Chapter 30 28. Phrasebook

In the previous article, I talked about improvisation, and I used big words to choose realism instead of romanticism.It is good to get a sentence in a dream, a magical pen, but it is better than often dreaming fails and the magic does not come, so I have to make concessions and piece together.But in any case, this kind of patchwork still finds materials from the mind, bamboo and sawdust, after all, it is my own.Sometimes, it is even not uncommon to search left and right, but there is not even bamboo sawdust, what should I do?There is another way, which was also used by many literati in the past, or commonly used, is to look for it in dictionaries.Many literati, such as Li Shan and Su Dongpo, have almost all the classics in their minds, so they don't need to bother.But in the world, there are too few people like Li Shan and Su Dongpo, so dictionaries are still useful; as for now, nine out of ten of us are empty stomachs, so it should be said to be of great use.

Phrasebooks are named after the needs of people who still want to write after they have exhausted their literary ideas. It was included in the sub-section of the catalog in the old days, and it was named "Leishu".As the name suggests, it is a book compiled and printed by categorizing scattered documents for easy retrieval.It was originally compiled for busy people (or lazy people) with power. It began with Cao Wei and was named "Huang Lan".Later, many emperors, and those who had money to buy books even though they were not emperors, were also happy to get some knowledge and wealth from this labor-saving road, so similar books (mostly tomes) prospered one after another.In terms of famous names, there are "Beitang Shuchao", "Yiwenleiju", "Chuxueji" in the Tang Dynasty, "Taiping Yulan", "Cefu Yuangui", and "Yuhai" in the Song Dynasty. The "Yongle Dadian" of the Qing Dynasty, the "Yuanjian Leihan", "Pianzi Leibian", "The Collection of Ancient and Modern Books", "Peiwen Yunfu" and so on.Of course, these kinds of books have their own characteristics, so there is no need to introduce them here.When it comes to classification alone, most of them are based on the nature of the content they are talking about, with the important ones first and the minor ones last;Taking the little-known "Ci Lin Dian Xie" as an example, it is first divided into 30 categories, which are: astronomy gate, season gate, geography gate, emperor's back gate, official position gate, politics gate, etiquette gate, music gate, human relations gate, Character Gate, Boudoir Gate, Body Gate, Wenshi Gate, Military Equipment Gate, Arts and Crafts Gate, Foreign Teachers Gate, Treasure Gate, Palace Gate, Utensil Gate, Clothing Gate, Diet Gate, Susu Gate, Cloth Gate, Vegetation Gate, Flower Gate, Fruit Gate, Bird Gate, Animal Gate, Scale Gate, and Insect Gate; and then each gate is further divided into subcategories. Taking Tianwen Gate as an example, it is divided into 43 subcategories: General Astronomy, Sky, Sun and Moon, Sun, Spring, summer, autumn, winter, moon, new moon, waning moon, laurel, mid-autumn moon, star (Jingxing, Beidou), Tianhe, cloud, Qingyun, Yunfeng, wind and rain, wind, spring breeze, summer breeze, Autumn wind, winter wind, rain, night rain, happy rain, spring rain, summer rain, autumn rain, winter rain, thunder, lightning, rainbow, glow, dew, frost, snow, happy snow, spring snow, fog, smog, smoke.In this way, large categories are multiplied by small categories, and the literature and materials are put into hundreds of piles. If you want to have or pretend to have it in a short time, you can find it in a corresponding pile according to the picture.

To look for is to look for antiques about a certain thing (古事古语).Here, some books are collected more, and some books are collected less.The one with the most detailed classification and the most collection is "Integrated Ancient and Modern Books", so it is difficult to give an example.I have the unrefined "Jiaoshan Tower Supplement Class Axillary", which is intended to be simple and practical, and the space is not large. Let me take its first sub-category "Heaven" as an example, including Qiongcang, Jiuye, Changhe, Haoqiong, Taiqing, Ru Li, Da Yuan, Zeng Qiong, Wei Lan, Bi Weng Weng, Sheng Liu Li, Egg Color Sky, Bi Luo Tian, ​​Yi Chu, Zou Yan Tan, Wan Wu Li, Zhang Gong, Lian Shi Bu, Tian Shou Algae Bloom, Jiu Hong , Diaotaihong, Zuoxuan, Guanjian, Raspberry, Ant Mill, Thirty-six Heavens, Qingyuan, Chiwu, Sanqing, Daluo, Car Cover, Jianyi, Ziluo, Bixu, Sitting Well View, Tushita , Shi Rongrong, Cui Li, and Hua Jiang, a total of forty items.Each article is marked with its source, such as the first comment on the sky: "Poetry: to read the sky. Erya: the sky is also the sky. Spring is the sky, summer is the Haotian, autumn is the sky, and winter is the sky." Composing poetry involves heaven, and if you can't think of any elegant words to use for a while, you can check this part to see if there is any suitable one.

Among the books that sell rhetoric, the largest (and naturally the most abundant) is "Pei Wen Yun Fu" compiled by officials in the early Qing Dynasty.This book is divided into volumes according to the 106 rhymes of Pingshui rhyme, and the entries of each rhyme are based on a single character. .In recent years, the printed editions of the Commercial Press have indexed both items and words, arranged in order of the four-corner number of the first word.In this way, for example, the word "qiongcang" is included in the pile starting with the word "qiong" (index) and the pile ending with the word "cang" (original book).To make it clear and easy to understand, take the following three aspects of search as examples:

First, for example, to write a poem, you need to find a color pair. I plan to use "purple" as the first character of a word, but I can't figure out what to use next, so I first look up the index and look up the word purple. The four-corner number is 21903.Looking at the words arranged under the purple character, there are 1016 words in total, such as Zitong, Zimo, Ziting, Zilu, Zifangsan, Ziyishihao, etc. It is of course easy to choose a suitable one. Second, it is also a word. The last word is going to use "Dong". There are 88 such as Yudong, Mengdong, Zhongdong, Jidong, Yinshidong, Xingyiqiudong, etc. It will not be difficult to choose one of them. There are two kinds of appendices at the end of the "Winter" note. One is the "dialogue" that uses this word as the second line, such as praying for the new year, Hedong, Sishi, Sandong, waiting for La, welcoming winter, etc., which can be used as a couplet. Reference; the other is "extracted sentences" with this word as the ending word, such as Yaocao picking up three winters, reading martial arts to severe winter, tree color different three winters, etc., which can be used as a reference for making sentences.

Third, sometimes, when you think of a word and plan to use it, but you are not sure, because you are not very clear about its origin and function, you can first check the index to see if there is such an entry. If so, go to Check the place indicated in the index.Take "Zhengyi" as an example, look up the index, find it in the first column of page 204 of Volume 1, and see how it is used: "Han Yu's poem: Sleeping in a post pavilion at night, worrying about not sleeping, and covering Zhengyi when you are lucky. Xu Hun's poem: There are letters from the country, and I still send myself to collect clothes. Wang Anshi's poem: I am worried about the short spring dream, and the lights are on to collect clothes. Mei Yaochen's poem: When I meet the swallow at home, get off the horse to collect clothes. Zhu Zi's poem: Pupils face the sun and rise from the high rock , Su Ru Zheng Yi Yi Xiaolan. Dai Gu's poem: Li Li walks with each other, and I don't change the old Zheng Yi in one spring." I have read it, it is unpredictable, plagiarism is unnecessary, or it should not be, you can always be inspired, or Use the method of transformation to write your own poems, right?

The volume of "Pei Wen Yun Mansion" is too large, there was no index in the past, and it is not convenient to search from top to bottom.Therefore, in response to the needs of ordinary literati (mostly in charge of careers), some literati who have tasted hardships, probably in cooperation with clever bookstore owners, compiled and printed many books such as the current college entrance examination review materials.Such books are not worth the attention of educated people, but they sell well and make money.Compared with the books described in various catalogs, this kind of books can be called emergency vulgar books.It is also because of vulgarity, close to the masses, and popular, it is the most popular.It is indeed useful. I will only give an example of a kind of "Zi Xue Yu Yu", which is necessary for everyone. It is a small book with not much content, and it is not considered knowledge, but it can tell many half-literate scholars that they should take the imperial examination. How to write certain characters, if there is a difference, Zhongxiucai, Juren, etc. will be hopeless; some words involving high-ranking people, some need to be raised (change the line to move up a space), some need to be raised twice, and some words need to be raised. Three lifts, if the lift should be lifted or the wrong lift is wrong, Zhongxiucai, Juren, etc. will be hopeless.It’s so useful, and it’s so important, so it’s no wonder that those who want to climb up have to buy it and put it on their desks.It is still a rhetoric book, and there is also a kind that almost everyone must have, which is (take the version at hand as an example) "Taking Zheng Zeng Guang Shi Yun Quan Bi".It is also a small book (5 books per letter), which can fit in the lower pocket of the uniform, but its nature is the same as that of a small supermarket, and it can supply almost everything related to rhetoric.Besides, the titles of the content can be messy, except that the main text refers to "Peiwen Yunfu" and arranges the characters from Ping Sheng Yi Dong to Ru Sheng Shi Qi Qia (the collection of the words they belong to has been improved, that is, the beginning of this character is also included) , and also include "Chuxue Jianyun" (searching a certain character according to the radicals to enter a certain rhyme), "Xuzi Yunsou" (the ancient usage of the virtual characters, or, who, etc.), "Yue Ling Cui Bian" (according to the year Arrangement of Seasons, Months and Days Classical, Selected Works and Topic Solutions (arranging some ancient sentences with rhymes at the end of the sentence according to rhyme), "Poetry Axillary" (divided into major categories according to the Ministry of Emperors, the Ministry of Officials, etc., Emperor De, Shengshou Equally divided into sub-categories, each sub-category is composed of five-character couplets chanting its content), "Fuhuiluyao" (divided into major categories according to the Department of Astronomy and the Department of Sui Shi, etc., with the entries of heaven and earth, Qiankun as heaven and earth, etc., each entry is sung as follows Fu Zhongsentence of its content), "Ci Lin Dian Xie" (see above for the classification, and arrange the words related to it to form duals under each sub-category), "Golden Pot Character Test" (divided into heaven, earth, people, and things 4 section, each section contains several related words, explaining their pronunciation and meaning), "Summary of Fu Xueguide" (according to the subsections such as imaginary characters and rhyming methods, each section contains a number of ancient affairs entries, and scattered couplet sentences are listed under the entries), " "Zi Xue Zheng Yu" (according to the divisions of Ping, Shang, Go, and Enter, a number of characters are cited in each part, indicating the writing methods of the orthodox and the vulgar styles). The content is so much, so complicated, and the size is so small, but it also has both poetry and should If it follows the current trend of book titles, it can be called "Universal Dictionary".

Or just searching for rhetoric in writing poems, even if such vulgar books are not omnipotent, they can still be regarded as very useful.Give a little example.For example, the annual Qixi Festival comes again, or because I really feel something because I think of the Magpie Bridge, or I am instigated by others because I don’t have the hatred of facing each other across the river. If you have nothing to say, you might as well turn to such vulgar books for help.You can look through the "Yueling Cuibian" first, and find the seventh day of the seventh month. Look under it, there are Shenguang (the classics from the source are listed below, and other entries are the same), Wei Taizu was born, Jizhu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was born, Queen Mother of the West arrived, and Yunzhong Xiaogu, Nine-Color Spotted Dragon, Feng Wenxi, Lady Shangyuan, Suzaku Chuang, Caishou Palace, Goushan Riding a Crane, An Gong Riding a Dragon, Magpie Bridge, Book of Violence (Exposure), Connected Love, Threading a Needle, Begging for Skills, Driving Five Dragons, Twelve Jade Pots, Drying Clothes, Writing "Yin Fu Jing", Wuling Pond, Temple of General Bai Chong, Five-Color Cloud Pendants, Poems written by Child Prodigy, Buxu Songs, Small Spider Box, Poems on Climbing Shun Mountain, First Qixi Festival . There are 49 items in total, such as Qibao Pillow, Fairy Spring, Tange Stone Inkstone, Wine Brewer, and Shen Huohua. Choose one or two items that are suitable for use, or copy them directly, or disassemble them, and piece them together.You can also look at "Ci Lin Dian Xie", there is "Qixi" in the seasonal gate, find it, and read the content, they are all arranged in the form of duality: T word, flower melon, pink mat, inclined building, new thinking (reading the tone) , Old Sorrow, Moon Candle (read the tone), Xingqiao.One year farewell (read the melody), ten thousand calamities (read the melody), fate, Zhiji stone (read the melody), Qiqiaosi, the needle-thrower, the clothes-exposing building, the book-dryer, the calf-hanging man, the floater, the magpie filling the river , Yang Feiyu, Liu Ziwen.The girl presents Qiao, the children cut poems, see you next year, twice in the leap month, Yinhan Hengqiu, Cui Suo stops weaving (read in flat tone).Zijin controls the crane to become an immortal, and Ximu comes to gather on the luan.The Jin master casts the mirror, and the Ding family wins the shuttle.Surprised by Shenguang Yuhou, he asked Magu about his fingers and claws.The red dragon in the sky is going away, and the embroidered tent in the sky is far away (read Ping Sheng).At the head of Baizichi, every time I see the play of Chaner; beside the Qixiang machine, I often hear the song of Fengguan.Climb to the Yuan (Xuan) garden to sing, and descend to Shun Mountain to look at it.This is a way to kill two birds with one stone. It not only points out the available words, but also makes up a pair for you. Its reference value seems to have increased.

The same is true for the simplified text of "Pei Wen Yun Fu". Although rhyme is also used as the outline, words beginning with a certain character are added.Take "东" in the first character of the book as an example, the arrangement below it can be divided into four groups.The first group includes 111 words ending in Dong, including Nandong, Houdong, Hedong, Sangdong, Baiyuedong, and Longmudong.The second group includes words starting with the word Dong, including 97 words including Donglu, Dongshi, Dongxu, Dongshu, Dongshanfu, and Dongliushui.The third group includes 7 ancient sayings about things such as Shudoubingdong, Chunlanbeiqidong, and Goumang Zaidong, all of which are marked with their sources.The fourth group quotes verses ending in the word Dong, most of which belong to Su Dongpo.Compared with "Pei Wen Yun Mansion", it seems to be full of leaks, and the style is too messy, but for forgetful people, it can serve as a reminder, so let go of its shortcomings and take its advantages. If you don't have "Pei Wen" at hand "Yun Fu", it is not a bad idea to review it to help the urgent need.

It’s just that this kind of vulgar books were everywhere in the old days. After the imperial examination was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty, usefulness became useless, and because they were not valued by bibliophiles, their number quickly decreased and became rare. Now I want to find one or two. It's not easy anymore.The currently popular dictionaries, especially "Ciyuan", also contain a lot of ancient words, so they can also be used.For example, for a two-syllable word, if you decide to use the word "yu" for the previous one, but you can't think about the next one at the moment, or if you think of one and you are not satisfied, you can check to see which words are included under the entry of the word "yu". I remember a lot, so I can often meet a suitable one.If you decide to use the next character instead of the previous one, then there is no way to do it, because the current dictionaries do not use the rhyme of the last word as a clue to arrange words.

Finally, I would like to say that when writing poems, relying on rhetoric and books to complete articles, or at least relying on their help, there will be shortcomings, such as emotions that are in the middle and cannot be expressed in words, or even the emotions that have not been moved but picked up some tatters from ancient words and pieced them together If it becomes a piece of writing, it is easy to become a magic way of not writing from the heart, but into poetry.To expand, there will always be such problems if you are poor in your belly and rely on books to support your appearance.As the "Summary of the General Catalog of Siku Quanshu" said in the general discussion of the sub-category books: "When this style is developed, it will be easy for those who operate the gu to search for it, and those who annotate the book will be easy to plagiarize, and they will be turned around. There is a shortage of practical learning." The same is true for poetry, "practical learning" is very important, and "truth" is especially important.So with rhetoric, we have to keep two things in mind, or two aspects.On the one hand, affection is the foundation and rhetoric is the end, so if there is no affection, it is better not to do it, or to tolerate poor rhetoric, and must not be reversed, so that the rhetoric is gorgeous but the affection is slack.On the other hand, affection is invisible, even blurred, and it depends on language to change invisible to visible, and blurred to concrete.In the use of language and characters, there are distinctions between appropriate and inappropriate, vivid and unvivid, and even beautiful and unbeautiful. Therefore, in order to express affection appropriately and have a strong emotional power, we must pay attention to rhetoric.These two aspects will produce a compromise attitude towards rhetoric books. For example, it can be regarded as medicine. If there is no disease, or a minor illness can be overcome, it is best not to take it; but people are not gods. , Sometimes it is always unavoidable to get sick, if you can't make it through your own strength, then don't be a tough guy, it's better to bow your head and take some medicine.