Chapter 25 23. Poetry and allusions

The poetic language of the topic has a broad sense, including the language of words.Such a word has connotation (or is called connotation), because some language is not poetic language, or poetic language is also language, but it has its own characteristics, and even has its own family.In this case, it is easy to illustrate with examples. For example, "Jinse's unprovoked fifty (reading the tone) strings" is a poetic expression, but "beer is one yuan and five bottles" is not; in the form of definitions, it is too difficult to make a clean cut and clear distinction.It is easy to take refuge here, just say, have affection, and express it in the form of poetry, because the finished product is called poetry, and it is called Ci, and the language used should be poetic.In this way, obviously, to compose poems and lyrics, one must first know what poetic language is.The definition is difficult, or it is difficult to use, so I have to talk about the relevant aspects without avoiding tediousness.

As I said before, to compose old poems and fill in lyrics, you must use the language that people in Tang and Song Dynasties used in poetry.It is classical Chinese (with very few exceptions), or a written language shared by people of different times and places who speak a different language from spoken language.why?As far as the old days were concerned, all literati felt (or didn't think about it) that since they wrote with pens, they should use the written language that everyone uses (vulgar literature written in vernacular has other sources and uses); It is fixed that if you don't write like this, you can't write.All in all, the times dictate.As far as the present is concerned, the situation is complicated, or there are more than one reasons.There are three main types.One is that I am used to using classical Chinese, but I am not used to it when I switch to modern language.As the saying goes, learn what to sing, what to sell, and the poems are the same. I always read "feeling the time and splashing tears, hating the farewell (reading the tone) bird startling", "Qin Louyue, the willow color every year, the baling mausoleum "Shang Farewell (reading the tone)" and so on, when you pick up a pen and want to write "The station welcomes you, the plane sends her", "Where will we meet tomorrow? The front yard of the main building of your unit", you will feel uncomfortable.The second is that, in comparison, classical Chinese has fewer characters but more meanings, while modern Chinese has more characters and fewer meanings. Most likely not.There are three main sources of modern languages.One is that many monosyllabic words in classical Chinese become polysyllabic words in modern language, such as "clothes" becomes "clothes", "cherish" becomes "cherish", "wei" becomes "great", etc.; This trend is still developing. Saying "take a car" and "take a car" as usual proves that "take" and "sit" can also be used alone, but some people insist on saying "take a train".The other is the so-called fragmentary increase of forms, such as "there is a relative relationship", "sitting on a chair", some people want to say "there is a relative relationship", "sitting on a chair".There is also a kind of meaning that is less legal, such as "the old man is at ease", now it is said "for the elderly, we should let them be at ease".The language is long, taking poetry as an example, it is difficult to put five or seven words into it.If you don't believe me, you can try it.There are two ways to try, one is to rewrite a certain song in modern language, and the other is to compose a song in modern language. I think, after a try, you will feel that the territory of five or seven characters is really too small.The format of five or seven characters cannot be changed, if you want to do it, you have to use classical Chinese.The third is that poetic language is used to write (or simply call it painting) a poetic scene. One of the conditions for a poetic scene to become a poetic scene is that there is a distance from the real world; It comes from real feeling, but from imagination or miss.To write in language, if you want to maintain such a distance, classical Chinese is easier, but modern language is more difficult.Give a few prominent examples. "Ye Lan Geng Bing Zhu (reading the tone)" has a good artistic conception and modernization, and no candles are used, but it is changed to "turn on the light when it is dark", which is pragmatic, and the poetic flavor seems to be reduced.Another example is "Whose house is the fragrant car tied to?" Most of the modern gifted men and beauties ride cars, and it is rare to avoid pollution. We have to say "Which street is the car parked on?"Does poetry have to go away?According to Han Feizi's theory that "times change, things change" and "things change, things change", this doesn't make sense, but in terms of writing poems and lyrics, it is indeed difficult to reform.In my opinion, using classical Chinese in order to easily draw a poetic scene may be just an expedient measure, and no solid theoretical basis can be found; The path of theoretical support is easier said than done, so it is not as good as, or can only be, there is no high opinion, and it is better not to turn holding a candle into an electric light.

It is suitable to use classical Chinese when composing poems and lyrics, which can be seen at a glance.If you take a closer look, you will see that the so-called classical Chinese is not any classical Chinese, but classical Chinese with a certain color and power.Look at the following two couplets: Looking at the former sages and families, the success is from diligence and thrift, and the destruction is from extravagance. The east wind drizzles, and there is light thunder outside Furong Pond. Both couplets were written by Li Shangyin. The first couplet is the beginning of the poem "Yong Gu", and the second couplet is the beginning of the poem. They are both written in classical Chinese. Only, and in abundance.Why?Naturally, the artistic conception is different.Artistic conception is expressed by words (or composed sentences), so the distinction cannot but go deep into words.This means that positively speaking, some words have a close relationship with poetry, and some words have a far relationship with poetry.Obviously, when composing poems, choosing words and making sentences, one should use words that are closely related to poems.It is difficult to point out such words specifically, because: first, it is endless; second, it is also difficult to draw a clear line with another group.Let's take a look at it from the nature.This roughly includes two aspects: one is the image aspect, it is easy to draw a clear poetic scene, and with this quality as a scale, it can be distinguished that Han Yu's "A Letter to the Nine Heavens" is not very good, and Liu Yong's "Yangliu The Shore, the Wind and the Moon" is very good.The other is power, which should be easy to arouse faint feelings. Using this quality as a criterion, it can be distinguished that Du Fu's "relatively like a dream" is very good, and Su Dongpo's "the family boy's snort (reading the tone) has thundered" is not so good. .Both natures are too abstract, but it is not difficult to grasp, just rely on one's own feelings, Mencius said that "the mouth is in the taste, there is a same age (addiction) Yan", reading other people's, writing your own, you can use the same method deal with.

The above is mainly from different aspects, poetic language is classical Chinese that can write poetry.The scope is narrowed, and we only look at such classical Chinese. When it is put into poetry and words, it must first express poetic flavor, and second, it must be able to fit into a certain format, so it will appear to have certain characteristics compared with ordinary prose texts.Talking about these characteristics will give us a deeper understanding of poetic language.It can be divided into two aspects, one is the aspect of artistic conception, and the other is the aspect of syntax. Let me talk about the artistic conception first.It is called artistic conception, indicating that it is not a real conception.It comes from reality, but with changes.There are changes in terms of quantity, from complex to simplified. "The mansions of princes and marquises (read the tone) are all new masters, and the civil and military clothes are different from the past (read the tone)." The Anshi Rebellion, the changes in Chang'an are naturally more than this, but it is not appropriate to write poems, and it cannot be exhaustive.There are also changes from the perspective of quality, which is to choose the fine and discard the rough. "Growing frost and wind are bleak, Guanhe is desolate, and the building is in the afterglow." Naturally, there are many miscellaneous and miscellaneous scenes in autumn, but some of the ones mentioned are not only representative, but also prominent, so a few dozen words can make the People feel desolate.The real scene of autumn may arouse different feelings of different people, but here it is just desolate, and it is the thick and thick writing that plays a role.In this way, the artistic conception of qualitative change is expressed with the sustenance of poetry.The language of poetry should be reflected by the way of writing, and the way of writing will be endless if you elaborate on it, so I have to omit it, and just talk about some that can be regarded as unique to poetry.The general nature of this is an increased distance from reality.Reality and text are two systems, and it is impossible to overlap. Usually, things are complicated and simple, straight and melodramatic, or even true and false.But that is not necessarily willing.The departure of poetry from reality is willing.Because of willingness, it is often not only far away, but sometimes farther away.This can be divided into three categories according to the distance of near and far (this can only be counted as an example).The closest category is to highlight a little bit, replace the surface with a point, use partial generalization, or even exaggerate a little in exchange for a vivid effect.The narration, scene description, and romance in the poems, such as "let's send each other off in the mountains, and cover the firewood at dusk", "the spring tide brings rain and comes late (read the tone), and the wild crossing has no boats to cross", "tomorrow Baling Road, how many autumn mountains will come?" "Heavy", "I go up to the west building alone without words, and the moon is like a hook", "The blue sky, the yellow leaves, the autumn colors are rolling, and the cold smoke is green on the waves", "How much worry is there, a river of tobacco, full of wind and wind in the city , Plums and Huang Shiyu" can be viewed in this way, because the writing methods are all light and the image and emotion are highlighted.The slightly distant category is similar to seeing things with the eyes, that is, the distance increases, and the clarity becomes hazy.Poems such as "Explain the infinite hatred of the spring breeze", "No one asks about the falling flowers outside the door", "Xiao Chuang divides and reads (reads the tone) book lamp", "Go to Xichuangyi (reads the tone) night autumn", and the words and sentences are like "At the beginning Comparing the bright moon to the best season", "Yueyueyi (read the tone) the curtain of the dream", "the peach leaf step on the small mountain in the sky", and "the place where there is no cry until spring returns", all seem to be intelligible and incomprehensible. Look closely and feel unclear.Why can writing like this also express the artistic conception of poetry?I think it is because the poetic world and the dream world are related. The similarity between the two is that they are illusory but not real. The difference is that one comes in the daytime (the so-called daydream) and is organized; the other comes in the night and is not organized.The same point is doomed, moderate blurred trance can even make the poetry appear stronger, because it is farther away from the reality and closer to the dream.Perhaps it is for this reason that poems and poems can also be written in a trance, such as:

Bicheng's twelve curved rails, the rhinoceros avoids the dust and the jade avoids the cold.There are many books in the garden with cranes attached, and there are no trees on the women's bed, and there is no luan to live in.When the stars sink to the bottom of the sea, you can see them from the window, and when the rain passes through the source of the river, you can see them from the seat (read the flat tone).If Xiaozhu is bright and determined, there will be a pair of water essence plates all the time. (One of Li Shangyin's "Three Poems of Bicheng") Immediately sing into a duck (reading the tone) Lujiang, the sky will pay the boudoir with air.Living and hating for a long time to close the golden shop, the flower smiles three Han Yuyi's (reading tone) bed.Tim choked, foot desolate, who taught (read flat tone) born (read flat tone) full of fragrance.Up to now, every year in Qinghai, I still feel heartbroken for Xiao Jiazhao. (Nalan Chengde's "Partridge Sky", according to the manuscript)

If the article is written like this, at least ordinary people will think that it is deliberately obscure and has fallen into the magic way.Poetry allows this because it can, or rather lends itself to, a distance from reality.There is also a further category, which is exaggerated too much and becomes unreasonable.The most typical is Li Bai's "white hair three thousand feet".Others such as "The sound of the Qiang flute now makes our three armies cry like rain", "Nine days are closed and the palace is opened, and the clothes and crowns of all nations worship the crown", "There are no words for each other, but there are only tears for a thousand lines", "The curtain rolls in the west wind, and people are thinner than yellow flowers. ", can only be recited based on impressions, if you pick out words, it will become a deception.

Let's talk about syntax.Generally speaking, in terms of form, a poem must meet three conditions: one is a sentence or one reading, with a certain number of words;These three conditions are quite stubborn, and almost no counter-offer is allowed.But there is still an article, what should I do?Had to make concessions in other respects.The method of concession can be roughly divided into two aspects, one aspect is the increase or decrease of words (mainly subtraction), and the other aspect is the change of word order.Let’s talk about the increase and decrease first. Generally, the feet are cut to fit the shoes, and those that should not be cut off are cut off in order to fit them in.There are words in it, such as "return to invite Lin Pavilion (read the oblique sound) name", "Written by Lu Gongliu", "Wang Qiao and He Buqun", it should be "Kirin Pavilion", "King Lu Gong", "Prince Qiao", Because there is no room for it, I had to cut off one character; another example is "Di Jin Han Qin Qi Su (reading flat tone) Hao", "Han" refers to "Hangu Pass", because I couldn't accommodate it, two characters were cut off.As for words other than words, there are many tricks, and I will only give a few examples.For example, "Lin Zhongguan's "Yi"" and "Chaohuiri Ridian Chunyi" do not indicate who did this. In grammatical terms, the subject is omitted.There are also those that omit the predicate, such as "Yuyou Luoyang Road" and "Pear Blossom Courtyard Melting Moon".By omitting the subject and predicate, there are many situations of cutting, such as "know the principle of purity early", "white hair sad flowers fall", which means, "if you know the principle of purity early", "because the white hair (old) , so it is even more sad to see falling flowers", which is also to accommodate the omission of such bits and pieces as if and because.There are few cases of increase, but it is not without exception, such as "the day of the east county, the first day of the south tower", the word "Chu" is to seek the antithesis of the word "日", to make up the number.Let me talk about another aspect, the change of word order.The vast majority are to meet the conditions of the sound (level, tone and rhyme).There are a few that have nothing to do with the sound, such as "drawing pictures to save knowledge (reading the tone) spring breeze face, surrounded by the sky to return to the soul of the night moon", "Looking at the Queen Mother in Yaochi in the west, and coming to the purple air in the east", change "moon night" to " Yeyue" is to seek the duality with "Spring Breeze" (seasonal, astronomical to seasonal, astronomical); .There are too many cases of changing the word order to meet the sound conditions, and I will give a few examples from the detailed to the huge.For example, "Festival (read the tone) Qingming peaches and plums laugh, wild fields and barren mounds only give birth to sorrow", "When year Gu Hutou, full of murals Cangzhou", "desert paddy fields flying white (read bo) heron, shady summer trees sing orioles", " "Qingming Festival" was changed to "Festival Qingming" because the whole sentence starts from flat, and the beginning should be flat; Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping, and it has to rhyme with eleven special rhymes; "白鹭飞" is changed to "Flying Egret", and "Oriole Twilight" is changed to "Singing Oriole", because the whole story rhymes with four rhymes, and "骁" is used as a rhyme The word should be at the end of the sentence, and the "egret flying" must be changed (it must be flat and narrow, and it must also be in the form of verb and object).There are also changes that extend beyond the sentence, such as "There is still a gift of a robe, and I should pity Uncle Fan (reading the flat tone) Han", "I should pity the moss on the teeth of the clogs, and the door of Xiaokou Chai will not be opened for a long time", "Wu Yin in the drunk Love each other well, who is the old woman with white hair", according to the chronological order, it should be pity first and then gift, first deduct and then doubt, and first speak after the person; if the order is reversed, it is to avoid acquaintance in order to seek surprise.It is a couplet in Du Fu's "Eight Poems of Autumn Xing", "Fragrant rice pecks the remaining parrot grains, and Biwu perches on the old phoenix branch", forcing "parrot", "phoenix" and "Xiangdao" and "Biwu" are transposed, so that the meaning does not make sense.But for more than a thousand years, readers have tolerated it, half of the reason is that the poet's reputation is too high; the other half is that this is poetry, and the organization of sentences is not allowed to follow the rules.

The above is the general situation of poetry.The following turns to talk about allusions.Allusion is a technique common to all genres of classical Chinese; it is often used in poetry, perhaps because it can play a greater role.If this is the case, we might as well regard allusions as a subcategory with distinct characteristics in poetic language.Let's start with what is the allusion.This can be said in the form of definition, which is to use fewer words to express more modern meanings by citing specific ancient events or ancient sayings.For example, "Accompany Xie Fu with chess, seek Xu Jun with his sword", "Lingbo does not pass Hengtang Road, but sees Fangchen away", the sentence "Dueqi" uses "Book of Jin · Xie An Biography" to record Xie An playing chess with a guest , to show that I (the author Du Fu) also had such a friendship with Fang Taiwei back then. The sentence "holding the sword" uses "Historical Records Wu Taibo's Family" to record that Wu Jizha hung his sword on Xu Jun's tomb tree after Xu Jun's death, to show that he also has this heart for the deceased.Both sentences are citing ancient things to express the present meaning; "Lingbo" uses the "Lingbo microsteps, and the socks are dusty" in "Luo Shen Fu" to express the beautiful woman's footsteps, and it is to quote the ancient sayings to express the present meaning, so there is no need to think about it will see.Such an expression method will bring trouble: one kind of light is "separation", because if you don't speak it directly, you have to make a detour; the other kind of emphasis is "difficult to understand", because the reader may not have read " "Book of Jin", "Historical Records" and "Fu of Luoshen", if you don't know where things or words come from, allusions will inevitably become fascinated.

But people in the past (especially later generations) are still willing to use it, why?There is more than one reason.The most common and not instructive thing is the habit of literati, which is used to express liberalism.Habits will encourage habits. We could have said "write it and put it away first", but slipped out a "famous mountain of Tibet" in one mouthful.Then there is the expansion of the habit, the expansion means a long time, a large number of people, and finally it becomes a dominance, it seems that it has to be said so. "It's commonplace" is a good example. Its origin is disgraceful. It's because the singer is too beautiful and "cuts the heart of the Suzhou governor", but if you want to say otherwise, it's hard to find another way to replace it.The problem of allusions is such a troublesome one.Metaphors and allusions are the so-called characters. They are not those in model plays, good or bad;When talking about poetry, there is a fact that must be acknowledged first, that is, it is used occasionally when the time is earlier, and it is often used when it is later, regardless of the habits of literati, is there any benefit in doing so?The answer is yes, roughly as follows.

One is that it is convenient to say so.For example, "Proud officials laugh at the five lords, and take bamboo from the Xijiang River (reading the tone) to build tall buildings", "To this day, business women still sing, the song "Hou Ting" left behind". And not only once, so it has become a practice to replace the wealthy and noble families with the five lords, and it saves effort when talking; The meaning of Le Jinzhao can be said casually by quoting these two sentences.In this situation, breaking the casserole and asking the bottom line is that some people have a relatively rich language inventory, and when they encounter a certain opportunity, an old and applicable sentence will pop up unconsciously.This can be vulgar, that is, unknown, such as "the slow bird flies first", or it can be seen in the scriptures, such as "the cunning rabbit has three holes" and the like.It is in the inventory and not allowed to use it. If one person says it is restricting the freedom of expression, it is wrong and impossible to say that everyone who uses the same language is content with the lack of language.From this point of view, there is nothing wrong with using allusions in theory; the question is whether to use them properly, which will be discussed below.

The second is that it can achieve the effect of simplicity and meaning.For example, "Xie Gong is the youngest and sympathetic to women, and marrying Qian Lou is good in everything", "Books are aggressive, and they are quiet, and every hill and valley is also romantic." , Yuan Zhen cited himself to refer to himself, which has a much richer meaning than using his own name directly; writing "嘤嘱奇事" in the air to vent his anger at being deposed was the work of Yin Hao in the Jin Dynasty, and Xin Qiji cited to express his ambition The feeling of being unpaid is just a little bit powerful.As mentioned above, the sentence reading and the number of words in poetry are limited, and it is difficult to explain such a rich and convoluted meaning without a dictionary. The third is to use classics to talk about today's events, which can achieve the effect of making the situation near and far.For example, "Suddenly met the envoy of the blue bird and invited him to Chisong's house", "Swallows and swallows are light and graceful, and Yingying is soft and soft, and they clearly see Hua Xu again", the blue bird sends a letter, see "Hanwu Stories", Chisongzi is a Taoist immortal, see " In "Historical Records: The Family of Liuhou", Meng Haoran is just saying that a certain Taoist priest sent people to make appointments for gatherings. Using allusions, he pulled out blue birds and red pine nuts, and the artistic conception changed from the present to the future.In the same way, Su Dongpo's poems have the sentence "The poet is old and Yingying is here, and the son is busy when he returns." Liezi has a record of "The Yellow Emperor sleeps in the daytime and sleeps in the country of Huaxu". The romantic experience can turn the near into the far, dilute the vulgar sentiment and increase the poetic flavor. The fourth is that it can cause associations and achieve the effect of icing on the cake.Wangmei can quench thirst, and painting cakes can satisfy hunger, all rely on association.The same is true of poems, such as "The east wind complains about the singing of birds at sunset, and the fallen flowers are like those who have fallen from a building", "Yongfeng willows, no one can stop the flowers and snow in the sun", the story of the fallen man committing suicide by jumping off the building with Shi Chong's singer Luzhu, falling flowers Light and floating, naturally not like a person who fell from a building, but writing this way, relying on associations, can make people feel beautiful in addition to the bleakness of good times, that is to say, it adds a new meaning; Yongfeng Liu used Bai Juyi's poem, "A Tree of Spring Breeze Tens of thousands of branches, tenderer than gold and softer than silk. In the southeast corner of Yongfengfang, who is there no one to belong to?" "The Poem of Skill" says that it was written for the singer Xiaoman when Bai was old, because he still has "Yangliu Xiaoman" Zhang Xian’s poem is about the melancholy feeling of cherishing the spring, and if he quotes the old events of Yongfengfang, it will remind people of the poet’s desolation when he gets old, and the meaning is much heavier. The fifth is that you can write unspeakable secrets.There are infinite things in the world, and some of them may not be there, so it is difficult to explain them clearly. If you still want to talk about them, what should you do?Using allusions is a way, even a good way.For example, "Jia's peeping curtain is rare, and Concubine Mi stays as a pillow for Wei Wangcai", "Wen Qin undresses the fairy couple, and can't keep the broken Luo Yi", Jia's peeping curtain uses the story of Han Shou stealing incense, and Concubine Mi keeps it as a pillow "Luo Shen Fu" tells the story of Luo Shen and Cao Zhi meeting on Luoshui. It seems easy to write about the non-standard behavior of men and women. In Xiangru's story, Xie Pei used the story of Zheng Jiaofu's love affair with a fairy in Hangao, and also described the transgressions of men and women. Using allusions can turn vulgarity into elegance. If you don't use it, it will be very difficult to open your mouth. In this way, the use of allusions, on the one hand, is separated and difficult to understand, on the other hand, it also has advantages, or necessity, how should we deal with this entanglement?The general principle is to stop when enough is enough and seek easy solutions.Turning principles into practice can be divided into six aspects. One, it must be relevant.For example, Cui Shu's "Nine Days Climb to Xiantai Presents Liu Ming's Mansion", "I want to find Peng Ze (read the flat tone) slaughter, and Tao Ran gets drunk with the chrysanthemum (read the flat tone) flower cup", using Tao Yuanming as Peng Zeling's story, The meaning is suitable in many ways: first, they are all county magistrates (respected as Mingfu); second, it is customary to drink chrysanthemum wine on September 9th in Chongyang; third, Tao Yuanming likes to drink and loves chrysanthemums.For example, in Jiang Kui's "Eight Returns", "Looking forward to Wenjun for a long time, leaning on bamboo (reading the tone) and worrying about walking in socks", the degree of fit is not so good, because this poem is to see Hu Dehua off, and the meaning it wants to express is "Your wife is looking forward to your return", using Wen Jun as a substitute for his wife, it is assumed that Hu's wife may not be happy when she sees it, because it is very unlikely that she was both widowed and eloped. Second, the use of allusions is likened to doing business. To be able to make money, that is, the expressiveness is stronger than not being used.For example, Du Fu's "Kuang Heng resists Shu's fame and reputation (read bo), Liu Xiangchuan's classics violated his mind", Xin Qiji's "Who should ask, Lian Po is old, can he still be able to eat?" The emperor's writing is like Kuang Heng of the Han Dynasty, and his ambition to pass on the scriptures is like Liu Xiang of the Han Dynasty. Kuang Heng and Liu Xiang are famous historical figures. If they are compared with each other, the weight of character and ambition will increase; Xin Qiji has great ambitions to save the country but cannot realize it. , but not discouraged, citing the story of Lian Po eating a bucket of rice and ten catties of meat for self-comparison, so that readers can't help but think of Lian Po's ambition and heroic style, which also means more meaning.The meaning is aggravated. Although the allusion is a roundabout way, it is always useless.Like Zhou Bangyan's "Ye Ye advocates all acquaintances (reading tone), and is still used to seeing pearls singing and emerald dances", and Li Shangyin's original poems "Ye Ye advocates acquaintances (reading tone)", refers to singers, equal to Using argot without increasing the meaning does not increase, and to put it bluntly, it can be used or not. Third, there is another situation where it must be used, so it has to be used.In the past, when I wrote articles on the use of allusions, I once mentioned this situation.To save effort, say it again.It is said that Chen Zilong laughed at Qian Qianyi's poem in the early Qing Dynasty. The title is "Tiger Hill Stone". Cai Yong. In the past, I was lucky to be Kuan Shenbai (read bo) horse, but now I should be ashamed to sell Lulong. I am most pitiful for climbing Zhangtai willow, haggard and westerly wind and asking Anon." All eight lines of the poem use allusions, and one uses "Book of Jin" "Lu Ji Biography" (go north to Luoyang to seek an official), second use "Book of Jin·Zhang Han Biography" (resign from office and return to Jiangnan), and third use Du Fu's "Late Travel Slogan" "Farly ashamed of Mr. Liang Jiang, return home to be black (read he ) head" (meaning that the fashion of returning homeland is not very old), the four-purpose "Book of the Later Han·Cai Yong Biography" (Yong was imprisoned by Wang Yun, and he could not seek to revise the history), and the five-purpose "New Tang Book·Pei Shu Biography" (shu was Zhu Quanzhong Send people to kill at Baimayi and throw their corpses into the river), sixth use "Three Kingdoms Tian Chou Biography" (Chou offered advice to Cao Cao, troops left Lu Longhan and invaded Chou's homeland), seventh and eighth use Tang Dynasty novel Xu Yaozuo "Liu Shi In "Biography", Han Yi (should be "翃") and Liu's gift poem (Zhang Tailiu, Zhangtai Liu, is Qingqing here in the past?...), to write that Qian Qianyi should die before and after the death of the Ming Dynasty, Surrendered to the Qing Dynasty and went to Beijing, but returned to the south of the Yangtze River unhappily. When he was old, he wanted to write history for many years and finally failed. When he left home, his wife Liu Rushi had other things.It would be too embarrassing to write something like this without a dictionary. Fourth, if you are interested in using it, or have to use it, you should always try to avoid using uncommon ones.There is no clear boundary between uncommon and uncommon. Generally speaking, it is not uncommon to see in books familiar to most people and commonly used in poetry, and vice versa.Take poetry as an example, such as "You are worth (reading the tone) Jieyu drunk, singing wildly in front of Wuliu", "The outline of the trace Wang Can's biography, a sample of Du Ling's poems with feelings", Jieyu is the person mentioned, "The Biography of Mr. Wuliu", Wang Can and Du's poems are almost unknown to everyone, so they are not uncommon.Like "the mandarin mandarin building breaks down the East and West Jade, ask where it is, when it will show up again, it is hard to know the green hairpin", the East and West Jade uses Huang Tingjian's poem "beautiful women fight north and south, good wine and jade east and west" (the original poem of the case is obscure and incomprehensible), which is named expensive Wine glasses are uncommon. If you don't pour them in, there will be very few people who understand them.Using out-of-the-way classics to show that liberal arts is a bad habit of literati, and writing poems and lyrics are all based on the later period, not enough. Fifth, one of the ways to show off learning is to use out-of-the-way classics; there is another, more common, multi-use, which should also be avoided as much as possible.Multi-use, poetry, Tang people and before, Ci, Northern Song people and before, are rare; after that, especially later, it can be seen outside.To give just one example, it was a poem written by Gu Yunmei during the Ming and Qing Dynasties and sent to Qian Qianyi. The text said: The cloud outside the chess and chess villa is purple, and the fire beside the taro stove is red.The body is the Great Wall that can block the north, but Feiyu lived in the east for a long time.Qianqiu's writing Ouyangzi weighs Fu Zhenggong with one word.Don't say that when you crossed the south, your wife personally encouraged the army. (Chapter 4 of Chen Yinke's Biography of Liu Rushi) The whole article uses prime minister allusions to show that Qian Qianyi has the talent of a prime minister. Even if the meaning can be matched (in fact, it is not, such as the first couplet compares Qian to Xie An and Li Mi, it is too much), there will always be difficulties. Because if you are not familiar with the classics, you will be in a fog, and reading is equivalent to not reading. Sixth, if it is used, whether it is uncommon or not, it is best to think about ordinary people and make up for it.The solution is to raise.This is what the ancients have already done. For example, Du Fu's poems not only have multiple annotations, but also have detailed annotations.We are modern people and do not have the high positions of Li Du and Qin Huang. In my opinion, if you are interested, it will be mediocre, and if you use allusions, it is best to do it yourself and add notes, so that people at the same time will appreciate it. , so that there is no difficulty in understanding.In order to save manpower and material resources, the notes can be as concise as possible, and the point is as far as possible, such as "Jieyu", only said to be a hermit at the same time as Confucius. "The Biography of Mr. Liu" refers to the residence of the hermit, which is enough.