Chapter 2 The first, second and third verses of the second chapter

Chapter Two As to what kind of poetry is, the question is rather repetitive. The editor of "Three Hundred Tang Poems" divides poems into three categories: ancient poems, regulated poems, and quatrains, and in these three categories there is a category of Yuefu; ancient poems, regulated poems, and quatrains are divided into five characters and seven characters.This is a division.The classification of "Tang Poetry Bie Cai" compiled by Shen Deqian is slightly different: he does not separate Yuefu, but he adds a category of five-character long rhythm.The anthology of Du Fu's poems compiled by Song Guo Zhida is simply divided into two categories: ancient poems and modern poems.Let us now try to discuss the above three classifications with reference to other classifications.

From the perspective of rhythm, poetry can be divided into ancient style poetry and modern style poetry.Ancient style poetry is also called ancient poetry or ancient style; modern style poetry is also called modern style poetry.In terms of word count, there are four-character poems, five-character poems, and seven-character poems [1].After the Tang Dynasty, four-character poems were rare, so the general poetry collections are only divided into five-character and seven-character categories. (1) Archaic and near-style Archaic poetry is written according to the ancient poetic style.In the eyes of Tang people, from the "Book of Songs" to Yu Xin in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, they are all ancient. Therefore, there is no certain standard for so-called ancient poetry styles.However, the ancient poems written by poets have one thing in common, that is, they are not bound by the rhythm of modern poems.we can say.All poems that are not bound by the metrical rhythm are ancient poems.

Yuefu was born in the Han Dynasty, and it was originally composed of music, so it is called "Yuefu" or "Yuefu Poetry".This kind of Yuefu poems is called "Qu", "Ci", "Song", "Xing" and so on.After the Tang Dynasty, the ancient poems written by literati imitating this style of poetry were also called "Yuefu", but they were no longer accompanied by music.Since the Sui and Tang dynasties gradually formed new music, and later produced lyrics with new music, called "Ci".Ci probably originated in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.In a transitional period after the decline of Yuefu and before the emergence of Ci, the lyrics accompanied by new music used modern poetry.For example, Wang Wei's "Weicheng Song" and Li Bai's "Qingping Diao" are all in the form of modern poetry.

Modern poetry is represented by regulated poetry.The rhyme, flatness, and antithesis of the verse.There are many considerations.Because the metric is very strict, it is called regulated poetry.Rhythm has the following four characteristics: a. Each song is limited to eight sentences, with a total of 40 characters in the five rhythms and 56 characters in the seven rhythms; b. Rhyme with level rhyme; c. There are regulations on the level of each sentence; d. Each article must have antithesis, and the position of antithesis is also stipulated. There is a kind of regulated poem with more than eight sentences, which is called Changlv.Changlu is naturally a modern style poem.Long rhymes are generally five-character [2], and the number of rhymes is often marked on the title, such as Du Fu's "Thirty-six Rhymes of Fu Pillow Book Huai in a Windy Boat", which is three hundred and sixty words; "Weizhi" is a thousand words.Except for the tail couplet (or the first and last two couplets), this kind of long rhythm uses antithesis, so it is also called row rhythm [3].

Quatrains are half the number of words in verses.Five-character quatrains have only 20 characters, and seven-character quatrains have only 28 characters.Quatrains can actually be divided into two categories: ancient quatrains and legal quatrains. Ancient rhymes can be used.Even if it rhymes with flat tones, it is not bound by the rules of flat and tonal poetry in modern style.This can be classified as archaic poetry. The rhythm not only rhymes with flat tone, but also follows the flat and flat rules of modern poetry.In form they amount to half a verse.This can be classified as modern poetry. [4]

To sum it up: Generally speaking, the so-called ancient style belongs to ancient style poetry, while rhythmic poetry (including long rhythm) belongs to modern style poetry.Yuefu and quatrains, some belong to the ancient style, and some belong to the modern style. (2) Five words and seven words Five words are five words and one sentence, and seven words are seven words and one sentence.Five-character ancient poems are referred to as Wugu, seven-character ancient poems are referred to as Qigu; five-character regulated poems are referred to as Wulu, and seven-character regulated poems are referred to as Qilu;

The ancient style is divided into five ancients and seven ancients. This is only a rough division.In fact, in addition to five words and seven words, there are also so-called miscellaneous words.Miscellaneous words refer to a mixture of long and short sentences, mainly three-character sentences, five-character sentences, and seven-character sentences, and occasionally four-character sentences, six-character sentences, and sentences of more than seven characters.Miscellaneous poems are generally not classified into one category, but only classified into Qigu.There are even no seven-character sentences in the article, as long as they are long and short sentences, they are classified as Qigu.This is a customary classification and has no theoretical basis.

We will talk about modern style poetry first, and then ancient style poetry. This is because only after a thorough understanding of modern style poetry can we better understand ancient style poetry.First, since ancient poetry is characterized by not being bound by the rhythm of modern poetry, we must first know what the rhythm of modern poetry is, and then we can know what ancient poetry is.Second, since the appearance of regulated poetry, ancient style poetry cannot be immune to the influence of regulated poetry, so we must first understand regulated poetry, and then we can know what the influence of regulated poetry is on ancient style poetry.

In this section, we first talk about the rhyme of the verse. When the ancients wrote verses, they rhymed strictly according to the rhyme book.The history of rhyme books does not need to be described in detail here.The rhyme books such as "Poetry Rhyme Collection" and "Shi Yun He Bi" that ordinary people in the Qing Dynasty often consulted can not only explain the rhyme of the Qing Dynasty's rhythmic poems, but also explain the rhyme of the Tang and Song Dynasties.The so-called "poetry rhyme" by ordinary people refers to this [5]. There are 106 rhymes in total: 30 rhymes for the level tone, 29 rhymes for the upper tone, 30 rhymes for the falling tone, and 17 rhymes for the entering tone.Rhyme poems generally only use level rhyme [6], so we only talk about level rhyme in this section; as for level rhyme, we will discuss it later when we talk about ancient style poetry.

In the rhyme book, level tone is divided into upper level tone and lower level tone.There are many characters in the level tone, so it is divided into two volumes, which is equivalent to saying that the level tone is the upper volume, and the level tone is the lower volume, which has no other meaning. Shangping 15 rhyme: One East, Two Winter, Three Rivers, Four Branches, Five Micro, Six Fish, Seven Yu, Eight Qi, Nine Good, Ten Gray, Eleven True, Twelve Wen, Thirteen Yuan, Fourteen Cold, and Fifteen Deleted Lower level tone 15 rhyme: One first, two Xiao, three dishes, four rich, five songs, six hemp, seven yang, eight Geng, nine green, ten steamed, eleven especially, twelve invaded, thirteen tan, thirteen salt, fifteen salty

Dongdong and other characters are just representatives of rhymes, and they only indicate the types of finals.As for the difference in pronunciation between the two rhymes of Dongdong (and other similar rhymes), we don't need to pursue it now.We only need to know: they may be different at the beginning.Later, they were mixed into one, but the ancient poets followed the rhyme book and could not mix them when writing verses.At first, it was limited to the law, and it had to be obeyed when taking the imperial examination; later it became a custom, and it was also obeyed when writing regulated poems.In "Dream of Red Mansions", there is such a story: Lin Daiyu asked Xiangling to write a poem chanting the moon, specifying the use of cold rhyme.When Xiangling was digging her heart and soul, not listening or looking, Tanchun smiled and said through the window: "Miss Ling, please take a moment." , the rhyme is wrong." This story can illustrate the strictness of rhyme in modern poetry. There are wide and narrow rhymes: those with more words are called wide rhymes, and those with fewer words are called narrow rhymes.Broad rhymes include Zhi rhyme, Zhen rhyme, Xian rhyme, Yang rhyme, Geng rhyme, You rhyme, etc. Narrow rhymes include Jiang rhyme, Jia rhyme, Yao rhyme, Qin rhyme, salt rhyme, salty rhyme, etc.Rhythm poems with narrow rhymes are relatively rare.Some rhymes, such as micro rhyme, deletion rhyme, and invasion rhyme, although the number of words is not many, but they are more suitable, and poets like them very much. Now let’s take a few verses as examples[7]: Send off General Wei (Yidong) [Tang] Chen Ziang The Huns were still alive, and Wei Jiang returned to join the army. Farewell to the three rivers, saying to chase the heroes of the six counties. Yanshan crosses the north, and the fox is connected to the clouds. It is owed to make Yan Ran go up, but only the Han will stay. Happy to see my cousin and say goodbye (Erdong) Li Yi After ten years of chaos, they reunited when they grew up. Asked the surname, surprised to see it for the first time, said the name and recalled the old appearance. Don't come to the sea, just talk about the evening clock. Tomorrow on Baling Road, how heavy will the autumn mountains be? Choubi Station (Liuyu) [Tang] Li Shangyin Apes and birds are hesitant and afraid of Jianshu, and Fengyun often protects Chu Xu. Just order the general to wave his magic pen, and finally see the descendant king go to pass the chariot. There is no shame in wind music, but Guan Zhang has no life and desire? In his year of Jinli Jing Temple, Liang's father chanted that he hated it. Zhongnan Mountain (Seven Yu) [Tang] Wang Wei Taiyi is close to the capital of heaven, from the mountains to the corners of the sea. The white clouds look back and close, and the green mist enters and sees nothing. The peaks in the dividing field change, and the cloudy and sunny are different. If you want to sleep out, ask the woodcutter across the water. Qiantang Lake Spring Tour (Eight Qi) [Tang] Bai Juyi In the north of Gushan Temple and west of the ancient pavilion, the water surface is initially flat and the clouds are low. How many early warblers compete for warm trees?Whose new swallows peck spring mud? Scattered flowers are becoming more and more charming, only Asakusa has no horseshoes. My favorite lake is not enough to go east, and there is a white sand embankment in the shade of green poplars. Reminiscing about my younger brother on a moonlit night (Bayu) [Tang] Du Fu The drum breaks the pedestrians' walk, and the sound of wild geese in Bianqiu. Lu Cong is white tonight, and the moon is bright in my hometown. All younger brothers are scattered, homeless, asking about life and death. The length of sending books is not long, and the situation is that the soldiers have not been suspended! Send Zhao Dudu to Daizhou (Jiuqing) Wang Wei The heavenly official moves the star, and the wicker in the Han Dynasty is green. Thousands of miles are called Diao Dou, and the three armies come out of Jingxing. Forget about oneself and resign from Fengque, serve the country and take Longting[8]. How can you learn from the scholar generation, and the old classics between the windows! Ode to Coal (Twelve Invasions) [Ming] Yu Qian Crack open the chaos to get the black gold, which hides the deepest yang and meaning. The fire burns back to the spring, and the furnace shines through the night. Ding Yi Yuan Lai generates strength, but Tie Shi still has the heart after death. I hope that the common people are full and warm, and work hard to get out of the mountains and forests. Most of the first sentences of the five rhythms do not rhyme; most of the first sentences of the seven rhythms rhyme.Since the first sentence rhymes or not is free, the rhyme of the first sentence can also be less strict, and adjacent rhymes can also be used.This style of using rhyme in the first sentence was not quite common until the late Tang Dynasty, and it became a conscious fashion in the Song Dynasty.Now try two examples: Ching Ming Du Mu During the Qingming Festival, it rains heavily, and pedestrians on the road want to die. Ask where the restaurant is, and the shepherd boy points to Xinghua village. Shanyuan Xiaomei [Song] Lin Bu All the fangs shake off Du Xuanyan, taking all the charm to Xiaoyuan. Sparse shadows and slanting water, clear and shallow water, dark fragrance floating in moon dusk. The frost bird steals its eyes first when it wants to go down, and the pink butterfly knows how to get together and break its soul. Fortunately, there is a micro-chant to meet each other, and there is no need for sandalwood boards to share gold bottles. These two poems use thirteen rhymes, but the first rhyme of Du Mu's "Qingming" uses the word "Fen" in twelve rhymes, and the first rhyme of Lin Bu's "Shanyuan Xiaomei" uses a first rhyme. The word "Yan" in rhyme.This kind of rhyme in the first sentence is rare in the rhythmic poems of Wang Wei, Li Bai, Du Fu and other poets in the Tang Dynasty[9]. The strictness of rhyme used in the above-mentioned verses is just to illustrate the ancient verses.If we also write verses today, we don't have to stick to the rhymes of the ancients.Not only the first sentence uses adjacent rhyme, but also the other rhymes use adjacent rhyme, as long as it is harmonious when recited, it is all right. Flatness, this is the most important factor in regulated poetry.The level and oblique rules of regulated poetry have been applied to the lyrics and music of later generations.When we talk about the rhythm of poetry, we mainly talk about flatness. (1) The level of the five laws There are only four types of flatness in five characters, and these four types can form two couplets.which is: Flat, flat, flat, flat; Flat, flat, flat, flat. From the intricate changes of this connection, the four flat and oblique patterns of the five laws can be formed.In fact, there are only two basic formats, and the other two are just slight changes on the basis of the basic formats. (1) flat rise type Flat, flat, flat, flat. Flat, flat, flat, flat. Flat, flat, flat, flat. Flat, flat, flat, flat. (A word with a circle means it can be flat or flat.) spring hope Du Fu The country is broken by mountains and rivers, and the city is full of spring vegetation. When I feel the time, the flowers splash tears, and the bird hates the farewell. The beacon fire lasted for three months, and the family letter was worth ten thousand gold. The bald head is shorter, and the hairpin is full of lust [10]. In the other formula, the first sentence is changed to 奶奶奶平平, and the rest remains unchanged [11]. (2) Flat rise Flat, flat, flat, flat. Flat, flat, flat, flat. Flat, flat, flat, flat. Flat, flat, flat, flat. Mountain Dwelling in Autumn Wang Wei After the new rain in the empty mountains, the weather is late to autumn. The bright moon shines among the pines, and the clear spring stones flow upwards. The bamboo noise returns to Huannv, flung off the fishing boat. Break free to Chun-fang, Sun-self to stay. In another formula, the first sentence is changed to Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping, and the rest remains unchanged [12]. (2) The level of the seven laws Qilu is an extension of Wulu, and the way to expand is to add a two-character prefix to the five-character sentence.Add flat on the flat, add flat on the flat.Check out the comparison table below: (1) flat feet Five characters from flat to flat to close ○○ to flat to flat seven words (2) flat feet Five words flat up flat closing ○○ flat flat flat flat Seven words (3) flat feet Five characters flat from flat to close ○○ flat flat to flat Seven words (4) flat feet Five characters from flat to flat ○○ flat to flat Seven words flat rise flat close flat flat flat flat Therefore, there are only four types of flatness and obliqueness in Qilu, and these four types can also form two couplets, namely: Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping From the intricate changes of these two couplets, they can be replaced by the four formats of Qilu.In fact, there are only two basic formats, and the other two are just slight changes on the basis of the basic formats. (1) flat rise type Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat. book anger [Song] Lu You How do you know the world is difficult at an early age?Looking north from the Central Plains, the air is like a mountain [13]. Building boats cross Guazhou in the night snow, and iron horses disperse in the autumn wind. The great wall is empty and I promise myself, the temples in the mirror are already stained. A teacher with a real name in the world, who can stand among the best in a thousand years? to Shaoshan Mao Zedong Don't dream vaguely curse the death of the river, the first thirty-two years of the hometown. The red flag rolled up the serf's halberd, and the black hand hung the overlord's whip. In order to have the ambition to sacrifice, dare to teach the sun and the moon to change into a new sky [14]. I like to watch a thousand waves of rice shrubs, and heroes are everywhere in the evening smoke. winter cloud Mao Zedong The snow is tired of the winter, the clouds and white catkins fly, and the thousands of flowers fade away for a while. The cold current is rolling high in the sky, and the earth is slightly warm. There are only heroes who drive tigers and leopards away, and no heroes are afraid of bears. Plum blossoms are full of joy and snow, and it is not surprising that flies freeze to death[15]. In the other formula, the first sentence is changed to 喵呵平平平平满得, and the rest remains unchanged [16]. (2) Flat rise Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping long march Mao Zedong The Red Army is not afraid of conquests, and thousands of rivers and mountains are just waiting. Wuling meanders with fine waves, and Wumeng walks with majestic Niwan. The sandy water is warm against the clouds and the cliffs, but the iron cables across the Dadu Bridge are cold. I like the snow a thousand miles away in Minshan Mountain, and the three armies are all happy after passing. People's Liberation Army occupies Nanjing The wind and rain turned pale and yellow in Zhongshan, and millions of soldiers crossed the river. The tiger dominates the dragon, the present is better than the past, and the world is turned upside down and generous. It is advisable to use the remaining courage to chase the poor, and not to be known as the overlord. If the sky is loving, the sky is also old, and the right way in the world is vicissitudes. Ascend Lushan Mao Zedong A mountain flies to the edge of the big river, and leaps to the verdant four hundred spins. Looking at the world with cold eyes towards the ocean, the hot wind blows the rain and sprinkles the river and the sky. Clouds cross nine schools to float yellow cranes, and white smoke rises from Sanwu under the waves. Tao Ling didn't know where to go, could he plow in the Peach Blossom Spring? Comrade Guo Moruo Mao Zedong As soon as there is a wind and thunder from the earth, there will be piles of bones. A monk who is a fool can still be trained, but a demon who is a ghost is sure to cause disaster. The golden monkey stood up and Yuyu clarified Wan Liai. Cheers to Sun Dasheng today, only because the demon fog has come back again. In another formula, the first sentence is changed to Ping Ping Zhe Ping Ping Zhe, and the rest remain unchanged [17]. (3) sticky pair [18] There is a rule of "sticking to" in the level of verses. Yes, it is flat to flat, flat to flat.That's what I said above: in a couplet, flat and narrow are opposites.The "pair" of the five laws has only two forms of couplets, namely: (1) Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping. (2) mediocre, mediocre, mediocre, mediocre. The "pair" of Qilu only has two forms of couplets, namely: (1) Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping (2) Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping If the first sentence uses rhyme, then the level and obliqueness of the first couplet are not completely opposite.Due to the limitation of rhyme, it can only be done in this way.In this way, the first couplet of the five laws becomes: (1) Flat, flat, flat, flat.or: (2) flat, flat, flat, flat. The first couplet of the Seven Laws becomes: (1) Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Pingor: (2) Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping. Sticky means flat and sticky, flat and sticky; the level of the second word in the sentence after the couplet should be consistent with the second word of the sentence in the front couplet.Specifically, make the third sentence stick to the second sentence, the fifth sentence stick to the fourth sentence, and the seventh sentence stick to the sixth sentence.The Wulu Pingzhe format and the Qilu format mentioned above are all in line with this rule.Take a look at Chairman Mao's "Long March", the second line of "Shui" has a flat tone, the third line of "Ling" is followed by a flat tone; The word "Du" in the sentence has a humming tone, and the word "Xi" in the seventh sentence is also in a humming tone.Visible sticky rules are very strict. The role of sticking pairs is to diversify the tones.If it is not "right", the level of the upper and lower sentences will be the same; if it is not "sticky", the level of the two sentences will be the same again. Knowing the principle of sticking to each other can help us recite the melodious formulas (that is, the format).As long as you know the level of the first sentence, you can recite the level of the whole article. Understanding the principle of sticking to each other can help us understand the level of Changlu.No matter how long the long law is, it is only arranged according to the rules of sticking to each other. Violation of the sticky rule is called loss of stickiness [19]; ​​violation of the right rule is called misalignment.In the regulated poems of Wang Wei and others, because the regulated poems have not yet been finalized, there are still some non-stick regulated poems.For example: make to plug Wang Wei If you want to ask about the side of the bicycle, it belongs to the country to pass Juyan. Zhengpeng left Hansai, and returned geese into Hutian. The lonely smoke in the desert is straight, and the sun is setting in the long river. When Xiao Guan rides every time, he protects Yan Ran[20]. Here the third sentence and the second sentence are not sticky.In later generations, loss of cohesion is very rare.As for mistakes, they are even more carefully avoided by poets. (4) Guping's avoidance Guping is a big taboo in regulated poems (including long and regulated poems), so when poets write regulated poems, they should pay attention to avoiding Guping.When using similar sentences in lyrics and music, also pay attention to avoid Guping. In the five-character sentence pattern "Ping Ping Zhe Ping Ping", the first character must use a flat tone;Because apart from the rhyme, there is only one flat tone character left.The seven characters are an extension of the five characters, so in the sentence pattern "Ze Zhe Ping Ping Zhe Zhe Ping", if the third character is used in a zigzag tone, it is also called Gu Ping[21].In the regulated poems of the Tang Dynasty, there is absolutely no Guping sentence[22].Chairman Mao's poems have never had a single sentence.Just look at the word "Qian" in the second sentence of "Long March", and the word "Qiao" in the sixth sentence are all flat tones, which can be used as examples. In this case, if the first character of the five characters and the third character of the seven characters must use the tones, there is another remedy, see below for details. (5) A specific flat format In the five-character sentence pattern "Ping Ping Ping Zhe", another format can be used, which is "Ping Ping Ping Zhe"; Qi Yan is an extension of Wu Yan, so in the sentence pattern of Qi Yan "Ping Ping Ping Ping Ze", You can also use another format, which is "Ze Ze Ping Ping Ze Ping Ze".The characteristics of this format are: the positions of the third and fourth characters of the five characters are interchanged, and the positions of the fifth and sixth characters of the seven characters are reversed.Note: In this case, the first character of five characters and the third character of seven characters must use a flat tone, which is no longer flat or flat. This format is very common in regulated poems in Tang and Song Dynasties, as common as regular lines[23].For example [24]: moon night Du Fu Tonight, the moon in Fuzhou, I only watch it in my boudoir [25]. Pity the little children from afar, but don't remember Chang'an. The fragrant mist and the cloud are wet, and the clear brilliance and jade arms are cold. When to lean on the false cover, dry the tears with double photos! There are only two sentences in a poem that should use "Ping Ping Ping Zhe", and "Ping Ping Ping Zhe" has been replaced here. This specific flat style is customarily used in the seventh sentence.For example [26]: Crossing Jingmen to see off [Tang] Li Bai Crossing far outside the gate of Jingmen, I came to travel from the state of Chu. The mountains follow the plains, and the river flows into the wilderness. Flying sky mirror under the moon, clouds grow and build sea towers. I still pity the water in my hometown, and I will see you off in a boat for thousands of miles. Mountain Widow[27] [Tang] Du Xunhe Husband defended Pengmao to the death because of soldiers, and his clothes were scorched in hemp. Sang Zhe still pays taxes when he abolishes it, and the fields are desolate, but seedlings are collected. Pick wild vegetables and roots to cook from time to time, and cook raw firewood with leaves [28]. Even if it is deep in the mountains, there should be no means to avoid expropriation[29]! Now take two poems by Chairman Mao to prove: Send the Plague God (Part 2) Mao Zedong There are thousands of willows and willows in the spring breeze, and the 600 million Shenzhou is full of Shunyao. The red rain turned into waves at will, and the green hills turned into bridges intentionally. The sky connects to the five mountains and the silver hoes fall, and the earth shakes the iron arms of the three rivers. May I ask where the Lord of Plague wants to go?The paper boat burns brightly. answer friend Mao Zedong White clouds fly on Jiuyi Mountain, and the emperor's son rides the wind to descend to Cuiwei. There are thousands of tears in a branch of mottled bamboo, and ten thousand red clouds in a hundred heavy clothes. Dongting is full of waves and snow, and the songs of Changdao people go to the poems. The dream I want to cause is limited, and the country of Furong is full of sunshine. (6) Rescue Sentences that do not conform to the regular case are called awkward sentences.If more obtuse sentences are used in regulated poems, it becomes an ancient-style regulated poem (see below).The specific format described above (the five-character "Ping Ping Zhe Ping Zhe" and the seven-character "Ping Ping Ping Ping Zhe") can also be regarded as a kind of oblique sentence, but it is commonly used to such an extent that it is naturally the same as the general Obfuscated sentences are different.Now let's talk about some awkward sentences: it is also quite common in regulated poems, but the word "save" must be used after the first character.The so-called "rescue" means compensation.Generally speaking, the flat tone is used in the place where the level tone should be used in the front, and a flat tone must be (often often) compensated in an appropriate position later.The following three situations are more common: (a) Where "Ping Ping Zhe Ping Ping" should be used, the first character uses a flat tone, and the third character compensates for a flat tone, so as not to make Guping.In this way, it becomes "flat flat flat".The seven words are changed from "Ze Ze Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping" to "Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping".This is the sentence self-help. (b) Where "Ze Ze Ping Ping Zhe" should be used, the fourth character uses the oblique tone (or both characters three and four use the oblique tone), and in the third character of the sentence, the oblique tone is used to compensate.In this way, it becomes "plain, mediocre, mediocre, mediocre, mediocre, mediocre".The seven words become "Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping".This is a couplet to save each other. (c) Where "Ze Ze Ping Ping Zhe" should be used, the fourth character does not use the zep sound, but the third character uses the zep sound.In Qiyan, the fifth character uses the tones.This is half-hearted, it can be saved or not, and the strictness of (a) and (b) is slightly different. Poets often use (b) or (c) in sentences while using (a).This not only constitutes self-help in this sentence, but also constitutes a pair of sentences to save each other.Now try to cite a few examples.and to illustrate: Xun Yu's house at the foot of Wusong Mountain Li Bai I stayed five days under the pine, lonely and joyless. The autumn of the Tian family is bitter, and the neighbor's daughter is cold at night. Kneel into the carved rice, the moonlight plain plate. It's embarrassing to be a mother, and I can't eat with three thanks [30]. The word "wu" in the first sentence and the word "ji" in the second sentence should be flat and flat, and the word "wu" is flat, saving both the first character of the second sentence and the third character of the first sentence.The sixth sentence is Gu Ping to rescue, which is of the same type as the second sentence, but it is only self-help in this sentence, and has nothing to do with the fifth sentence. Li Bai at the end of the day Du Fu When the wind blows and the sky ends, what does a gentleman think? When will Hongyan arrive?There are many autumn waters in the rivers and lakes. The article hates fate, but the charm is gratifying [31]. Should share the words of grievances, and send poems to Miluo! The first sentence is a specific Ping-Ze format, with "Ping Ping Ping Zhe" instead of "Ping Ping Ping Ze" (see above).In the third sentence, the word "ji" has a flat tone, and in the fourth sentence, the word "autumn" has a flat sound.This is category (c). Farewell to the Ancient Grassland Bai Juyi From Liliyuan to the grass, one year old and one dry and prosperous. Wild fire, in spring. Yuanfang invades the ancient road, and Qingcui meets the deserted city. Send Wang Sun to go again, full of love. In the third sentence, the word "bu" has a flat sound, and in the fourth sentence, the word "blow" has a flat sound.This is category (b). Xianyang City East Building [Tang] Xu Hun As soon as you go up to the high-rise building, you will worry about thousands of miles, and the reeds and willows are like Tingzhou. At the beginning of the creek and cloud, the sun sinks into the pavilion, and the mountain rain is about to come, and the wind fills the building. The birds are under the green vines in the Qinyuan, and the cicadas are singing the yellow leaves of the Han Palace in autumn. Pedestrians don't ask about the past, the Wei River flows from the east of the old country. The word "日" in the third sentence is awkward, and the word "Yu" in the fourth sentence is awkward. The word "wind" not only saves the word "Yu" in this sentence, but also saves the word "日".This is (a) (c) two categories combined. New Town Road Central (the first song) [Song] Su Shi The east wind knows that I want to travel in the mountains, blowing the sound of accumulated rain between the broken eaves. On the ridge, clear clouds wear cotton hats, and copper gongs hang on the treetops at the first sun. The wild peach smiles, the bamboo fence is short, the stream willow shakes itself, the sand and water are clear. Xiyan people should be the happiest, cooking celery, burning bamboo shoots and paying for spring farming. The word "bamboo" is twisted in the fifth sentence, and the word "zi" is twisted in every sixth sentence. The word "sha" not only saves the word "zi" in this sentence, but also saves the word "bamboo" in the sentence.This is a combination of (a) and (c). Yebo Water Village Lu You The feathers and arrows around the waist withered for a long time, and the breath was swallowed. Lao Tzu is still worthy of the desert, how can the lords weep at the new pavilion? Serving the country with one body will lead to ten thousand deaths, and the temples will never be greener again! Remember where the rivers and lakes are mooring boats, and I have heard that the new geese are falling in Hanting. The word "You Wan" in the fifth sentence is awkward, and the word "Xiang" in the sixth sentence is awkward.This is a combination of (a) and (b). From this point of view, regulated poetry is generally always regulated.Some regulated poems seem to be out of rhythm, but in fact they are still in compliance after being rescued.This kind of rescue method is more common in Tang poetry.After the Song Dynasty, poets who paid attention to rhythm, such as Su Shi and Lu You, were still proficient in this way.We certainly don't have to imitate today.However, knowing the principle of rescuing is helpful for understanding Tang and Song regulated poems. (7) The so-called "one, three, five" Regarding the mediocrity of regulated poems, it is said that there is such a mantra: "No matter what is one, three or five, two or four or six are clear." This refers to the seven laws (including the seven absolutes).It means that the level of the first, third, and fifth characters can be arbitrary, but the level of the second, fourth, and sixth characters must be distinct.As for the seventh word, it is naturally required to be clear.As far as five-character regulated poems are concerned, it should be "no matter one or three, two or four are clear." This formula is useful for beginners of verse because it is simple and clear.However, it analyzes the problem comprehensively, so it is easy to be misleading.This has a big impact.Since it is incomplete, it cannot but be properly criticized. It is not comprehensive to say "no matter one, three, five".In the format of the five-character "Ping Ping Zhe Ping", the first character cannot be ignored, and in the format of the seven-character "Ping Ping Ping Zhe Ping", the third character cannot be ignored, otherwise Guping will be committed.In the specific format of the five-character "Ping Ping Zhe Ping Zhe", the first character cannot be ignored; similarly, in the specific format of the seven-character "Ping Ping Ping Ping Zhe", the third character cannot be ignored either.What I said above is that the first character of five characters and the third character of seven characters cannot be ignored under certain circumstances.As for the third character of five characters and the fifth character of seven characters, under normal circumstances, "theory" is the principle. In short, sentences with seven characters and flat feet can have three characters regardless, while sentences with flat feet can only have two characters regardless.A five-character sentence with a flat foot can have two characters, but a sentence with a flat foot can only have one word. It is wrong to say "one, three, five, no matter". Besides, the phrase "two, four, six are clear" is not comprehensive.The second character of five characters is "clear", and the second and fourth characters of seven characters are "clear". As for the fourth character of five characters and the sixth character of seven characters, they are not necessarily "clear".Judging from the specific format "Ping Ping Zhe Ping Zhe", the sixth character is not necessarily "distinct".Another example is that the format of "Ze Zhe Ping Zhe" can also be replaced with "Ze Zhe Ping Zhe", just make up for a level tone in the third word of the sentence.Seven words and so on. The words "two, four, six are clear" are not entirely correct. (8) Antique-style verses When the verses were not yet finalized, some verses were not completely in accordance with the flat and oblique format of the verses, and the antithesis was not completely neat.For example: Yellow Crane Tower [Tang] Cui Hao People in the past have gone by the Yellow Crane, and the Yellow Crane Tower is vacant here. The yellow crane is gone and never returns, and the white clouds are empty for thousands of years. Qingchuan is full of Hanyang trees, and fragrant grass is luxuriant on Yingwu Island. Where is Rimu Township Pass?Yanbo River makes people worry! The first half of this poem is in an ancient style, and the second half is a verse.Judging from the above-mentioned Ping-Ze formula of Qilu, the fourth character of the first sentence should be a flat tone and use a flat tone ("Cheng" cheng), and the sixth character should be a flat tone and use a flat tone ("crane", In the ancient reading into tone), the fourth and fifth characters of the third sentence should be flat and the flat tone is used ("Qubu"), and the fifth character of the fourth sentence should be flat and the flat tone is used ("empty").Of course, the so-called "should" is viewed from the perspective of future generations. Since the regulated poetry had not been finalized at that time, there was no question of whether it should or shouldn't. Later, some poets consciously wrote some ancient-style verses.For example: Cui's Dongshan Thatched Cottage Du Fu Ai Ru Yushan Thatched Cottage is quiet, high autumn is refreshing and fresh. Sometimes bells and chimes ring spontaneously, and fishermen and woodcutters can be seen even more in the setting sun. Peel the millet from the white crow valley, and cook the celery at the bottom of the green mud workshop. Why is it that the king of Xizhuang gave it to him? Chai Menkong locked Songyun. [32] In the poem, the author deliberately violated the rules of the verse.The sixth character of the first sentence should be flat ("Tang")[33], the fifth character of the second sentence should be flat ("Xiang"), and the sixth character of the third sentence should be flat ("Xiang") Qing"), the third and fourth characters of the fourth sentence should be flat and flat ("more see"), and the fifth and sixth characters should be flat and flat ("Yuqiao").The fifth and sixth sentences are "wrong", because both sentences are parallel sentences.The "gu" in the fifth sentence and the "fang" in the sixth sentence also do not conform to the general rules of flatness (although it can be saved).Except for the number of words, rhyme, and antithesis, [34], in terms of mediocrity, this is simply an ancient style.Another example: Hanbixuan Su Shi The breeze shakes the casement solemnly, and bamboos are built around the window one foot. One after another, the snow is falling and the summer matting is falling, and the green mist is slowly staining people's clothes. The cicada hugs the leaves in the high mountains on a high day, and the green feathers fly through the forest in silence. The Taoist Jue Li confronted Han Bi, asking why the crane bones were fat [35]? The fifth character in the first sentence of this poem should be flat ("shake"), and this three-level tone already gives people a sense of antiquity.If the second sentence is measured by "Ping Ping Zhe Zhe Zhe Ping Ping", the sixth character should be Ping and use Zhe (the word "chi" belongs to the sound in ancient times)[36].If the third sentence is measured by "Ping Ping Zhe Ping Ping Zhe", the sixth character should be flat ("Xia").If the fourth sentence is measured by "结巷冷平巧冷平", the third and fourth characters should be flat and use 卤 ("green fog"), and the sixth character should be 差 and use ping ("person").If the fifth sentence is measured by "Ping Ping Zhe Ping Ping Zhe", the fourth character should be flat and use flat ("cicada"), and the sixth character should be flat and use flat ("leaf").If the sixth sentence is measured by "结巷平凯石平", the third and fourth characters should be flat ("Cuiyu"), and the sixth character should be flat ("Lin").If the eighth sentence is measured by "结巷平床半平", the third and fourth characters should be flat and use 差 ("crane bone"), and the sixth character should be 差 and use 平 ("Yuan").The fifth character ("对") of the seventh sentence also does not conform to the general rules of flatness.Like "shaking the window", "sticking people's clothes", "wearing Lin Fei", and "He Yuanfei" are all Sanping tunes, which are more ancient-style (see the fourth subsection of the sixth section below, "The Plain and Flat of Ancient Poetry" ).The author again intentionally creates misalignment and loss of stickiness.According to the measurement method above, the second sentence is out of alignment, and the fifth and seventh sentences are out of stickiness. The ancients called this kind of poetry "拥体".Obtuse style is naturally not the right track of regulated poetry, and there are very few people who imitate this style of poetry in future generations.