Chapter 17 15. Rhyme

Modern poetry rhymes, strict requirements, but not many tricks.The overall situation is roughly like this: 1. Use level water rhyme, every sentence rhyme, almost all use level tone rhyme. 2. In a poem, the rhymes are limited to the same rhyme, and adjacent rhymes, such as Dong, Dong, Jiang, Yang, etc., cannot be used in common, otherwise the rhyme (also called Luo rhyme) is calculated; only the first sentence can be accommodated , and occasionally use adjacent rhyme. 3. The endings of even-numbered sentences must be rhymed; the endings of odd-numbered sentences are not rhymed, only the first sentence can be flexible: it is normal for five-character sentences not to rhyme, and it is normal for seven-character sentences to rhyme.

4. Rhyme with flat tone, except for the first sentence that rhymes, the ending words of singular sentences must use oblique tone, which is symmetrical with the words with flat tone rhyme. 5. The rhyme characters of a poem: Wujue usually uses two, a few use three, Qijue usually uses three, and a few use two; Wulu usually uses four, a few use five, Qilu usually uses five, and a few use four.Rhyme words are not allowed to be repeated (continuously using the same word name Dumuqiaoti is not enough as a training), unless the meaning is different. 6. Two sentences are called one rhyme, and a rhythmic poem with five rhyme characters is still called four rhyme.

7. An odd-numbered sentence and the following even-numbered sentence are combined into a couplet. The odd-numbered sentence is called a sentence, and the even-numbered sentence is called a paired sentence (the last word enters the rhyme). 8. The two couplets of quatrains are called the first couplet, the last couplet, or the first couplet and the second couplet; Fourth couplet. Nine, the upper and lower couplets are required to be relative (small flexibility is allowed).Some couplets also require or can be relative in meaning (dual), and the situation is complicated, which will be discussed later.

To choose rhymes for modern poems, you must first know the situation of flat water rhymes and flat phonetic rhymes.The following is the arrangement of the flat tone rhymes in "Pei Wen Shi Yun" and the number of words included in each rhyme: Shang Ping Sheng 174 characters such as Dongdong, Tong, Tong, Tong, etc. Erdongdong, Nong, Zong, Zhong, etc. 120 characters 51 characters such as Sanjiangjiang, bar, 矼, 釭, etc. Four branches, branch, shift, etc. 464 words Five Weiwei, Wei, Hui, Hui, etc. 72 words Liuyuyu, Yu, Chu, Shu, etc. 123 characters Qi Yu Yu, Yu, Yu, Yu, etc. 305 characters

Baqiqi, grub, navel, Li, etc. 133 characters Jiujiajia, street, shoes, brand, etc. 55 characters Ten Huihui, Hui, Kui, Kuma and other 111 characters Eleven Zhenzhen, Yin, Yin, Xin and other 171 words 97 characters in Twelve Wenwen, Wen, Wen, Mosquito, etc. Thirteen Yuan Yuan, Yuan, Yuan, Yuan and other 161 characters Fourteen Hanhan, Han, Han, Dan and other 123 characters Fifteen delete delete, 澘, Guan, Zhen and other 64 characters lower level 235 words such as first first, first, thousand, Qian, etc. Er Xiao Xiao, Xiao, Tiao, Diao, etc. 183 characters Three delicacies, nests, crossings, suburbs, etc. 107 words

110 characters such as Sihaohao, Hao, Cao, and sash Wugege, Duo, Luo, He, etc. 115 words Liumama, Hua, Xia, Jia, etc. 167 words Qiyang Yang, Yang, Yang, Xiang, etc. 270 words Ba Geng Geng, Geng, Geng, Zi, etc. 190 words Jiuqingqing, Jing, Mei, Xing and other 90 characters 114 characters such as ten steaming steaming, steaming, Cheng, Cheng, etc. Eleven Youyou, Youyou, You, You, etc. 247 words Twelve Invasion, Xun, Xun, Lin, etc. 70 characters Thirteen Qin Tan, Tan, Tan, Altar and other 96 characters Fourteen salt, eaves, cheap, curtain and other 86 characters Fifteen salty, salty, letter, seal and other 41 characters

There are differences in the number of words included in each rhyme, and the difference in meaning between commonly used and uncommonly used words. The addition of the two differences will inevitably have a greater or lesser impact on the rhyme selection of poetry. Based on the number of words included, whether the meaning is commonly used or not, or whether it is easy to use or not, Mr. Wang Li’s "Chinese Poetry" divides the 30 types of level rhymes into 4 categories: 1. Wide rhyme——Including Sizhi, Yixian, Qiyang, Bageng, Shiyiyou, Yidong, Shiyizhen, and Qiyu, a total of 8 rhymes. These rhymes are used in poetry, and there are more rhymes available.

2. Middle rhyme - including thirteen yuan, fourteen cold, six fish, two Xiao, twelve invasion, two winter, ten gray, eight Qi, five songs, six hemp, and four great rhymes, a total of 11 rhymes, which are used in poetry Rhyme, there are times as many rhyme characters available. 3. Narrow rhyme—including 7 rhymes of Wuwei, Twelve Wen, Fifteen Delete, Nine Green, Ten Steam, Thirteen Tan, and Fourteen Salt. These rhymes are used in poetry, and there are fewer rhymes available. 4. Dangerous rhymes - including Sanjiang, Jiujia, Sanyao, and Shiwuxian, a total of 4 rhymes. These rhymes are used in poetry, and there are fewer words available.

Obviously, generally speaking, if you want to express the affection of poetry in the form of modern poetry, it is easier to choose wide rhyme because there are more words for turnover; the opposite of dangerous rhyme, there are not many words available, so it is difficult to turn around. up. But this is a "general theory"; when composing poems and selecting rhymes, other conditions must be considered, including the following: One, comes from the relationship between sound and mood.For example, compared with Qiyang and Wuwei, Qiyang appears bold and cheerful, while Wuwei appears euphemistic and gloomy. If the affection happens to be euphemistic and gloomy, then it is better to choose Wuwei with narrow rhyme instead of Qiyang with wide rhyme.

Another kind, some characters, such as home, flower, and oblique in Liuma, Yi, Gui, and Fei in Wuwei, cloud, skirt, and monarch in twelve characters, and mountain, pass, and return in fifteen words, seem to be related to poems. There is a close relationship between the feelings of poetry, and it is often used in poetry, and it is also easy to use. Therefore, although the selected rhyme is not wide rhyme, there are quite a lot of opportunities to be selected. Another kind is that affection restricts the use of a certain word, and a certain word is just suitable for use at the end of an even-numbered sentence. freedom of choice.Two examples can be given based on conjecture or assumption.For example, in Li Bai's "Yebo Niuzhu Nostalgia", the fourth sentence "Kong Yi Xie General" is an epigram, and it is likely to be the first one; The remaining three rhyme words use cloud, smell and fun.Another example is the seven rhythms of Du Fu's "Shu Xiang", the last sentence "makes the hero burst into tears" is an epigram, and it is probably the first to get; This rhyme word uses Xun, Sen, Yin and Xin.

There is another kind, or two kinds, which is that others restrict the use of a certain rhyme, and I no longer have the freedom to choose a rhyme.There are two situations.One is to make test post poems (five-character and six-rhyme or five-character and eight-rhyme), such as the title of the poem is "Fude Qingyun, envy the bird to fly, get the green character", which limits the use of Jiuqing rhyme, and one of the rhyme words If it is "green". (Several people get together and write poems divided into rhymes, which also belongs to this category.) The other is composing and poetry (secondary rhyme or step rhyme). , this not only restricts the use of thirteen rhymes, but also restricts the use of the same five rhyme characters, even the order is not allowed to change.In addition, in conjunctions, when writing the first double-number sentence, which word is used at the end also limits which rhyme to use. In addition, when some people write poems, they sometimes deliberately use rare words with dangerous rhymes, such as 釭, Jiang, Long, and Qiang in Sanjiang, to show that they can cope with Yuru in difficult movements.This is not the right way to write poetry, so avoid it. As mentioned above, for modern poetry, the rhyme characters are limited to the same rhyme, otherwise the rhyme will be calculated.Rhyming is a foul.This will lead to two questions: one is whether this regulation was correct in the past; the other is whether this regulation is correct now.Both questions are not simple, and it is difficult to conclude with a simple yes or no. Let me talk about the past first, the rhymes in the Tang and Song Dynasties were finely divided, more than 200, presumably there is a phonetic basis.In poetry, the ears can or are used to being satisfied with the same, so the officials also agreed to relax, using the method of "same use" to merge, and the rhyme is almost reduced by half.Even this half, if the similar principle is expanded, it may be possible to relax it, that is, merge it again, as in ancient poetry, Dong, Dong, Jiang, Yang, etc., are all used in the same way.Is it wide or strict?Those who advocate lenient will use freedom and convenience as the reason, and those who advocate strictness will use the perfect voice as the reason. The debate must be inextricable.So I had to avoid theories and just look at the facts.The fact is that, except for the first line, very few modern poems of the ancients have rhyme.Rarely, it can be proved that they try their best not to rhyme; but occasionally they do rhyme, that is, Du Fu, who is "fine in poetry", used the new and human rhymes in the seven-rhythm "Cui Shi Dongshan Thatched Cottage" quoted in the previous article. , Qin, and Yun are four, Xin, Ren, and Yun are the eleventh true rhyme, and Qin is the twelve literary rhyme, and the rhyme comes out.Is this intentional or occasionally inadvertent?Naturally, only Elder Du knew.But in any case, inferring from the principle of democracy, since the phenomenon of rhyme is rare, we can always say that the ancients agreed and used to use rhyme strictly when writing modern poetry. What about people today?Except for unreasonable ones, in theory you don't need to ask whether you agree or not, but in reality, it is also strict and strict.The problem comes from the theoretical aspect. Why can't we write poems for today's people to read and listen to?This issue has already been discussed in the previous article "Old Rhyme and New Rhyme".From my point of view, either from the old or from the new, don’t step on two boats, just for convenience, such as fish, books, east, and Tong, from the old, Tianjin, Yin, flowers, ducks, From the beginning, it can't be justified anyway.The most labor-saving and feasible way is to stick to the old style, and then be stricter or wider: stricter means that people in the past do not have rhymes; Dong, Jiang, Yang, Zhi, Wei, Qi, etc., no longer draw a clear line. By the way, there is a further requirement in theory for rhymed poems, which are opposite to rhyme characters, and it is best to change them, that is, the three or four characters are not the same tone, but go up, go, and enter. Have.For example, Du Fu's "Shu Xiang" Qilu, flat feet are the three characters of color, ji, and sheng.There is no choice but to lack one, and there must be two.It is not good to repeat only one kind, and there is another name for the disease, "Shangwei".However, this is always a further requirement, and if it cannot be satisfied, it will eventually be a small section, which is different from the large section of the rhyme. Rhyme, especially the strictness of modern poetry, and the evaluation of pros and cons, specifically, what rhyme seeks is the beauty of the sound, and can the form of the sound of the sound be in perfect harmony with the inner feelings?Chances are possible in theory, but rarely in practice.The reason is that, as far as the language of expressing meaning is concerned, affection is fine and language is coarse. If you use roughness to express fineness, you can only get roughly the same; the range of language is greatly reduced and is limited to one rhyme. There are fewer opportunities.People who often compose poetry have this kind of experience. When they have feelings, they choose rhymes, and then they are restricted by the rhyme characters, so they have to modify their feelings.This situation is that from the aspect of choosing rhyme words, it is a glue pillar, and from the aspect of affection, it is improvised. In short, the result of rhyming is often that affection gives way to sound.Fortunately, affection is invisible to others. To see, you can only rely on plain words. If the glue pillars and improvise are in harmony with each other naturally, without ax chisel marks, it can be like a blend of water and milk.Of course, we can also look at it from a more optimistic point of view, that is, affection is often erratic, and if it is put into an ordinary form, it will become clear and substantial. If this is the case, then it does not need to be called glue. The pillars and make do, and it is called a skillful hand.This is especially often the case with poems describing scenery, such as "I can only see the skyline of the Yangtze River", "Frost leaves are red in February flowers", etc. It can even be said that they are first grasped in a plain and plain form, and then Become clear affection. In this way, expressing meaning in the form of rhyme has advantages and disadvantages.In order to make the best of the best, when writing poetry, one should pay more attention to the negative side, that is, the amount of concessions made by the voice of the intention to intercede should not be too large.The way is to choose the right rhyme, still using the metaphor of buying shoes, if the size is right, you won’t have the trouble of cutting your feet, you can wear it, you feel comfortable, and others look good.When choosing a rhyme, sometimes you can agree with it at one time, and that is of course good.Sometimes you can't agree with one at a time, if the rhyme does not match the emotion, or the number of suitable rhymes is not enough, then you can try another rhyme.Poetry writing is an idle matter, and it is almost asking for trouble, so you should not be afraid of trouble, change it again and again, try again, and you can always get a satisfactory or relatively satisfactory effect.