Chapter 5 Li Si

Li Si At the beginning of Emperor Qin Shihuang's accession to the throne, Lu Buwei, the Prime Minister, used to welcome guests from all over the world, and there were many debaters, such as Xun Kuang's disciples, who wrote books and spread the world. More than ten thousand words, titled "Lushi Chunqiu" [1], distributed in Xianyang city gate, invited princes, tourists, guests, and anyone who can add or delete a word will give a thousand gold.The first emperor was strong and humble, and gradually merged with other countries. Although he also summoned literature and installed doctors, he finally burned the "Book of Songs" and killed many living beings.

Li Si, a native of Shangcai in Chu, learned the art of emperors from Xun Kuang together with Han Fei, and entered Qin when he was successful. 8) The eunuch Zhao Gao falsely accused him of treason, killed him, and sentenced him to five punishments.Although Si came from the school of Xunqing, he did not follow the way of Confucianism, and his governance is still strict and urgent, but he has great honor in writing. During the six kingdoms, the writing was shaped differently. The style, the seven chapters of "Cangjie" [3], is quite different from the ancient text, and it was later called Qin Zhuan; it also began to create official script, which was built from official prisons and troubled, and it became simple and simple, and it was applied to apprentices.The Legalists generally lack literary talents, but Li Si's memorials still have Chinese rhetoric, as stated in the previous book "Admonishment and Chasing Guest" [4]:

"...Must be born in the Qin State, then it will be the jade of the night light, and it will not decorate the court; The utensils of rhinoceros and elephants are not for fun; the daughters of Zheng and Wei are not for the harem; ... The husband knocks on the urn and knocks on the fou, plays the zither and beats the legs, and the singing and humming are quick to the ears and eyes, and this is the voice of the real Qin Dynasty.Zheng Weisangjian, "Zhao Yu" and "Wu Xiang" are the joys of foreign countries.Now abandon hitting the urn and knocking on the fou and take Zheng Wei, withdraw the zither and take "Zhaoyu".If so, why?If you are happy at present, it is only suitable for viewing.This is not the case in picking people today: don't ask whether it is acceptable, regardless of whether it is straight or wrong, those who are not Qin go, and those who are guests are chased away.However, those who are more important care about sex, music, pearls and jade, while those who are less important care about the people.This is not the reason for crossing the sea and controlling the princes. ..."

In the twenty-eighth year, when the first emperor first visited the prefectures and counties in the east, all the ministers recited his merits and virtues, and engraved them on gold and stone for future generations.Its speech is also what Li Si did, and it is still handed down today.Such as "Taishan Stone Inscription": "The emperor came to the throne, made clear laws, and his ministers revised them. In the twenty-sixth year, the world was first annexed, and no one was unconvinced. He personally visited the people of the world, climbed Mount Tai, and visited the East Pole. From the ministers to think about the traces, the original career, only to recite merits and virtues.Governance and operation, all products are suitable, all have their own rules.The great righteousness will not be bright, and it will be passed down to future generations.The emperor bowed to the sage, not only pacified the world, but also relentlessly governed. ...Show off the inside and outside, extravagant and impure, and apply to the heirs.Transformation and infinity, obey the will, and forever bear the heavy precepts. "

In the thirty-sixth year, the people of Dongjun engraved meteorites to curse the first emperor [5], and they refused to accept the case, and all the people living next to the stone were killed.The first emperor was not happy at all, so he asked the doctor to write "Poetry of Immortals and Real People" [6]; and traveled around the world, ordering musicians to sing.His poems are the ancestors of the poetry of wandering immortals in later generations, but they are not passed on. "Hanshu" and "Yiwenzhi" wrote nine miscellaneous Fus in the Qin Dynasty [7]; "Ritual and Lezhi" Yun Zhou had "Fangzhongle" [8], and it was called "Shouren" in Qin Dynasty, and it is also lost today.Therefore, as far as the existing ones are concerned, Li Si is the only one in Qin's articles.

reference book: "Historical Records" Volume 6 "The Chronicles of the First Emperor of Qin", Volume 85 "Lu Buwei", Volume 87 "Li Si Biography" and "Quan Qin Wen" (Compiled by Qing Yan Kejun) "History of Chinese Literature" (Xie Wuliang) Part Two Chapter Eight ※ ※ ※ [1] "Lu's Spring and Autumn" and "Historical Records: Lu Buwei's Biography" contain: "Lu Buwei made his guests write what they heard, and put together eight "Lan", six "On", and twelve "Ji", more than 200,000 Word.

I thought it was a record of the past and present of all things in the world, so I called it "Lu Shi Chunqiu".and spread it at the gate of Xianyang, hanging a thousand gold medals on it, and inviting guests from all over the world, and whoever can add or delete a word will give a thousand gold coins. " 〔2〕 Burning of "Poetry" and "Historical Records of Qin Shihuang", Li Si, the prime minister in the thirty-fourth year of the first emperor (213 BC), wrote a letter: "Today the emperor has all the world, don't decide on one. Hearing the order, everyone discusses it according to their own learning. When they enter, they will be wronged, and when they go out, they will discuss it in the street... If it is so forbidden, the dominant force will fall to the top, and the party will succeed. Records are all burned. Those who are not doctoral officials dare to collect "Poems", "Hundreds of Schools of Languages" in the world, and they will keep them and burn them. Those who dare to write "Poems" and "Words" will abandon the market, and the past is not the present. In the family of the people, those who do not carry out the crime are the same as the officials. The order is not to burn for thirty days, and the tattoo is the city. Those who do not go are books on medicine, divination, and tree planting. If you want to learn laws and regulations, use officials as teachers. "In another thirty-five years, the first emperor used the students "as a demon to confuse the head of Guizhou", so "the censor asked the students about the case, and the biographies of the students were quoted, and more than 460 people who exempted themselves from the ban , are all pits in Xianyang".

〔3〕 "Cangjie" is also known as "Cangjie", an ancient calligraphy. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" says: "The seven chapters of "Cangjie" were written by Li Si, the Prime Minister of Qin; the six chapters of "Yuan Li" were written by Zhao Gao, the order of Chefu; Shi Zhen Pian", but the seal script is quite different, the so-called Qin Zhuan." Qin Zhuan, also known as Xiaozhuan.Lishu, a font evolved from the simplification of seal script.Tang Zhang Huaiguan's "Book Break" says: "The official script was written by Cheng Miao, who entered Qin Xiabang. Miao's character Yuan Cen, he was a county official, offended the first emperor, and he was in Yunyang Prison. But it is the official script with 3,000 characters. The first emperor who played it was good at it and used it as the censor. Because there are many things to play and seal characters are difficult to form, the official script is used as the official script, so it is called the official script" (according to "Baichuan Xuehai" ).The official script system was gradually formed in the writing of the ancient official staff (subordinate staff), and Cheng Miao collected and sorted it out, so there is a legend that Cheng Miao created the official script.

〔4〕 "Admonition and Zhuke" is "Admonishment and Zhuke Book". "Historical Records Biography of Li Si" contains: "The ministers of the Qin clan all said that the king of Qin said: 'People from the princes who come to serve Qin are probably traveling in Qin'er for their masters. Please chase away all guests.' Li Siyi is also in the chase." Nai wrote a letter, listing the "Keqing"'s achievements in Qin, and analyzing the fallacy and harm of chasing guests.On the play, "The king of Qin removed the order of chasing guests and returned to Li Siguan."

[5] Carved meteorites to curse the first emperor "Historical Records·The Chronicle of Qin Shihuang" contains: "Thirty-six years, Yinghuo guarded his heart, and there was a star falling down to Dongjun, and the ground was a stone. The head of Guizhou may engrave its stone and say: 'The first emperor died and died. Divide the land.' When the first emperor heard about it, he sent the censor to question him, but he refused to accept it. He took all the stones from the neighbors and punished them, and burned the stones." 〔6〕 "The Poems of Immortals and Real People" and "Historical Records: The Chronicle of Qin Shihuang" contain: Dongjun people carved meteorites to curse the first emperor, "The first emperor was not happy, so he made the doctor write "The Poems of Immortals and Real People", and he traveled around the world in his travels, passing orders to people who are happy Song Strings".Youxian poems are poems that express the author's thoughts and feelings by describing "fairyland".

"Selected Works" is listed as a category of poetry, including poems such as He Shao and Guo Pu in the Western Jin Dynasty. [7] Nine articles of Miscellaneous Fu in the Qin Dynasty "Han Shu·Yiwenzhi" only has the sentence "Nine Chapters of Miscellaneous Fu in Qin Dynasty", without the author and title of the article. 〔8〕For "Room in the Music", please refer to the sixth chapter of this book and its notes 〔7〕.