小梅》第三句“疏影橫斜水清淺”，第七句“幸有微吟可相狎”兩句，下文32頁所引杜甫《天末懷李白》第一句“涼風起天末”也是這種情況。 [25] 鄜，讀如孚，平聲。看，讀如刊，平聲。 [26] 下文33頁所引陸游《夜泊水村》第七句“記取江湖泊船處”，39頁所引杜甫《春日憶李白》第七句“何時一尊酒”，王維《觀獵》第七句“回看射鵰處”也都是這種情況。 [27] 一作《時世行贈田婦》。 [28] “旋”，去聲。 [29] “更”，去聲。 [30] “令”，平聲。“漂”，去聲。 [31] “過”，平聲。 [32] “為”，去聲。 [33] 這還不能算是上文所述的那種特定格式，因為那種格式第三字必須用平聲，這句第三字“玉”字用的是仄聲（入聲）。 [34] “芹”字今入文韻，但杜甫時代還是真韻字，不算出韻。 [35] “為”，去聲。 [36] 這是以第二字的平仄為標準來衡量的。當然也可以拿“仄仄平平仄仄平”來衡量，不過那樣也有不合平仄的地方。下同。 [37] 這裏所謂“詞”不是詩詞的“詞”。詞類指名詞、動詞等。 [38] 有時候，也有人把字分為動字、靜字。所謂靜字，當時指的是今天所謂名詞；所謂動字就是動詞。 [39] 代詞“之”“其