Chapter 3 The third chapter Laozhuang

The third chapter Laozhuang Zhou's family's sleep declined, and the wind and people stopped picking; therefore, it is said: "The traces of the king die and the poem dies." [1] If a person of lofty ideals wants to save the world from the disadvantages, he exhausts his mind and worries, and cites his knowledge.And the princes are fighting side by side, recruiting scholars who are studying abroad; or they will take the lord of the world and start to do what they say, but they will rebuke the other schools, take what they hold on to as the main way, hire debates, and the writings will come up. carry on.However, at that time, those who were sufficient to be called "Xianxue" [2] were actually three schools, namely Taoism, Confucianism, and Mohism.

According to "Hanshu" and "Yiwenzhi", Taoist books include "Yi Yin", "Tai Gong", "Xin Jia" [3], etc., which are not handed down today; Therefore, those who exist today are not prior to "Laozi".Lao Tzu (5) was named Er, styled Dan, surnamed Li, a native of Chu, Gai was born in the early days of King Ling of Zhou (about 570 B.C.). It is very important, for Guan Ling Yinxi [6] wrote the first and second chapters of the book, talking about the meaning of morality, and after more than five thousand words, it is impossible to know where it will end.The current book is divided into eighty-one chapters, which are also arbitrarily divided by later generations. This article is actually a miscellaneous narration of thoughts, which is quite incoherent; "Danshu" and so on (see the first article) are the same as:

"If you don't see it, it's called Yi; if you hear it, you don't know it, it's called hope; if you don't fight it, it's called micro. These three cannot be questioned, so they are mixed into one. The top is not dark, the bottom is not ignorant, the rope is not named, Returning to nothing. It means that there is no form, and there is no image, which is called trance. To welcome it, you can’t see its head, and then you can’t see its back. Hold on to the way of the past, and use it to resist the present. Knowing the beginning of the past, it’s called Dao Ji." "Holding an elephant, the world goes. Going without harm, Anpingtai. Pleasure and bait, passers-by stop; the exit of the Tao is insipid and tasteless, seeing it is not enough to see it, listening to it is not enough to hear it, and using it is not enough."

Lao Tzu tried to keep the books for the Zhou family, read the classics extensively, and read the changes of the world, and he has learned a lot. Ban Gu[7] said that "the Taoists are based on the official historians. This is the basis for those who are pure and empty to guard themselves, and those who are humble and weak to guard themselves."However, Lao Tzu's words are not pure and uniform, so refrain from talking too much and sometimes have angry speeches, and do nothing but still want to rule the world.Those who do nothing are "doing everything" with desire. "When the Dao is abolished, there is benevolence and righteousness. When wisdom comes out, there is great hypocrisy. When the six relatives are not in harmony, there is filial piety and kindness. When the country is in chaos, there are loyal ministers."

"The hunger of the people is due to hunger because of the large amount of food and taxes. The difficulty of governing the people is based on the fact that they are capable. Husbands are those who have nothing to live for, and they are worthy of life." "...The sage does not do things, teaches without saying anything, does everything without giving up, does not have something to live, does not rely on it, and does not live when it is accomplished. Husband only stays, so he does not go." "In order to learn more and more, to do damage to the Tao. Loss and damage to the point of doing nothing. Doing nothing and doing nothing. To take the world is always nothing; if you have something to do, it is not enough to take the world."

After the two schools of Confucianism and Mohism started from the old family, they each tried their best to save the world from chaos.Confucius said that Zhou Lingwang was born in Zouyi, Luchangping Township in the 21st year (before May 51st). He was more than 30 years old. Then set up "Poetry", set up "Li" and "Yue", prefaced "Yi", and wrote "Spring and Autumn" (9).After he died (King King forty-one years = 479 B.C.), the disciples discussed and compiled his words and deeds with each other, which is called it.Mozi [10] was also from Lu, named Zhai, who was born in the 130 to 40 years of Confucius (about the 10th to 10th year of King Wei Lie). , there are seventy-one books, fifteen volumes of which are preserved today.However, Confucians value truth, and Mohism values ​​quality, so the words in "Mo Zi" are not decorated, and they are only enough to express the meaning.At that time, there was Yang Zhu [11], who advocated "for me", and almost never wrote a book, and his theory was also popular in the Warring States period.Mencius named Ke (before 372, born 289), a native of Zou, learned from Zisi, also worshiped Tang and Yu, talked about benevolence and righteousness, and explained it in Yang Mo's words. [12] wrote seven chapters of the book: "Mencius".When it was born in the Zhou Dynasty, it gradually became complicated, but the narration was very delicate, such as a section of begging for food in the cave, which was highly recommended by Song Wu ("Linxia Ou Tan") [13]:

"The people of Qi have a wife and a concubine and live in the house. When their lover comes out, they will eat and drink and then turn back; their wives ask what they eat and drink, and they are rich and noble. The wife told her concubine: When a lover comes out, he must be full of wine and food, and then turn back. Ask him what he eats and drink, he is rich and noble, but if there is no one who is prominent, I will take a look at the place of the lover.From fleas, do what a good man does.There is no one in the whole country to talk with, and the sacrificer between the Dongguo and the dead begs for the rest, and if there is not enough, he cares about others.This is the way to be satisfied.When his wife returned home, she told her concubine: "A good man is what he looks up to for his whole life. This is the case today."Talk to his lover with his concubine, and weep in the atrium.But the lover didn't know it, Shi Shi came from outside, and he was proud of his wives and concubines. "

However, those who are beautiful and rich in diction are actually Taoists. The books "Liezi" and "Qiguanzi" (14) were published late, and they were all forged by later generations;Zhuangzi [15] was named Zhou, a Mongolian in the Song Dynasty, and Gai was a later Mencius, and he was an official of the Mengqi Garden.There are more than ten thousand words in the book, most of which are fables, characters and lands, all of which are empty words without facts, but their writings are vast and comprehensive, with a variety of manners.There are thirty-three chapters in existence today, seven of which are "Inner Chapters", fifteen "Outer Chapters", and eleven "Miscellaneous Chapters".

Here is a brief recording of the text of "Inner Chapter" to see the general idea: "Nie Que asked Wang Ni, saying: Do you know the same thing about things? He said: I am evil but I know it. I know what I don't know about evil? He said: I am evil but I know it. But things don't know evil? He said: I am evil but I know it. Although, try to say, do you know that what I know is not ignorance? Do you know that what I don’t know is not knowledge? Let me try to ask my daughter: if people sleep wet, they will die of illness, is it true? Where do you feel apprehensive and apprehensive, or what apes and monkeys are? Which of the three knows the right place....Self-view: the end of benevolence and righteousness, the path of right and wrong, and confusion. I can understand the difference between evil. Nie Que said:

If the child does not know the benefits and harms, then the perfect person will certainly not know the benefits and harms?Wang Ni said: "The perfect man is a god. The great lake is burning but not hot, the river is not cold, the thunder is breaking the mountain, and the wind is shaking the sea but not startling."If so, ride the clouds, ride the sun and the moon, and swim beyond the four seas.Life and death do not change with oneself, let alone the end of the interests? "("Qiwulun" second) "The spring is dry, and the fish are on the land. It is better to forget each other in the rivers and lakes. It is better to forget each other than to praise Yao and not Jie. It is better to forget each other and transform it. The big piece carries me with shape, and labors with me. To live is to lose me to old age, and to rest me to death, so the one who is kind to my life is also good to my death." ("The Great Master" sixth)

"Shu is the emperor of the South Sea, Hu is the emperor of the North Sea, and Chaos is the emperor of the Central Sea. Shu and Su Shi meet in the land of Chaos, and Chaos treats them well.Shu and Hu planned to repay the virtue of chaos, saying: Everyone has seven orifices for seeing, hearing, feeding and breathing, and this is unique.Try to chisel it.Dig a hole every day, and die in chaos in seven days. "("Ying Di Wang" seventh) At the end there is an article (Hu Shi claimed that it was not written by Zhuang Zhou) [16], which reviews "the ruler of the world" and recommends Guan Yin and Laozi the most. "Luanmo is invisible, changeable. Death and life? Heaven and earth and? Gods go and go? Where is the light? Where is the suddenness? Everything is complete, and nothing is enough to return. The ancient Taoism lies in the right one. Zhuang When Zhou heard about it, he was pleased with it, and used absurd, absurd, and unreasonable remarks, which were unrestrained and unrestrained at times, and could not be seen with words. Take the world as dull and turbid and cannot be compared with Zhuangyu, take siyan as many words, take tautology as truth, and take fables as broad.Communicate with the spirit of heaven and earth alone, without being obsessed with all things; without condemning right and wrong, to get along with the world.Although his book is magnificent, it doesn't hurt even me.Although the diction is uneven, it is tricky and impressive.It is not enough to enrich each other.Above, swim with the Creator, while below, be friends with the external, which has no beginning and end.It is based on the foundation, grand and open, deep and unrestrained; ..." Therefore, since Shi Qian, it has been called the essential foundation of Zhou, which belongs to Laozi's words.However, Laozi still wants to say whether there is something, don’t make mistakes, know what is right and what is wrong, and take care of the world; "External death and life", "without end and beginning", Xu also means this.The theory of China's birth has been fully prepared so far. Looking at Zhou Ji's thoughts, there are four schools.One Zou Lu sect, all recite the law of the ancestors, flaunt benevolence and righteousness, and prepare for the emergencies of the world. Confucianism has Confucius and Mencius, and Mo has Mo Di.Second, in the Chen-Song school, Lao Tzu was born in Ku County, originally from the land of Chen, and talked about the rule of purity, while Zhuang Zhou was born in Song, and he also said that "the world is dull and turbid, and cannot be compared with Zhuang's words", and he entered into nothingness by doing nothing.The third is Zheng Wei School, Zheng Youdeng Xishen Buhai, Wei You Gongsun Yang, Zhao Youshen to Gongsun Long, Han You Han Fei, [17] all talk about the law.The fourth is the Yanqi school, which mostly makes empty and roundabout talks. Qi's Zou Yan, Zou Shi, Tian Pian, Jiezi[18], etc., are all outstanding, and they are also from the alchemists of the Qin and Han Dynasties. reference book: "Lao Tzu" (Notes by Jin Wang Bi) (Note by Jin Guoxiang) "Historical Records" ("The Family of Confucius", Biography of Meng, Lao, Zhuang, etc.) "Hanshu" ("Yiwenzhi") "Zi Lue" (Song Gao Si Sun) "Outline of the History of Chinese Literature" (Kojima Kenkichiro, Japan) Part Two Chapter Six "History of Chinese Literature" (Xie Wuliang) Volume Two Chapter Seven "Outline of the History of Chinese Philosophy" (Hu Shi) Volume One ※ ※ ※ 〔1〕For the words "the traces of the king are extinguished and the poems perish", see "Mencius Li Lou (Part 2)".Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty noted: "When the traces of the king are extinguished, it means that King Ping moved to the east, but political and religious orders are not as good as the world." [2] "Xianxue" "Han Feizi Xianxue": "The outstanding learning of the world is also Confucianism and Mohism." Lu Xun added Taoism here. 〔3〕 "Yi Yin" and "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" have fifty-one descriptions, the original note: "Tang Xiang". "Taigong", "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" records 237 chapters, the original note: "Lv Wang is Zhou Shi Shangfu, who originally had the Tao. Maybe it was added by those who thought Taigong art in modern times." "Xin Jia", "Han Book·Yiwenzhi" describes twenty-nine chapters, original note: "Zhou Chen". 〔4〕 "Vendi" and "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" describe twenty-two articles, the original note: "The name of Xiong is the master of Zhou." There are fourteen articles in one volume. "Guanzi", "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" describes eighty-six chapters, the original note: "The name is Yiwu, who is Qi Huan Gong." 〔5〕Lao Tzu, a native of Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period, was the founder of the Taoist school and was once the history of Zhou Shouzang. "Historical Records Biography of Laozi and Han Fei" contains: "Laozi cultivates morality, and his learning is to keep himself anonymous. After living in Zhou for a long time, seeing Zhou's decline, he left.At the end of the day, Guan Ling Yinxi said: "The son will hide himself and force me to write a book for me."So Lao Tzu wrote the first and second chapters of the book, saying more than five thousand words about the meaning of morality, and he didn't know where it would end. ""Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi" describes the second volume of "Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching". 〔6〕Guan Lingyinxi's "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" describes nine chapters of "Guan Yinzi", original note: "My name is Xi, and I am a customs officer. I pass the customs, and I am happy to go to the officials and follow him." [7] For Ban Gu, see Note [6] on page 11 of this volume.In addition to "Hanshu", he also wrote "Baihu Tongyi" and "Liangdu Fu".For the citation here, see "Han Shu·Yiwen Zhi". 〔8〕For the ancestors' narration of Yao and Shun, see "Book of Rites·Zhongyong": "The ancestor of Zhongni narrated Yao and Shun, chartered civil and military affairs." 〔9〕 "Ding "Poetry" and other sentences, among them "Poetry", please refer to the second chapter of this book. "Li", that is, "Yili", a compilation of some ritual systems in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods. "Le", that is, "Le Jing", has been lost. "Yi" means "Book of Changes". "Spring and Autumn", a history book of the state of Lu, starts from the year of Yin Gong (722 BC) and ends in the 14th year of Ai Gong (481 BC).According to legend, Confucius once compiled these books, see "Historical Records Confucius Family". 〔10〕For Mozi, see Note 〔2〕 on page 306 of this volume.He put forward the principle of universal love and sameness. The article "Universal Love" says: "When you love each other, you will rule, and if you hate each other, you will be chaotic." "It is based on the rule of the world", advocating the selection of sages as the son of heaven and his ministers, "to engage in the righteousness of the same world", "whatever is above must be what it is, and what is not must be what is not".As mentioned below, "there are seventy-one chapters in the book", "Han Shu·Yiwenzhi" describes seventy-one chapters of "Mozi", and fifty-three chapters are extant, with a total of fifteen volumes. [11] For Yang Zhu, see Note [1] on page 306 of this volume. "Mencius Teng Wengong (Part 2)" once said: "If the words of the world do not belong to Yang, they belong to Mo." It can be seen that the two schools of thought prevailed at that time. [12] Mencius (about 372-289 BC), named Ke, was born in Zou (now Zou County, Shandong) during the Warring States Period. "Historical Records Biography of Mencius and Xunqing" said that he was "a disciple of Zisi who received his karma".He is an important representative of Confucianism, advocating that "the law preceded the king" and "benevolent government".He rejected Yang Mo and once said: "Yangzi is for me, so there is no king; Moshi loves both, so there is no father. No father and no king, it is a beast." ("Mencius Teng Wengong (Part 2)") Zisi (483-402 BC), surnamed Kong and named Ji, was born in Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period.The grandson of Confucius, according to legend, he learned from Zeng Shen and wrote "The Doctrine of the Mean". 〔13〕Song Wu family is Wu Ziliang.Mingfu, named Jingxi, was born in Linhai (now Zhejiang) in the Southern Song Dynasty. He was a Jinshi during the Baoqing period of Lizong."Lin Xia Ou Tan", four volumes.The fourth volume of the book discusses "Mencius": "Its grammar is extremely impressive, such as Qi people's begging for a paragraph is especially wonderful, Tang people's miscellaneous sayings, etc., are imitated here." See "Mencius Li Lou (Part 2)" for the quotation of a passage between begging for food. [14] "Liezi" Liezi is Lie Yukou, a native of Zheng State during the Warring States Period. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" describes eight chapters of "Liezi", the original note: "Zhuangzi first, Zhuangzi called it." "He Guanzi", "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" describes an article "He Guanzi", the original note: "Chu people, living in the mountains, take the pheasant as their crown." The name is unknown.The book has been lost, and the existing three volumes and nineteen chapters are false entrustments. [15] Zhuangzi (369-286 BC) named Zhou, a native of Song during the Warring States period.A representative of the Taoist school, he was once an official of the Mengqi Garden. "Historical Records Biography of Laozi and Han Fei" contains: "His learning is omnipresent, but its essence is attributed to Laozi's words. Therefore, he wrote more than 100,000 words, most of which are fables." He also said that "all empty words have no facts However, it belongs to the book Lici, refers to things and similar situations, and uses plagiarism to strip Confucianism and ink, although it cannot be solved by the current world. Its words are wild and self-indulgent to suit oneself, so princes and adults cannot use it." "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" describes fifty-two articles.There are thirty-three chapters in today's biography, and the "Inner Chapters" include "Xiaoyaoyou", "Qiwulun", "Health Master", "Human World", "De Chongfu", "Great Master", "Ying Diwang", here The seven chapters are generally believed to be written by Zhuang Zhou; "Outer Chapters" includes fifteen chapters including "Pian Thumb" and "Horseshoe", and "Miscellaneous Chapters" includes eleven chapters including "Geng Sang Chu" and "Xu Wugui". The twenty-six chapters are generally considered to be written by Zhuangzi's followers. [16] Regarding the author of the pian, Hu Shi said in the first chapter of the ninth chapter of "Outline of the History of Chinese Philosophy": "Pian is a wonderful postscript, but it is by no means Zhuangzi's own creation." 〔17〕Deng Xi (545-501 BC) was a doctor of the State of Zheng in the Spring and Autumn Period.He once compiled the punishment book "Bamboo Punishment", which has been lost. "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" describes two chapters of "Deng Xi", which are also lost.Today there is a volume of "Deng Xizi", which is a fake book.Shen Buhai (approximately 385-337 BC), a native of Zheng State during the Warring States Period, served as the Minister of Han Zhaohou. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" describes six articles of "Shenzi", and now only one article of "General".Gongsun Yang (approximately 390-338 BC), that is, Shang Yang, was a native of Wei during the Warring States period.During Qin Xiaogong's time, he served as Zuo Shuchang and Daliang Zao, and carried out reforms twice. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" records twenty-nine chapters of "Shang Jun", twenty-four of which are preserved today; there are also twenty-seven chapters of "Gongsun Yang", which have been lost.Shen Dao (about 395-315 BC), a native of Zhao State during the Warring States Period, once gave lectures in Qi State. Forty-two chapters of Shenzi are recorded in "Hanshu Yiwenzhi", five of which are preserved today.Gongsun Long (approximately 320-250 BC), a native of Zhao State during the Warring States Period, was once a guest of Pingyuan Lord. Fourteen chapters of "Gongsun Longzi" are recorded in "Hanshu Yiwenzhi", six of which are preserved today.Han Fei (about 280-233 BC), a Korean in the Warring States Period, was employed by Xun Kuang. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" records fifty-five chapters of "Han Zi". [18] Zouyan (about 305-240 BC) Tan Tianyan, a native of Qi State during the Warring States Period, served as the teacher of King Yan Zhao. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" describes forty-nine chapters of "Zou Zi", and fifty-six chapters of "Zou Zi's end and beginning".There is a volume of "Zou Zi" in Ma Guohan's "Yuhanshanfang Collection Lost Books".Zou Xun, nicknamed Diaolong Xun, was a native of Qi during the Warring States Period. Twelve chapters of "Zou Shizi" are described in "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi", which have been lost.Tian Pian, also known as Chen Pianzi, nicknamed Tiankou Pian, was born in the State of Qi during the Warring States period. Twenty-five chapters of "Tianzi" are described in "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi", which have been lost.Jiezi, also known as Jiezi. "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" describes two pieces of "Jiezi", which have been lost. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" classifies Zou Yan and Zou Xun into Yinyang School, Tian Pian and Jiezi into Taoism.