Chapter 4 Chapter Four: Qu Yuan and Song Yu
Chapter Four: Qu Yuan and Song Yu
During the Warring States period, the art of speech and Taoism not only included Zhuang Zhou's contempt for poetry and etiquette, but valued nothingness, especially his diction, which mausoleumed all the scholars.In rhymes, Qu Yuan originated in Chu, was slandered and exiled, and wrote "Li Sao". [1] Yixiang's great speech is outstanding for a lifetime.Later generations were amazed by his literary talents, and followed suit. They were originally produced in Chu, so they were called "Chu Ci" [2].Compared with "Poetry", its words are very long, its thoughts are very illusory, its writing is very beautiful, and its purpose is very clear. Speaking from the heart, it does not follow the rules.Therefore, the later Confucianists who followed the teachings of poetry may be overwhelmed, but their influence on later articles may even exceed 300 articles.
Qu Yuan, whose name is Ping, has the same surname as Chu, served King Huai as a disciple of the left. Wang, Wang was angry and dismissed Qu Yuan.Originally wandering in the mountains and rivers, I saw the temples of the former kings and the ancestral halls of the princes, pictures of the gods of heaven, earth, mountains and rivers, Qiwei, sages, and ancient sages and monsters.Because of the book on its wall, he asked about it to express his anger, which is called "Heavenly Questions" (4).The words and sentences are four words; most of the stories in the pictures are lost today, so it is often difficult to explain them:
"...Nine heads of male pheasants, why are they there all of a sudden? Why don't you die, and how can the elders guard you?
Miping and Jiuqu, where are you living in peace?How big is a snake swallowing an elephant?Heishuixuanzhi, where are the three dangers?If you don't die for a long time, where does your life end?Where is the dace, and where is the heap?
Yi Yan Yan Sun, Wu Yan Xie Yu? ..."
"...Why are you angry after the Central Co-herds? The bees and ants have a strong life force? He Hu who frightens the female to pick the deer? How happy is the north to return to the water? Why do you want to eat a dog? ?..."
Hou Gai called back again, trying to unite Qi and reject Qin, but it didn't work.King Huai married Qin, and Zilan [5] persuaded the king to join Qin, but Qu Yuan stopped him, refused to listen, and died in Qin's custody.The eldest son, Qingxiang Wangli, Zilan was Lingyin, who also slandered Qu Yuan, and the king moved him angrily.Originally lived in Xiangyuan for nine years, chanting on the banks of the lake, with a haggard look, wrote "Li Sao", and finally threw himself into Miluo with a stone in his arms to die.
In "Lisao", Sima Qian thought it was "sorrow from sorrow", Ban Gu thought it was "sorrow", Wang Yishi used the sorrow of parting, and Yang Xiong interpreted it as "complaint", so he pretended to write "Anti-Lisao" and "Sorrow by the Bank" carry on. [6] His discourse has been from the beginning to the end, until the end, although he cherishes inner beauty, he pays more attention to cultivating ability, going straight on the right path, but suffers from slanderers, so he speaks and fantasizes, calling the ancient emperor, cherishing the mountain, and calling the dragon Qiu, thinking of a lost girl, Shen Shu's heart, self-evidently innocent, because of irony.Its text is several thousand words, among which it says:
"... Kneeling on the knees to make a statement, Geng Wu has got the right thing here. Si Yuqiu rides on the pheasant, and the wind that wipes out the ash is on the way. The dynasty started in Cangwu, and the evening came to the county garden. I want to stay here less The spirit is trivial, the sun is suddenly and it is going to be twilight. I ordered the Xihe to disappear the festival, look at the concubine and not to be forced, the road is manly, and the distance is far away. I will search up and down. Drink the remaining horses in the salty pool Fusang, folded like a tree to brush the sun, and chat with carefree to meet the sheep....Looking at the four poles, the circle flows around the sky, and the sky is down, looking at the Yantai of the Yaotai, and seeing the lost girl. I Let the poison be a matchmaker, and the poison will tell Yu that it is not good; the singing of the male dove is gone, and I still hate its cunning.... The reason is weak and the matchmaker is clumsy, and the words will not be firm; Cover beauty and call evil.
The boudoir is far away, and the king of Zhe is not arrogant.Carrying my feelings but not expressing them, how can I endure this forever! ..."
Next, when I occupy the spiritual atmosphere and ask Wuxian, I always persuade him to travel far away and not cherish the old world, so he indulges his mind, flies and soars, and cherishes his country, and finally would rather die than bear to leave:
"...Suppressing ambitions and eliminating festivals, the gods are so high; playing "Nine Songs" and dancing "Shao", chatting about holidays and having fun. When he is promoted to the emperor, he is playing, and suddenly he is looking at his old hometown; The servant was so sad that he was still in his arms, curled up and couldn't do it. Luan said: It's over! There is no one in the country, I don't know, so why cherish the old capital? It's not enough to be a beautiful government, I will follow Peng Xianzhi Where to live!"
In the "Chu Ci" handed down today, there are nine chapters in "Nine Chapters" [7], which are also written by Qu Yuan.There are also "Buju" and "Fisherman", [8] which describe Qu Yuan's words of questioning and answering with the fortune teller and the fisherman. The method of rhyming couplets is quite similar to that of poets. It is close to Song Yu's "Feng Fu", far away from Xiangru's "Zixu", "Shanglin", and Ban Gu's "Two Capitals" [9].
When "Li Sao" was published, it covered a vast and far-reaching literary forest, and the comments were also numerous. Those who praised it said that they could compete with the sun and the moon, and those who suppressed it were not allowed to compare with madness. [10] Gai Yi It is based on articles, and on the one hand, it is based on poetry teaching, so its judgments are different.
In fact, the difference between "Lisao" and "Poetry" is that the form is different, and the time and vulgarity are different, so the tone is different; , or the people in the north dare not say it. If there are countless words of resentment and resentment, there are more than this among the three hundred articles.Although Chu is a barbarian, it has been a great country for a long time. In the spring and Autumn period, it has been able to compose poems, and the elegant teachings have not been learned. Fortunately, its inherent culture has not yet fallen.Liu Xie took his words, the school’s classics, [11] said that there are differences but there are similarities, the master of Gu Yasong, and the elegance of the actual Warring States. The resignation is astonishing and stunning, and it is difficult to match." ("Bian Sao") can be said to be a person who knows what to say.
The reason for the difference in form and literary talent is due to two causes and conditions, namely time and place.When the ancients handed over neighboring countries and bowed to each other, Gai must recite poems, so Confucius said: "If you don't study the "Poetry", you can't speak." [12] The Zhou Dynasty has declined, and it is not possible to ask and sing songs in other countries, but to lobby them The wind is in full swing, and the vertical and horizontal people want to use lips and kisses to perform meritorious deeds, so they compete for beautiful words, and the main thing is to move people.For example, Qu Yuan had Su and Qin at the same time. He said that Zhao Sikou and Li Dui [13] also said: "Su Qin in Luoyang Chengxuan, his family is poor and his relatives are old. , Covered in frost and dew, crossing Zhang and rivers, full of cocoons, giving up every day, building the outer palace, wishing to build it before, talking about the world's affairs." Then during the debate, it can be inferred.The aftermath spread, and gradually reached the Wenyuan, and the complicated words and sentences were beyond the simple style of "Poetry".Moreover, the origin of "Lisao" is different from that of "Poetry". There are rivers and Wei, this is Yuanxiang, and there is only Puxi, and this is orchid; Used for sacrifices. In "Chu Songs" there is "Nine Songs" [14], which says that "the town of Ying in the south of Chu, between Yuan and Xiang, the custom believes in ghosts and loves sacrifices,...
Qu Yuan was exiled,...sorrowful and melancholy, he came out to see the rites of sacrificial offerings, the joy of singing and dancing, and his lyrics were vulgar, because he wrote the song "Nine Songs". It is quite different from the original other writings, although it is said "For writing" should have its roots. The slang sentences in vulgar songs must be used by poets, and the sentences are not limited to four words. The sage is not limited to Yao and Shun. "Mrs. Xiang":
"The emperor's son descends to Beizhu, his eyes dim and sorrowful. The autumn wind curls up, and the Dongting waves come under the leaves. Climb the white apples and look forward to them, and the good times come at night. Where are the birds and what are the apples? On the wood? There are enterprises in Yuan, and there are orchids in Li, and I dare not speak when thinking about my son; I am in a daze and look far away, watching the flowing water and gurgling. Where does the elk eat in the courtyard, why is the dragon the descendant of the water? , Xiji Xixi. Wen Jiaren Xi Zhaoyu, will ride together and die together. Build a house in the water, and cover it with a lotus. Sun wall Xi Zitan, sowing fragrant peppers Xi Yingtang, Guidong Xi Lanyi, Xin Yi Mei Xi Pharmacy. …
The lotus cover is the zhi repair, the Du Heng is the dazzling, the real courtyard is the combination of herbs, and the verandah door is the fragrance and fragrance.Nine suspicions come together to welcome, and the spirit comes like a cloud.Donate the rest of your coat to the river, leave the rest to Lipu, and Tingzhou to Duruo, and leave it to those who are far away.The time is too late to get it suddenly, chatting freely and freely. "
At the same time, there was a Confucian Zhao Ren Xun Kuang [15] (about 315 to 230 BC), who began to study in Qi at the age of fifty, and the third was to sacrifice wine;
Also as Fu, "Han Shu" cloud ten articles, today there are five articles in "Xunzi", called "Li", "Zhi", said, "Silkworm", and "Zhen". But Wang explained it in cryptic language, and the writing was simple and simple, roughly four words, which was different from Chu Sheng.There is also "Poetry of Concubine", which is actually a poem, saying that the world will not be governed, that is, those who left Chunshen Jun, the words are very fierce, almost no less than Qu Yuan, how can they come to the state of Chu and move their spirits? [16], Do you always feel sad about life?
"The world is not governed, please ask Chen Yu to write a poem: The world changes positions, and the four seasons change their hometowns. Stars fall and fall, and at dusk they are blind. . . . Flying and owls are phoenixes. When Bigan sees the scorpion, Confucius is restrained. It is clear that it is clear, and it is gloomy that it is ominous when it meets it. …
The sage holds hands together, and it will be almost time, and I will doubt it with the fool, and I would like to hear the rebuttal.His little song says:
Thinking about the distance, how congested it is.Benevolent people make promises, and violent people prosper.Loyal ministers are in danger, like slanderers.Xuanyu Yaozhu, I don't know how to wear it.There is no difference between miscellaneous cloth and brocade.
...Blindness is the light; the deaf is the hearing; the danger is the safety; the auspiciousness is the evil.Oh god, Yi Weiqitong! "
Later, in Chu there were disciples of Song Yutang Le Jingchai[17], all of whom were fond of speech, and they were famous for their prose.However, even though he studied Qu Yuan's diction, he never dared to speak out directly, to cover up his sorrow, to hunt down his splendor, and the generalization of "nine deaths without regret" [18] is lost.Song Yu, Wang Yi thought Qu Yuan's disciple;
The son of King Huai, King Xiang, is a doctor, but he has no ambition.Of the sixteen chapters I wrote, eleven are preserved today, almost many of which were drafted by later generations, and the credible ones include "Nine Debates" [19]. "Nine Debates" is an ancient poem, named after jade, and created a new system. Although it is full of imagination, it is not as good as "Li Sao", and the sadness and resentment are really unique.Such as:
"The emperor's sky is divided into four seasons, and I am lonely and sad in this cold autumn. The white dew has fallen and the grass has fallen, and it is dying to wear the sycamore. The bright day is gone, and the long night is long. The Fang Fang is strong and wilting away. Make appointments and be sad. In autumn, we should first avoid white dew, and in winter, we should use severe frost....The age is suddenly exhausted, and I am afraid that the rest of my life will be lost. Mourning the rest of my life. Leaning alone, crickets chirping in the west hall. My heart is trembling with fear, why worry so much? The moon is bright and the breath is deep, and the stars are shining brightly."
There is another [20] article, which describes the evil of the four directions outside, and the beauty of Chu State inside, and wants to call the soul to return to the sect.Sima Qian thought it was written by Qu Yuan, but the tone of his speech was very different.His literary style is extravagant, and he is good at explaining things. If he talks about dangers and difficulties, the world will not be able to live in it.The use of the word "xie" at the end of the sentence is also a creative style. Shen Cunzhong of the Song Dynasty [21] said, "now Kuixia Huxiang and the people of the north and south rivers; all forbidden curse sentences are called some at the end, which is an old custom of Chu people".
"...The soul is back, and the south can't stop. Carve black teeth, get human flesh as a sacrifice, and use its bones as a sacrifice. Viper Zhenzhen, seal the fox thousands of miles away. Nine males, come and go, swallow People should benefit their hearts. When the soul comes back, one should not be promiscuous for a long time.... When the soul comes back, the king is above the sky. Tigers and leopards pass nine times, and they peck and kill people. One husband has nine heads, and nine thousand trees have been pulled out. Wolves follow their eyes, come and go. Hang people in the abyss, throw them into the abyss. Let them die to the emperor, and then they will die. When they come back, they will be more afraid of their own lives.... When the soul returns, enter the sect. …
Suizong of the Shi family eats more.Rice, millet, wheat, and yellow beams.Big picric acid, sweet and sour.The tendons of fat cattle are more fragrant.If it's sour and bitter, take some soup from Chen Wu.The turtle cannon lamb has some zhe pulp. ... The food is ashamed, and the female music is more interesting.Let the bell beat the drum and make some new songs.The water chestnuts in the river are used to carry forward the lotus.The beauty is drunk, and the beauty is more flushed.I looked at the light, and my eyes waved a little.The clothes are slender, beautiful but not strange.Long hair is graceful, more colorful. ..."
There are nine articles called Fu, (four articles in "Anthology"; six articles in "Guwenyuan", but "Wu Fu" is actually written by Fu Yi) [22] Da Yanyu and Tang Le Jingchai served the king of Chu, It is a matter of emotion, so it becomes a fu, but the diction is complicated and full of committees, and it involves gods at the time, which is quite different from Yu's "Nine Debates" and the scene at that time. For that.There is also "Ask the King of Chu" [23], (see "Wen Xuan" and "Shuo Yuan") for self-defense, so it is not well-known among the scholars and the common people. The song is collected first, and the whale and phoenix are cited second, so as to clarify the inability of ordinary scholars. know the sage.The words are very complicated, almost like the talk and debate of lobbyists, or they also rely on it.Ran and Fudang came out of the early Han Dynasty.Liu Xie said that Fu sprouted in "Sao", Xunqing Songyu, is the proper name of Xi, and the poetry draws the border, and becomes a great country;
〔24〕 It is also said that "Song Yu was talented and began to create 'Conversation Questions'" 〔25〕, so Mei Cheng's "Qifa", Yang Xiong's "Lianzhu", 〔26〕The essays expressing anger flourished.However, the "Sao" is also inspired by the three hundred articles, but it is magnificent because of the lobbying style at that time, and it is magnificent because of the customs of Jingchu;
Tang Le Jingchai's essays are rarely handed down today. In "Chu Songs" there is "Da Zhao" [27], which is not enough to be effective. Wang Yiyun said, "Qu Yuan's work is also; it may be called Jing difference."
Examining his diction, it is said that the difference is close.
reference book:
"Chu Ci Anthology" (Song Zhuxi)
"Xunzi" Volume 18 "Historical Records" Volume 84 "Biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng" "Wen Xin Diao Long Lectures" (Fan Wenlan) Volume 1 "Bian Sao", Volume 2 "Annotation", Volume 3 "Miscellaneous Essays" "Research on Chinese Literature" (Torao Suzuki, Japan) Volume 1 "The Generation of Sao Fu" "New Theory of Chu Ci" (Xie Wuliang)
"Introduction to Songs of Chu" (You Guoen)
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〔1〕Qu Yuan (about 340 BC - 278 BC), named Ping, styled Yuan, and styled Lingjun, was born in the state of Chu in the late Warring States period.When King Huai of Chu was an official leftist, he advocated internal politics, appointed talented people, united Qi to fight against Qin, and was later slandered and resigned.During the reign of King Qingxiang, he was exiled in the Yuanxiang River Basin.After the Qin soldiers captured Yingdu, their grief and indignation sank in the Miluo River. Twenty-five pieces of Qu Yuan's Fu were recorded in "Hanshu Yiwenzhi", which have been lost.For the works of Qu Yuan passed down today, see Songs of Chu compiled by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. "Li Sao", Qu Yuan's masterpiece.This long poem fully expresses the poet's thoughts and feelings of criticizing the ugly reality, pursuing beautiful ideals and boundlessly loving the motherland, which has a profound influence on the literature of later generations.This poem was written in the time of King Qingxiang, and it is said that it was written in the time of King Huai.
〔2〕"Chu Ci" Chu Ci originated from the state of Chu in the Warring States period, represented by Qu Yuan's "Li Sao".In Northern Song Dynasty Huang Bosi's "East View Yu Lun Yisao Preface" said: "All the Sao in Qu Song Dynasty wrote Chu language, wrote Chu voice, recorded Chu land, and were named Chu things, so they can be called Chu Ci."
〔3〕Shangguan Dafu once said that Shangguan is a compound surname, and Wang Yi of the Eastern Han Dynasty's "Preface to Lisao Jing" said that he was Shangguan Jin Shang; another said that Shangguan Dafu was an official name. "Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng": "Shangguan officials are on the same list as him, competing for favor and harming his abilities. King Huai made Qu Yuan make it a constitution, and Qu Ping's draft is not yet finalized. Shangguan officials want to seize it when they see it, but Qu Ping refuses to do so. The slander said: "The king made Qu Ping an order, and everyone didn't know it. Every time an order was sent out, his meritorious deeds were cut down, thinking that "I can't do it." The king was angry and neglected Qu Ping."
[4] For "Tianwen", please refer to Note [15] on page 25 of this volume.
[5] Zilan, the youngest son of King Huai of Chu, was the official commander of King Qingxiang. "Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan Jiasheng" contains: "King Qin Zhao married Chu and wanted to meet King Huai. King Huai wanted to do it, but Qu Ping said: 'The country of Qin tigers and wolves is untrustworthy, so it is better not to do it.' King Huai Zhizi Zilan advised the king Xing: "How can we kill Qin Huan!" King Huai died and went. Entering Wuguan, Qin's ambush was cut off, because he kept King Huai in order to cede the land. King Huai was angry and refused to listen. He fled to Zhao, but Zhao did not come back. Qin, died in Qin and was buried."
[6] Regarding the meaning of the word Lisao, there are different interpretations. "Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng":
"The person who is away from Sao is still worried about Li Sao." Ban Gu's "Preface to Praise of Li Sao": "Li, still suffering; Sao, worry. It is also a speech to understand that you are worried." Wang Yi's "Preface to Li Sao": "Li, farewell Also; Sao, sorrow." Yang Xiong wrote "Anti-Li Sao" and "Pan Lao Sorrow", "Li Sao" and "Gao Sorrow" mean complaints in Chu language.Wang Yi, see note [16] on page 25 of this volume. "Anti-Li Sao", "Pan Lao Sorrow", "Hanshu·Yang Xiong Biography" contains: Xiong read Qu Yuan's "Li Sao", "Sorrowful of his writings, it's not impossible to read it without tears. He thinks that a gentleman will do well when he gets the time, but he can't When the time is dragon and snake, if you meet or not, why do you need to improve your body! When you write books, you often refer to the "Li Sao" and vice versa, throwing rivers from Mount Ku to pay tribute to Qu Yuan, which is called "Fan Li Sao". "Also next to "Xi Chan" to the volume "Huai Sha", which is called "Pan Lao Sorrow"". "The Sorrow of the Bank" will not be passed on.
[7] "Nine Chapters" is the general term for Qu Yuan's nine short works, namely "Cherishing Songs", "Shejiang", "Sorrowing Ying", "Thinking", "Huaisha", "Thinking of Beauty", "Cherishing the Past" ", "Ode to Orange", "Sorrowful Wind".
Southern Song Dynasty Zhu Xi's "Chu Ci Collection Notes": "The "Nine Chapters" are also written by Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was released, thinking about the king and the country, feeling whatever happened, and expressing his feelings. Later generations compiled the nine chapters and combined them into A volume does not have to come from a moment of speech."
[8] "Bu Ju" and "The Fisherman" These two articles assume that Qu Yuan asked Tai Bu and the fisherman to answer questions, expressing his indignation at the turbidity of the world, as well as his thoughts and feelings of being loyal to ideals and unwilling to follow the customs.Wang Yi's "Chu Ci Zhang Ju" stated that these two chapters were "written by Qu Yuan", and also said that "The Fisherman" was composed of Chu people's remembrance of Qu Yuan, and was formed by narrating his questions and answers with the fisherman.
[9] The old title of "Feng Fu" was written by Song Yu, and later generations may suspect that it is a false entrustment.The article describes the dialogue between King Xiang of Chu and Song Yu about "the heroic style of the king" and "the female style of the common people", which implies irony.
"Zixu" and "Shanglin", that is, "Zixu Fu" and "Shanglin Fu", were written by Sima Xiangru in the Western Han Dynasty.See chapter ten of this book. "Two Capitals", that is, "Fu of the Western Capital" and "Fu of the Eastern Capital", written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty.In the Fu, it is set as Xi Dubin and the owner of Dongdu to discuss the establishment of Chang'an or Luoyang as the capital.
〔10〕 Regarding the circumflex of Qu Yuan's "Li Sao", the "Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng" said: ""Guofeng" is lustful but not lewd, and "Xiaoya" complains but not chaos. If "Li Sao" ", it can be said to be both." "Its literary conventions, its diction are modest, its ambitions, and its actions are honest. It is said that its writing is small but its meaning is great, and its meaning is far-reaching when it is cited. It is also possible to push this ambition, even if it competes with the sun and the moon."
For those who are suppressed, Ban Gu's "Preface to Li Sao" says: "If Qu Yuan shows his talent and promotes himself today, he will be angry and intolerable. "Feng Ya" and compete with the sun and the moon, it's too late!"
〔11〕Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long Bian Sao" believes that "the style of allusion", "the purpose of regulation and satire", "the meaning of comparison", "the words of loyalty and resentment" in "Li Sao" are "same as Fengya" However, as for "weird words", "weird talks", "narrow ambitions", and "lewd ideas", they are "differing from the classics".Another cloud:
"So it's like that when you talk about its allusions, and it's like that when you talk about its exaggeration; those who know the Chu Ci are slow in style (a constitution)
In the three dynasties, Fengya (one as a miscellaneous, in the Warring States period, he is the master of Yasong, and the hero of Ci Fu. "
[12] "If you don't study "Poetry", you can't speak." "The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi" contains: Confucius "tasted independence, but the carp tended to pass the court. He said: "Learn "Poetry"?" Confrontation: "Weiye !''If you don't study "Poetry", you can't speak." Li retreated to study "Poetry." "Li, the son of Confucius.
[13] Su Qin said that Zhao Sikou Li Dui Su Qin (? - 317 before), styled Jizi, was born in Luoyang in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty during the Warring States Period.A strategist, advocates the theory of "combined verticality" in which the six countries unite to fight against Qin Dynasty.Li Dui, a native of Zhao during the Warring States period. "Zizhi Tongjian·Zhou Ji·Shen Liang Wang Four Years (317 B.C.)": "Dr. Qi competed with Su Qin for favor, causing people to assassinate Qin and kill him." )": "Young Master became Prime Minister, named Anpingjun, and Li Dui was the Sikou. At that time, King Huiwen was young, and Cheng and Dui were dictatorships." According to this, when Su Qin said that Li Dui was alive, Li Dui had not yet been the Sikou.
[14] There are eleven chapters in "Nine Songs", namely "Eastern Emperor Taiyi", "Yun Zhongjun", "Xiang Jun", "Mrs. Xiang", "Da Siming", "Shao Si Ming", "Dong Jun ", "Hebo", "Mountain Ghost", "National Memorial", and "Soul of Rites" were rewritten by Qu Yuan based on the songs of folk sacrifices.For the quotation here, see Wang Yi's "Chu Ci Chapters Nine Songs Preface".
〔15〕Xun Kuang (approximately 313-238 BC), also known as Xun Qing and Sun Qing, was born in Zhao during the Warring States period.He once sacrificed wine for Qi Ji and ordered Chu Lanling. Thirty-three chapters of "Sun Qingzi" are recorded in "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi".Today it is called "Xunzi".
〔16〕Ji Yi Qi said in "Mencius Qinxin (Part 1)": "Ji Yi Qi nourishes Yi body."
〔17〕Song Yu Song Yu, Tang Le, and Jing Chai were all from Chu during the Warring States Period. "Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng" says: "There are disciples of Song Yu, Tang Le, and Jing Chai in Chu. They are all eloquent and famous for their prose. However, they are all the calm eloquence of the ancestor Qu Yuan, and no one dares to speak directly." "Han Shu·Yiwenzhi" describes Song Yu's sixteen poems and Tang Le's four poems.
[18] "Nine deaths without regret" comes from "Li Sao": "I also have good intentions, even though I died nine times, I still have no regrets."
[19] "Nine Debates" Wang Yi's "Chu Ci Chapters and Nine Debates Preface": "Song Yu, a disciple of Qu Yuan, exiled his teacher for his loyalty, and pretended to write "Nine Debates" to describe his aspirations."
〔20〕Wang Yi's "Chu Ci Zhangju·Calling the Soul Preface": "Song Yu pitied Qu Yuan for his loyalty and rejected him. The praise of Jia Sheng Biography: "I read "Li Sao", "Heavenly Questions", "Sorrowing Ying", and feel sad for his ambition", which is believed to be written by Qu Yuan.
[21] Shen Cunzhong (1031-1095), named Kuo, was born in Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) in the Northern Song Dynasty.
He once served as a Bachelor of Hanlin and knew Yanzhou.He has written "Mengxi Bi Tan", "Changxing Collection" and so on.For quotations, see Volume 3 of "Mengxi Bi Tan".
〔22〕The "nine articles" mentioned here refer to "Fengfu", "Gaotang Fu", "Goddess Fu", "Dengtuzi Lustful Fu" collected in "Wenxuan", and "Guwenyuan" collected "Fu Satirical Fu", "Flute Fu", "Diao Fu", "Dayan", "Xiaoyan". "Wenxuan", namely "Zhaoming Wenxuan", edited by Liang Xiaotong (Prince Zhaoming) in the Southern Dynasty, selected and recorded poems and proses from pre-Qin to Liang Dynasty. "Guwenyuan", the editor is unknown, the old theory is an old collection of the Tang Dynasty, Gu Guangqi in the Qing Dynasty thought it was recorded by the Song Dynasty, and included poems and essays from the Zhou Dynasty to the Southern Qi Dynasty, all of which were not included in the historical biographies and "Wenxuan", a total of nine volumes, divided into two Ten categories. "Guwenyuan" also has an article "Dancing Fu", written by Fu Yi.Fu Yi, refer to the eighth chapter of this book and its notes [17].
[23] "Questions to the King of Chu" This article describes the question and answer between the king of Chu and Song Yu. Song Yu quoted the difference between "Xia Liba Ren" and "Yangchun Baixue" to explain "the song is high and the widowed"; not understood by the world.Whale, "Kun" in "Anthology", and "whale" in "New Preface".Here "Shuo Yuan" should be "New Preface", and both books were compiled by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty.
[24] Fu originated from "Sao" and "Wen Xin Diao Long·Quan Fu": "Ji Lingjun sang "Sao" and began to have a wide voice and appearance. However, the Fu is also ordered by the poet, and expanded in the Chu Ci. So Xun Kuang's "Li", "Wisdom", Song Yu's "Wind" and "Fishing", the name of Yuanxi, the realm of poetry and painting, the vassal of the six righteousness, and a great country."
〔25〕"Song Yu was talented, and began to create 'Diaowen'" "Wen Xin Diao Long Za Wen": "Song Yu was talented, and he was quite vulgar, and he began to create 'Diao Wen' to express his ambition."
〔26〕Mei ChengMei Cheng and his "Qifa", please refer to the eighth chapter of this book and its notes [16].
Since Mei Cheng wrote "Qi Fa", "Qi" has become a style of writing. "Lianzhu", written by Yang Xiong.Later, "Lianzhu" also became a style. Volume 57 of "Yiwen Leiju" quotes Fu Xuan's "Preface to Lianzhu" in the Western Jin Dynasty: "The style of his style is beautiful and about, not referring to things. The meaning of ancient poems to encourage prosperity. If you want to make the calendar like a pearl, easy to read and pleasing, it is called Lianzhu."
〔27〕"Dazhao" Wang Yi's "Chu Ci Chapters·Dazhao Preface": "The "Dazhao" is written by Qu Yuan. It may be said that the scenery is poor. :
"This article is definitely a poor work." Hu Yinglin of the Ming Dynasty said in "Shisou · Miscellaneous · Remains":
"(Tang) Le Fu's four articles are dedicated to "Yiwen". ... Gai "Dazhao" is one of these four articles."