Chapter 4 Part II Myths and Legends

Part II Myths and Legends Zhuangzi called it Qixie, while Liezi called it Yijian,[1] but these are all fables and not enough to be trusted. "Han Zhi" is said to come from barnyard officials, but barnyard officials' job is to collect rather than create. The Utah nation also lies in myths and legends. In the past, the early people saw that all things in the world were erratic, and their phenomena were beyond human ability, so they invented many theories to explain them: whatever they explained, they are now called myths.Myths generally use a "godhead" as the center, and deduce it as a narrative, and believe in and fear the gods and things they narrate, so they sing praises for their power and spirit, and put them in altars and temples. .Therefore, mythology is not only the germ of religion and the origin of art, but also the origin of articles.However, although myths produce articles, poets are the enemies of myths. When singing and narrating, they will inevitably be whitewashed and lost their originality. Therefore, although myths entrust poetry to flourish and survive, they are also changed because of it. And the break also.For example, the theory of the creation of heaven and earth has been left behind in China, which has already been imagined at a higher level, but the true colors of the early people cannot be seen, which is an example.

The chaos of heaven and earth is like a chicken, and Pangu was born in it, eighteen thousand years old.The heaven and the earth were opened up, the yang and qing became the sky, and the yin and turbidity became the earth. Pangu was in it, changing nine times a day, the god was in the sky, and the holiness was in the earth.The sky is ten feet higher every day, the earth is ten feet thicker, and Pangu is ten feet longer every day. For eight thousand years, the number of days is extremely high, the number of earth is extremely deep, and Pangu is extremely long.Later there were three emperors. ("Yiwenleiju" quotes Xu Zheng's "Sanwu Calendar")

Heaven and earth are also things.There is a shortage of things, so in the past, Nuwa practiced five-color stones to make up for the gaps, and the broken Ao was enough to stand the four poles.Afterwards, the Gonggong clan and Zhuanxu fought for the title of emperor, and in anger they touched the mountains of Buzhou, broke the pillars of the sky, and were desperate to maintain their position. Therefore, the sky tilted to the northwest, the sun, the moon, and the stars were all there, and the land was not full to the southeast, so all the rivers and rivers returned to them. ("Liezi", "Tang Wen")

In the evolution of mythology, the central one is gradually approaching human nature, and everything described is now called legend.According to the legends, they are either divine beings or ancient heroes whose extraordinary talents, supernatural powers and bravery are beyond the reach of mortals, and because of the gift of heaven, or those who have the appearance of heaven, Tong Di swallowed swallow eggs and gave birth to shang [2], Liu It is an example that the woman has to cross the dragon and get pregnant (3).In addition, there are many. In the time of Yao, ten days came out at the same time, scorching grain and killing grass and trees, and the people had nothing to eat.

Jiao chisels chiseled teeth, nine infants, strong wind seals pigs and repairs snakes, all of which are harm to the people.Yao is the envoy of Yi... Shoot upwards for ten days and downwards to kill Jiao Jiao. ... All the people were happy, and Yao was regarded as the Son of Heaven. ("Huainanzi", "Ben Jing Xun") Yi asked the Queen Mother of the West for the medicine of immortality, and Chang'e stole it to fly to the moon. ("Huainanzi" and "Lan Ming Xun". Gao You's notes say, Chang'e Yi's wife. Yi asked the Queen Mother of the West for the medicine of immortality, but failed to take it. Chang'e stole it, got immortals, and rushed into the middle of the moon to become the moon spirit .)

In the past, Yao killed Gun on Yushan Mountain, and he was deified as a yellow bear to enter Yuyuan. ("Spring and Autumn", "Zuo's Biography") Gusou sent Shun to paint the granary above and set fire to the granary from below, but Shun defended himself with two hats and went down without dying.Gusou again made Shun go through the well, and when Shun went through the well, he hid himself in the void and came out beside it. ("Historical Records" and "Shun Benji") [4] There is no collection of Chinese myths and legends as a special book. They are only scattered in ancient books, and there are many in them.The 18 volumes of the present handed down version record the foreign objects of mountains and rivers, gods and gods at home and abroad and the appropriateness of sacrifices. It is believed that the author of Yu Yi is definitely not the author, and the creator of "Chu Ci" is not the same;

〔5〕The things recorded in the shrines and gods mostly use boiled rice (polished rice), which is combined with witchcraft, and it also surpasses the ancient witchcraft books, but the Qin and Han people also benefited.It is the most well-known in the world, and those who are often quoted as the truth include Kunlun Mountain and the Queen Mother of the West. The hill of Kunlun is the capital of the real emperor, the god Lu Wusi, whose god looks like a tiger with nine tails and a human face with tiger claws.It is also the god, the nine departments of Sitian and the time of the emperor. ("Xishan Jing")

Yushan is the residence of the Queen Mother of the West.The Queen Mother of the West looks like a human being, with leopard tail and tiger teeth whistling, fluffy hair and wearing a hoop. (same as above) The ruins of Kunlun are eight hundred miles square and ten thousand ren high; there are wood grains on it, five fathoms long, and five circumferences; there are nine wells on the front, with jade as the threshold; there are nine gates on the front, and the gates are guarded by enlightened beasts.The place of the gods.At the time of Chishui and the rock of Bayu, there is no one but Ren Yi. ("Hai Nei Xi Jing")

The Queen Mother of the West has a ladder and a hoopoe stick (the word Dangyan in the case), and there are three blue birds in the south, which feed for the Queen Mother of the West, in the north of the Kunlun Ruins. ("Hainei Beijing") There is a mountain in the wilderness, named Fengju Yumen, where the sun and the moon enter.There is Lingshan, Wu Xian Wu is Wu Yi, Wu Peng, Wu Gu, Wu Zhen, Wu Li, Wu Da, Wu Xie, Luo Shi Wu, and the ten witches ascend and descend from then on, and all the medicines are here. ("The Great Wild West") South of the West Sea, on the shore of the quicksand, behind the Chishui River and before the Black River, there is a great mountain called Kunlun Hill.There are gods, human faces, tigers, and tails, all of which are white.Below it is the abyss of weak water.Outside there is a mountain of flames, where things are thrown.Someone wears a hoopoe, with tiger teeth and leopard tail, and the cave is called Queen Mother of the West.This mountain has everything. (same as above)

In the fifth year of Xianning in the Jin Dynasty, the people of Ji County were not allowed to steal the tomb of King Xiang of Wei [6], and got five bamboo books "Mu Tianzi Biography" and nineteen miscellaneous books. "Mu Tianzi Biography" exists today, and there are six volumes; the first five volumes record the story of King Mu of Zhou driving eight steeds to the west, and the latter volume records Sheng Ji's death on the journey and even the back burial, which is a miscellaneous book.It is also said that he saw the Queen Mother of the West without describing the different appearances, and her appearance is quite close to that of a human king.

On an auspicious day, Jiazi, the son of heaven was with the Queen Mother of the West, and he held the white jade and Xuanbi to see the Queen Mother of the West.I would like to offer one hundred pure brocades, three hundred pure brocades, and the Queen Mother of the West will accept them again. C Yi ugly.The son of heaven, the Queen Mother of the West, is on the Yaochi.The Queen Mother of the West made a ballad for the Son of Heaven, saying, "White clouds are in the sky, and the mountains [7] come out by themselves. The road is far away, and between the mountains and rivers, the general will come back without dying." The Son of Heaven replied, "I will return to the East, and To govern the various summers, all peoples are equal, I would like to see you, and in three years, I will return to the wild." The emperor then drove up to Yanshan Mountain, which is a stone that has not been seen in Yanshan Mountain, and the tree's locust tree, the eyebrows are the Queen Mother of the West. Mountain. (Volume 3) A tiger cares about Jiazhong.The Son of Heaven is coming.Gao Benrong, a scholar of the seven essences, asked to catch a tiger alive, and he must have all of them, so he sacrificed them alive.Dongyu, who was ordered by the emperor to be a guard and an animal, is a tiger prison.The emperor bestowed Ben Rong with ten horses, and returned them to the prison, and Ben Rong paid homage to Jishou. (Volume Five) Han Yingshao [8] said that the "Book of Zhou" was the source of Yu Chu's novels, but the current "Book of Yi Zhou" contains only four chapters: "Ke Yin", "Shi Prisoner", "Wang Hui" and "Prince Jin" [9]. The description is a lot of exaggeration, which is similar to legend, but Yuwen is not.In the Zhoushi bamboo book published by Jizhong, there were originally eleven chapters of "Suoyu", which were books about divining dreams and monsters in various countries, but they are lost today, and their articles were quoted in "Taiping Yulan" [10]; "Lu Wangbiao" [11] also quotes "Zhou Zhi", which all record dream experiences, which seem to be novels, or Yu Chu's original works are like this, but there is no evidence, so it is difficult to determine. Qi Jinggong conquered the Song Dynasty and went to Quling. He dreamed that he had a short husband in front of him.Yanzi said, "What is your dream like?" The Duke said, "The guest is very short, big and small, his words are very angry, and he is easy to bow." Yanzi said, "If so, then Yi Yin is also. Yi Yin is very big and Short, big up and down, red and bearded, and his words are easy to bow down." The Duke said, "Yes." Yanzi said, "It is angry with the emperor and teacher, it is better to disobey it." So he failed to attack Song. ("Taiping Yulan" three hundred and seventy-eight) King Wen Mengtian obeyed Xuanzhen to stand in Linghu.The emperor said, "Chang, give you hope." King Wen paid homage to Jishou again, and the Taigong also paid homage to Jishou after that.On the night of King Wen's dream, so is the Taigong's dream.Later, when King Wen saw Taigong, he said, "Is it called Wanghu?" As far as he said, "I can see it through this." King Wen said, "There is it, there is it." (The stone inscription of "Lv Wangbiao, Taigong" was established in Jin Dynasty, and the word "que" was added in "Lu Wangbiao" established by the Eastern Wei Dynasty.) He is like "Yan Danzi" before the Han Dynasty, "The Book of the King of Shu" by Yang Xiong in the Han Dynasty [12], "Wuyue Spring and Autumn" by Zhao Ye [13], Yuan Kang and Wu Ping's "Yue Jueshu" [14], etc., although this is a historical fact , and contains strange news.If you are looking for poetry, it is Qu Yuan's poems, especially in "Heavenly Questions" [15], where there are many myths and legends, such as "What is the virtue of night light, and it will give birth again after death? What is the benefit, but Gu Tu is in the belly?" "Where did Gun camp? Where did Yu build? Kang Hui was angry, why did the land tilt to the southeast?" "Kunlun County Garden, where is its place? Zengcheng Jiuchong, how many miles is it high?" "Where is the dace? Where is it? Yi Yan bowed to the end of the day? Wu Yan Xie Yu?” Yes.Wang Yi [16] said, "Qu Yuan was exiled, wandering around the mountains and rivers, saw the temples of the former kings and the ancestral halls of Gongqing in Chu, and painted pictures of the gods of heaven, earth, mountains and rivers, Qi Weiqi, and ancient sages and monsters.... Because of the book on its wall, why do you ask? It." (Note to this book) is to know this kind of story, which was not only circulated among the population at that time, but also used as temple decoration.Its popularity continued to the Han Dynasty, and today there are still stone carvings of gods, monsters, saints, philosophers and women in the tombs of the ruins.Since the Jin Dynasty obtained the Jizhong Book, Guo Pu [17] wrote annotations for "Mu Tianzi Biography", and also commented on it, and made pictures to praise it. Later, Jiang Guan [18] also had pictures to praise it, which was based on the theory of supernatural beings. After the Jin Dynasty, it was still popular among people. love deeply.However, since ancient times, it has never been heard that there has been a collection of fusion and casting into a huge system, such as the Greek epic [19], which was first used as a poetic embellishment, and its signs are often seen in novels. The reason why there are only sporadic parts of Chinese mythology is that there are two reasons for the speaker [20]: one is that the people of Huatu lived in the Yellow River Basin first, and they lacked the blessings of heaven, and their lives were hardworking, so they emphasized reality and overshadowed fantasy. It can gather ancient legends to form a great essay.The two came out of Confucius, who taught practical things such as self-cultivation, family governance, and world peace. He did not want to talk about ghosts and gods. However, the details of the case, the reason is that there is no difference between gods and ghosts.The gods and the earth are only humans and ghosts. Although the ancients could distinguish them, humans and ghosts can also be gods.If humans and gods are mixed, the original beliefs will not be shed; if the original beliefs exist, they will continue to rise like legends, and the old ones will become dead, and the new ones will lose their brilliance.In the following example, the first two are new gods that can be born at any time, and the last three are old gods that have been converted but not evolved. Jiang Ziwen, a native of Guangling, was addicted to wine and sex, and had a lot of frivolity; he often claimed that his bones were young, and death was a god.At the end of the Han Dynasty, he was the captain of Moling. He chased the bandits to the foot of Zhongshan Mountain.At the beginning of Wu Xianzhu, his old officials saw Wen Yu Dao, and said, "I should be the god of the land, and I will bless the people. If you can declare to the people and build a temple for me, if you don't, there will be a big blame. "It's a great epidemic in the summer, and the people are always afraid of moving, and there are quite a few people who steal temples. ("Taiping Guangji" quoted "Sou Shen Ji" in 293) There is a Zigu god in the world. It is said in ancient times that she was a concubine who was envied by the old woman. Every time she served each other with dirty things, she died of gratitude on the 15th day of the first lunar month.Therefore, people in the world use their day as their shape, and at night they welcome them in the toilet or by the side of the pigsty. ... The caster feels heavy (the cast is considered to be caught, and the hold is also), it is the god who comes to lay down the wine and fruit, and also feels that the appearance is brilliant and colorful, that is, he can't dance; he can occupy all things, predict the future of sericulture, and If you are good at shooting hooks; if you are good, you will be big; ("Yi Yuan" 5) In the midst of the sea, there is the mountain of Dushuo, on which there is a big peach tree... the northeast among its branches is called the gate of ghosts, where ten thousand ghosts come and go.There are two gods and men on it, one is Shentu, and the other is Yulei. They are in charge of leading all ghosts, and the ghosts who harm evil, hold on to reeds and eat tigers.So the Yellow Emperor made a ceremony, drove them with the time, set up a big peach man, painted the god Tuyu Lei and a tiger on the door, and hung reeds to ward off evil spirits. (Twenty-two quotations from "Lunheng", which are not included in the current version of the case.) In the southeast there is Taodu Mountain,...there are two gods below, named Long on the left and Yu on the right, who hold reeds and wait for ominous ghosts, and if they get it, they will kill them.Today, people are standing next to the gate as two peach people...covering the portraits. ("Taiping Yulan" 29 and 918 quoted "Xuanzhong Ji" and "Jade Candle Collection" to supplement) The door god is the second general Hu Jingde, Qin Shubao of the Tang Dynasty.According to legend, Tang Taizong didn't hesitate, throwing bricks and making tiles outside his bedroom door, and ghosts shouted. ... Taizong was afraid of it and told his officials.Qin Shubao went out of the class to play and said, "I kill people like cutting melons, and accumulate corpses like gathering ants. Why are you afraid of sprites? I would like to stand outside the gate with Hu Jingde in uniform." Taizong can play it, and there is no police at night. , and ordered the images of the two painters to hang on the left and right doors of the palace, where the evil spirits are breathing.Later generations followed, so he will be the door god forever. ("Three Religions Searching Gods Encyclopedia" VII) ※ ※ ※ 〔1〕Qi Xie's "Zhuangzi Xiaoyaoyou" contains: "Those who are Qi Xie are also those who have aspirations." Liang Wujun's "Continuation of Qi Harmony".Yi Jian, "Lie Zi·Tang Wen" contains: there are Kun and Peng in Minghai. Collection of book titles, such as Song Hongmai's "Yijianzhi", Jin Yuanhaowen's "Continued Yijianzhi". 〔2〕Jian Di swallowed swallow eggs and gave birth to Shang see "Historical Records·Yin Benji": "Yin Qi, whose mother is Jian Di, has a daughter of the 娀 family, who is the second concubine of Emperor Ku. The three of them took a bath and saw Xuanniao drop its eggs , Jian Di took it and swallowed it, because it gave birth to Qi." Shang, that is, Qi, the ancestor of the Shang Dynasty. 〔3〕Liu Lai got to pay a dragon and see "Historical Records: The Benji of Gaozu": "Liu Lai tasted the embankment of Daze, and dreamed of meeting with God. It was the time when the thunder and lightning were dark, and the Taigong looked at it, and saw the dragon on it. .Already conceived, and gave birth to Gaozu." Jiaolong, "Jiaolong" in "Han Shu·Gao Di Ji".Ji, Han Gaozu. Liu Bang, styled Ji. [4] About Gusou's attempt to harm Shun, the original work of "Historical Records: The Five Emperors" reads: "Gusou still wanted to kill Shun, so he made Shun paint the granary on top, and Gusou set fire to the granary from below. Shun defended himself with two hats. Go down, go, and you won't die. Later, Gusou made Shun go through the well, and Shun went through the well to get out beside the hole. After Shun went deep, Gusou and Xiang went down to build the well, and Shun went out from the hole." 〔5〕As for the author, it is called the work of Yu and Yi. See Han Liu Xin's "Shangshan Haijing Biao": "Yu didn't leave the Kyushu, and he was a tribute to the soil, and Yi and other things were good and evil, written"; Han Wangchong's "On Heng Bietong Pian: "Yu and Yi control the floods together,... based on what you hear and see." It was created based on "Chu Ci", see Song Zhuxi's "Chu Ci Dialectical" (Part 2): "It is probably the ancient and modern saying that "Heaven Those who wrote "Qian" were all based on these two books (according to the "Huainanzi"), and now they are tested based on the meaning of the text, and those who doubt these two books are all written to understand this "Qian"." 〔6〕It is not allowed to steal the tomb of King Xiang of Wei. The "Book of Jin·Wudiji" records: In the fifth year of Xianning (279) in winter and October, "Jijun people are not allowed to dig the tomb of King Xiang of Wei, and get more than 100,000 words of ancient books on bamboo slips and small seal script." No, name.The tomb of King Wei Xiang, one said the tomb of King Anli.According to "Book of Jin·Shuxi Biography": Dozens of bamboo books were obtained from Jizhong, "The thirteen chapters of his "Records of the Year" record that King You of Zhou was destroyed by the dog army from Xia Dynasty to the present day. , still describing the twenty years from Wei to King Anli.... Eleven chapters of "Suoyu", the books of divining dreams and monsters in various countries.... Five chapters of "Mu Tianzi Biography", it is said that King Mu of Zhou traveled all over the world, seeing Emperor Terrace, Queen Mother of the West.... There are nineteen miscellaneous books: "Zhou Shi Tian Fa", "Book of Zhou", "On Chu Shi", "The Death of Sheng Ji, a beauty of King Mu of Zhou." [7] Variant characters of ling.The following "严" and "Ji" are variant characters of "Qi" and "Ji" respectively. [8] Ying Shao, styled Zhongyuan, was born in Nandun, Runan (now Xiangcheng, Henan) in the Eastern Han Dynasty.He used to be the prefect of Mount Tai.He has written "Customs of Customs", "Han Shu Ji Jie Yin Yi" and so on. 〔9〕 "Ke Yin" see "Yi Zhou Shu" thirty-sixth, it records Zhou Wu King's victory over Yin Zhou in Muye. "World Captives", see "Yi Zhou Shu" 40th, records that after King Wu of Zhou destroyed Yin, he continued to pursue the princes of Yin and sacrificed captives. "Wang Hui", see "Yi Zhou Shu" fifty-ninth, records Zhou Chengwang's meeting of princes, and the countries presented rare and exotic things. "Prince Jin", see "Yi Zhou Shu" No. 64, records that Prince Jin of Zhou Lingwang was able to speak eloquently when he had a conversation with Jin doctor Shi Kuang. 〔10〕The "Taiping Yulan" books were edited by Li Fang and others in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the book was completed in the eighth year of Taiping Xingguo (983).There are a total of 1,000 volumes, divided into 55 categories, and as many as 1,690 kinds of books are cited.The book quotes seventeen chapters of Suoyu. 〔11〕The stone inscription of "Lu Wangbiao" was established in Jin Dynasty, and it is called "Taigong Stele".Song Zhao Mingcheng's "Jinshilu" contains: "In March of the tenth year of Taikang in Jin Dynasty, Lu Wuji, the magistrate of Ji County, was established." In the table, there is a passage of "Wen Wang Mengtiandi" in "Zhou Zhi". "Zhou Zhi", "Zuo Zhuan" in the second year of Wen Gong: "The record of the Zhizhi is also called "Zhou Zhi". Yuan's "Zhongzhou Jinshi Ji" records that after the Jin Li Taigong stele was damaged and cracked, it was erected again in April of the eighth year of Wuding in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (548).Written by Mu Zirong. [12] Yang Xiong (before 53-18), also known as Yang Xiong, styled Ziyun, was born in Chengdu (now Sichuan) in Shu County in the Western Han Dynasty.His works include "Yangtze Gathering" compiled by Ming people, six volumes.The "Benji of the King of Shu", one volume, records the strange things of the kings of Shu from the founding of the Kingdom of Shu to the Qin Dynasty. [13] Zhao Ye, courtesy name Changjun, was born in Shanyin (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) in the Eastern Han Dynasty.The "Wuyue Spring and Autumn" and "Suishu·Jingjizhi" written in twelve volumes describe the historical stories of Wu State from Taibo to Fuchai, and Yue State from Wuyu to Goujian, among which there are many folk legends. [14] Yuan Kang was born in Kuaiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) in the Eastern Han Dynasty.Wu Ping, courtesy name Jungao, was born in Kuaiji in the Eastern Han Dynasty. "Yue Jue Shu" records the history and geography of Wu Yue and the activities of Fu Chai, Wu Zixu, Wen Zhong, Fan Li and others. "Old Tang Book·Jing Ji Zhi" contains sixteen volumes, written by Zi Gong.According to the history of the book and the Qin and Han Dynasties, the author cannot be Zi Gong. "Summary of General Catalog of Siku Quanshu" infers that "it was written by Yuan Kang in Kuaiji, and it was determined by Wu Ping in the same county." [15] The titles of "Tian Wen" and "Chu Ci", written by Qu Yuan.The whole poem is composed of more than 170 questions, raising questions about some ancient historical events, myths and legends and natural phenomena.Lu Xun's "Mo Luo Poetry Power Talk" said that this poem "doubts from the beginning of ancient times to the trivial details of all things, and it is unscrupulous, which the predecessors dare not speak." 〔16〕Wang Yi, whose name is uncle, was born in Yicheng (now Hubei), Nanjun County, Eastern Han Dynasty.Emperor An was the school secretary in Yuan junior high school, and he entered the servant in the time of Emperor Shun.The "Chu Ci Zhangju" written by him is the earliest annotated version of "Chu Ci". The following "Book Notes" refers to the sequence of chapters and sentences in "Tianwen" in Wang Yi's "Chu Ci Zhangju", which is abridged here. 〔17〕Guo Pu (276-324), styled Jing Chun, was born in Wenxi, Wenxi (now part of Shanxi), Jindong. He once worked as Zuo Lang and Wang Dunji and joined the army.Tuzan, "Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi" describes the second volume of Guo Pu's "Shan Hai Jing Tu Zan", which is a hymn poem with pictures as the theme. 〔18〕Jiang Guanzi Daoqun, a native of Jinchenliu (now Kaifeng County, Henan Province), was an official to the prefect of Wujun.According to "Old Tang Book·Jing Ji Zhi" and "New Tang Book·Yi Wen Zhi", Jiang Guan wrote "Erya Tu Zan". 〔19〕Greek epic refers to the long poem, "Odyssey", which is said to have been written by the blind poet Homer in the ninth century BC. After a long period of oral recitation, it was compiled into a book in the sixth century BC.The works connect many myths and historical legends, providing rich materials for the literary and artistic creation of later generations. [20] The speaker refers to On Shioya, Japan.He explained the two reasons why there are few ancient Chinese myths, see Chapter 6 of his "Introduction to Chinese Literature" (translated by Sun Yugong).