Chapter 18 16. Duality

The situation of duality is more complicated: if there are external arrangements, this article will be discussed; if there are internal details or tricks, we will discuss them in the next article. Duality, or antithesis, is common in modern poetry.It has a deep root and is a monosyllabic Chinese character; and it has tones, which can be divided into two categories.In this way, for example, when A and B have a conversation, A says that B is lazy and is waiting for a rabbit, and B admits it, and even worse, he is seeking fish from a tree. This happens to form a dual, because they are all four syllables, and the situation of mediocre and mediocre is mediocre to mediocre.Words have meaning, and if opposite words also have opposite meanings, then the two parties seem to sit closer together, becoming the icing on the cake.How does meaning count as relative?Our ancestors liked to be in pairs or symmetrically, such as a large Mingtang, a small courtyard, a pair of horse-mounting stones, a pair of Taishi chairs, etc., and so on, all of which are matched with two of the same kind.The meaning of language is also the same. Instead of following the path of real characters versus virtual characters and nouns versus verbs, etc., it requires real versus real, virtual versus virtual, name versus name, verb versus verb, and even closer, the bird of the name versus the bird, Beast to beast, etc. In short, the closer the species, the better.In this way, the number of monosyllables is the same, the tones are flat and narrow, plus the third, the meanings are not one but similar, forming the three conditions of duality.In fact, practically speaking, there are only two conditions, because monosyllables and numbers are universal, so there is no need to memorize them; what needs to be pieced together is: first, the sounds must be relative to each other, and second, the meanings must be relative to each other.For example, waiting for a hare to wait for a hare and seeking a fish from a tree are both qualified in terms of two aspects. The sound, as mentioned above, and the meaning, are the name of the name and the name of the name.The above is the deep root of duality.There is also a shallow root, our ancestors liked the parallel style, and from the time of the Han and Wei Dynasties at the latest, the parallel style was formed and flourished with time.The main manifestation of carrying forward is expansion.The small ones are inside, such as an article, which could have been paralleled and intertwined, but gradually becomes the whole article.The big one is outward, that is, invading other styles.Of course there must be poetry in other genres.The history of duality used in the poem can be traced back to, such as "in the past, I have gone, and the willows are Yiyi; now I come to think, and it is raining and snowing", but that is not trying to piece together.Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the subjective aspect has gradually changed from unintentional to intentional, and the objective aspect has gradually changed from less use to more use, and from untidy to neat. After the early Tang Dynasty, when the metric was finalized, duality became an important part of metrical poetry.It is important to say that it is not necessary, because different people have different requirements; even if the requirements are urgent, flexibility of one kind or another is allowed.The following examples illustrate the common sense and flexibility of using duality in modern poetry.

Let me talk about the quatrains first. The vast majority of the five uniques are that the two couplets are not dual.Such as: The white hair is three thousand feet long, and the fate seems to be long.I don't know where to get (read the tone) Qiushuang in the mirror. (Li Bai's "Qiu Pu Song") The forest is dark and the grass is frightened by the wind, the general draws his bow at night.Pingming looked for the white (read bo) feathers, but it was not in the stone (read zheng tone). (Lu Lun's "The Next Song") Because the first sentence of Wujue often does not rhyme, it is easy to be a couplet, and there are quite a few couplets in the first couplet.Such as:

The merits cover the three parts of the country (read the tone), and the name becomes the eight (read the tone) array.The river flows and the stone does not turn, and the regret is lost (reading the tone) to swallow Wu. (Du Fu) The sun is setting and the mountains are far away, the sky is cold and white (read bo) and the house is poor.Chaimen heard the dog barking, and returned home on a snowy night. (Liu Changqing's "Sleeping in Snow with the Master of Furong Mountain") There are also a small number of the first couplet that is not dual, and the latter couplet that is dual.Such as:

Move the boat and park (read the tone) Yanzhu, the sun sets and the guests worry about the new.In the open sky and low trees, Jiang Qingyue is close to people. (Meng Haoran "Su Jiande River") There are also some, the two couplets before and after are duals, which obviously come from deliberate patchwork.Such as: The sun is at the end of the mountain, and the Yellow River flows into the sea.If you want to see a thousand miles away, go to a higher level (read the tone). (Wang Zhihuan's "Climbing the Stork Tower") Hu Feng was startled from a thousand miles away, and it was only five o'clock in the Han Dynasty.Even if there is a dream of returning home, I can still hear the (read flat tone) stop sound. (Linghu Chu "March in the Army")

The vast majority of Qijue are also not dual.Such as: Flowers are flying everywhere in Spring City, cold food (reading the tone) the east wind keeps the willows leaning.At dusk, candles are passed from the Han Palace (reading the tone), and the light smoke is scattered into the Wuhou's house. (Han Hong's "Cold Food") In the inscription office in Qujiang courtyard, the youngest among the nineteen people.Don't you see the spring today, the apricot blossoms are falling in front of the temple gate. (Zhang Ji's "Crying Mengji") The first sentence of Qijue is often in rhyme, and the sentence is in rhyme. The antithesis can not fully meet the relative requirements of level and oblique (the ending characters are all in flat tone), so there are fewer antithesis in the first couplet than in Wujue.

In the previous couplet, most of the first lines do not rhyme.Such as: It is common to see it in King Qi's house, and Cui Jiutang heard of it several times before.It is the beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, and the season of falling flowers (reading the tone) meets you again. (Du Fu's "Jiangnan Meets Li Guinian") The sand in front of Huile Peak is like snow, and the moon in Shoujiang City is like frost.I don't know where to blow the reed Regardless, recruiting people overnight will make them look at their hometowns. (Li Yi "Wearing the Flute in the Surrendered City at Night")

Occasionally, the first sentence also rhymes and is dual.Such as: Weeds and flowers by the Zhuque bridge, the setting sun at the entrance of Wuyi alley.In the old days, the front swallow of Wang Xietang flew into the homes of ordinary people. (Liu Yuxi's "Brow Clothes Lane") Occasionally there are not many couplets in the first couplet and dual couplets in the second couplet.Such as: When he was young, he resigned from home as a champion, and went to invite Xun with a golden saddle and sword.I don't know the horse's bone typhoid and cold water, but I can only see the evening clouds rising from Longcheng. (Wang Ya's "The Next Song")

There are also some, both couplets are antithetical, which obviously also come from deliberate patchwork.Such as: Two orioles sing green willows, and a group of egrets go up to the blue sky.The window contains the snow of thousands of years in Xiling, and the gate is parked (reading the tone) Dongwu Wanli Ship. (Du Fu's Quatrains) Every year Jinhe Fuyuguan, Chaochao horse policy and knife ring.Sanchun Baixueguiqing Tomb, thousands of miles of the Yellow River around the black (read he) mountain. (Liu Zhongyong's "Recruitment of People") Let's talk about poetry again.

The normality of regulated poetry is the dual couplet in the middle.The same is true of the five laws.Such as: The old man Gu Ji millet invited me to Tian's house.Green Tree Village Bianhe (pronounced in the tonal tone), and Qingshan Guo (pronounced in the tonal tone) obliquely outward.Open the garden of noodles and talk about wine and mulberry.When it comes to the Double Ninth Day, the chrysanthemum (read the tone) flowers still come. (Meng Haoran's "Passing the Old Man's Village") The unique official traveler is surprised by the new phenology.Yunxia goes out to the sea and dawn, plum blossoms cross the river

spring.Shu Qi urges yellow birds, and the sun turns green apples.Suddenly hearing the old tune of the song, Guisi (reading the tone) wants to touch the towel. (Du Shenyan's "Walking with Jinling Lu Cheng in Early Spring") Because the first sentence of the five-character sentence often does not rhyme, the flat foot and the parallel sentence are easy to be paired, and the duality of the first couplet of the five rhythms can almost be divided equally with the non-dual world.Such as: The guest road is under the green mountains, and the boat is in front of the green water.The tide is flat and the banks are wide, and the wind is rising and the sails are hanging.Hai Ri Sheng residual night, Jiang Chun into the old year.Where is the township book (read the tone), and return to Yan Luoyang. (Wang Wan's "Under the Cibeigu Mountain")

The country is broken by mountains and rivers, and the city is full of spring vegetation.Feel the time and splash tears, hate goodbye (read Thumbs up) The bird is frightened.The beacon fire lasted for three months, and the family letter was worth ten thousand gold.The bald head scratches shorter, and the hairpin is full of lust (read flat tone). (Du Fu's "Spring Hope") The duality of the first couplet of the five rhythms becomes the duality of the first, second and third couplets.There is a couplet in a triptych, and the first couplet is wrong, the number is very small.Such as: There are few neighbors in the alleys, and the thatched eaves like to live side by side.Steamed pears are often cooked in the same stove, and scallions are poured in the same canal.It is said that Zha (reading the tone) looks for medicine in the morning, and reads (reading the tone) at night by the lamp.Even in the city, you still have to (read the tone) like a woodcutter. (Yu Hu's "Title of Neighbors") is a two-coupling couplet, with the first couplet being a couplet and the second couplet not being a couplet.Such as: Mr. Peng Ze (pronounced in the flat tone) is Liu, a scholar in the hills.I come from what I like, stop policy and have a lot of summer shade.Emphasis is placed on the joy of watching fish, and because of it drumming and singing.Cui Xuji is immortal, and he bowed to Qingbo for thousands of years. (Meng Haoran's "The Taoist in Search of Plum") The city gate assists the Sanqin, and the wind and smoke look at the Wujin.Saying goodbye to you (reading the flat tone) is the same as an official traveler.There is a confidant in the sea, and the end of the world is like a neighbor.Inaction leads to a fork in the road, and the sons and daughters share the towel. (Wang Bo "Send Du Shaofu to Shuchuan") Occasionally there is a song that is only a couplet, almost all of which are in the third couplet.Such as: Personnel and affairs are metabolized, and exchanges become ancient and modern.There are scenic spots in the mountains and rivers (read in the tone), we will visit again.The water falls into the Yuliang shallow, and the sky is cold and Mengze (reading in flat tone) is deep.The Yanggong monument is still there, and tears stained my breasts after reading it. (Meng Haoran's "Climbing Xian Mountain with the Masters") There is also a scattered line all the way, and the quadruples are not dual.Such as: Niuzhu Xijiang night, the blue sky without a cloud.Boarding a boat to look at the autumn moon, recalling General Xie in the air.Yu can also sing high praises, which cannot be heard by Sri Lankan people.In the Ming Dynasty, the sails were set up, and the maple leaves fell one after another. (Li Bai's "Night Mooring Niuzhu Nostalgia") Although the family moved with Guo (read the tone), the wild path went into Sangma.A recent species of hedge chrysanthemum (read the tone), which will not bloom in autumn (read the tone) flowers.There is no dog barking when the door is knocked, and I want to ask the West family.The report goes to the mountains and returns every day. (Jiaoran's "Looking for Lu Hongjian, Not Encountered") Besides, the seven laws are also based on the dual couplets in the middle.Such as: It is said that Chang'an is like playing chess, and the world is invincible (read flat tone) for a hundred years.The mansions of princes and marquises (read the tone) are all new owners, and the civil and military clothes are different from the past (read the tone). The golden drums vibrate in the Guanshan Mountain in the straight north, and the chariots, horses, feathers and books gallop to the west.The fish and the dragon are lonely, the autumn river is cold, and the homeland (read the tone) is always thoughtful. (One of Du Fu's "Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity") The heavy curtain is lowered deep in Mochou Hall, and the night is long and thin after lying down.The life of a goddess is only a dream, and the sister-in-law lives in a place where there is no man.The storm does not believe that the Lingzhi is weak, who will teach the moon dew (read flat tone) the bay leaves are fragrant.It's useless to go straight to lovesickness, but melancholy is madness. (Li Shangyin) There are also triplets in the seven rhythms, most of which are the first, second, and triplets, and the first sentence does not rhyme.Such as: The Wei River lingers on Qin Saiqu, and the old Huangshan slopes around the Han Palace.Luanyu goes out (reading flat tone) Qianmen willow, looking back at the pavilion road (reading flat tone) Shangyuan flower.The Shuangfeng Temple in the imperial city of Yunli, where thousands of families live in spring in the rain.In order to take advantage of the yang qi and act the seasons, it is not for Chen to play (read the tone) Wuhua. (Wang Wei's "Fenghe Shengzhi from Penglai to Xingqing Pavilion Road to Stay in the Spring Rain in the Spring Hope Work Response") Luocheng is four thousand miles apart (read in the tone), and Hu Qi (read in ji) has been driving for five or six years.The grass and trees decay and move outside the sword, and the sword blocks (pronounced in flat tone) the old riverside.Homesickness steps up the moon and stands at night, recalling my younger brother looking at Yunbai (reading bo) sleeps day.Hearing that Heyang is near victory, Situ is anxious to break Youyan. (Du Fu "Hate Farewell") Occasionally, the first sentence rhymes, and the first, second, and triplets are duals.Such as: Wujun Yushu went to Zichen, and the Chang'an stables sent Zhu Lun.Ernan Fenghua inherits the legacy of love, and Bayong's fame follows suit.Liang and his wife are guests, and the Lu brothers are state residents.Wherever I follow in spring in Jiangcheng, I will recall my old master in the east. (Liu Yuxi's "Going to Suzhou to Pay Farewell to Lotte") There are only a few couplets in the triplet, and there are not many couplets in the first couplet.Such as: Outside the sword, it was suddenly reported that Jibei was collected, and when I heard it for the first time, my clothes were full of tears.But I see (read flat voice) what my wife is worried about, and the scrolls of poems and books are ecstatic.Singing songs during the day requires excessive drinking, and the company of youth is good for returning home.That is to say, from Baxia (read the tone, the same below) through Wuxia, and then go down to Xiangyang to Luoyang. (Du Fu's "Wearing that the Officials and the Army Received Henan and Hebei") There are also quadruple couplets in the seven laws, such as: At the end of the year, yin and yang urge short scenes, and the sky is frosty and snowy at night.The sound of drums and horns at the fifth watch is solemn and stirring, and the shadow of the Galaxy in the Three Gorges (reading the tone) shakes.Crying in the wild (reading the flat tone), thousands of families heard about the war (reading the flat tone), and Yige started fishing and woodcutters in several places.The crouching dragon and the leaping horse end up in the loess, and the human affairs, news and books are long and lonely. (Du Fu's "The Pavilion Night") The jade building and the silver list are in the strict city, and the emerald green flag is listed as a forbidden camp.The sun reflects the color of the rock picture, and the wind shakes the orchestral sound of the miscellaneous trees.The heavy pavilion by the water (read the tone) contains flying, and the solitary peak in the cloud is cut (read the tone) into.Fortunately, I saw the Eight Dragons Youlang (reading the tone) garden, and I visited Pengying without any trouble. (Zong Chuke's "Fenghe Xing'anle Princess Villa Yingzhi") Compared with the five laws, the seven laws are more closely related to the duality, or in other words, have more dependence on the duality.Therefore, except for deliberately awkward body bending, there is almost no phenomenon of getting less close to the dual or even throwing away the dual.I can barely find it, but there are only a few half ancient and half regular ones, each song is only a couplet, and they are always in the neck couplet.Such as: People in the past have gone by the Yellow Crane, and the Yellow Crane Tower is vacant here.The yellow crane is gone and never returns, and the white clouds are empty for thousands of years.Qingchuan is full of Hanyang trees, and fragrant grass is luxuriant on Yingwu Island.Where is Rimu Township Pass?The Yanbo River makes people worry. (Cui Hao's "Yellow Crane Tower") The parrot came to Wujiang River, and the name of the parrot was passed down in Jiangshangzhou.The parrot flies west to Longshan Mountain, the tree of Fangzhou is He Qingqing.The smoke blooms, orchid leaves are fragrant, the wind is warm, and the bank clips (reading the tone) peach blossoms and brocade waves.At this time, the immigrant has only a very (reading tone) eye, and who can tell the lonely moon in Changzhou. (Li Bai "Parrot Island") The use of duality in modern poetry is roughly the same as mentioned above, and the following is a general statement.The nature of using duality in poetry is to seek beauty through decoration, just like how women used to wear embroidered shoes in the past, but today they wear high heels.But as a human being, beauty (even if it is subjective) is always difficult to give up. Therefore, although it takes a lot of effort and sacrifices some freedom, it is finally united, and the use of duality has become a rule.Not using it according to the routine, or even not using it, is to let it go on purpose, not wearing clothes or wearing shoes, the nature is the same as making a body, after all, it is something that can be occasional but not frequent.It should not appear frequently, in the eyes of some people it is like heresy, even bad.It is not impossible to find an objective reason for this bad feeling.One is in terms of meaning, such as "In the sky, it is heard that the tiger's brigade crows at night, and the rooster who does not return to announce the dawn", using combat as a metaphor, it is a two-sided attack, so the power is much greater.The other is aesthetically pleasing, such as "fragrant mist and clouds are wet (reading melodious tone), clear brilliance and jade arms are cold", if written in scattered characters, the effect will be worse, because the symmetry will be reduced.Perhaps it is because the antithesis has a desirable side, so when ancient people wrote poems, they not only couldn't bear to release it, but also spent a lot of time on it, hoping to have a better world and make it better.All such tricks are left for the next article. There is still a small problem here, is today's imitation, should Xiao Gui and Cao Sui be required in the antithesis.The so-called follow-up is done according to the usual practice. For example, the couplets in the middle of the verses are used in antithesis, and the quatrains can be used or not.In my opinion, it is still the best policy to stick to it, because imitation, imitation is an old poem, to write an old poem, to choose between like an old poem or not like an old poem, and choose the latter, which is ridiculous and even absurd. ------------------ Writing poems is a trivial matter (meaning that you can live without doing this), and writing poems with antithesis is a matter of trivial matters.However, people, when they are born, are endowed with some or some strange tempers. For example, Yan Zhenqing has "Beg Rice Post", which is a busy matter and does not use many words; From "clothes for collar" to "wood for paulownia", 10 items have been accumulated, which proves that, at least sometimes, the more busy things are, the more willing to pay attention.The same is true for using antithesis in poetry, because it is a trivial matter, and the ancients spent a lot of thought on this aspect.As a result, a lot of exquisiteness, or tricks, has been created.Just talking about the classification, the "Genus to" article in Volume 7 of "The Poet's Jade Chips" quotes "Shiyuan Leige" as saying: Tang Shangguanyi said: There are six pairs of poems: one is the pair of correct names, which is the same as heaven, earth, sun and moon; It is true; the fifth is the pairing of repeated rhymes, it is also true of wandering and letting go;He also said: There are eight pairs of poems: one is the name pair, sending the wine to the southeast, and welcoming the piano from the northwest; The two tones are right, the autumn dew is fragrant and the beautiful chrysanthemums (read the flat tone), and the spring breeze is fragrant and beautiful orchid (the case refers to the last two words); The case refers to the first two characters); on the fifth day, Lian Mian is right, the residual river is like a belt, and the first month is like an eyebrow (according to "Wen Jing Mi Fu Lun", the second and third characters are Lian Mian, which is suspected to be "the residual river is like a belt." , the first month and the moon are like eyebrows"); on the sixth day, the double plan is right, discussing that the eyebrows deceive the moon, and discussing that the flower cheeks (read the tone) are better than the flowers; The same), the meaning is to chase (read the tone) and the new love is also true; every sentence is right on the eighth day, lovesickness and remembrance, tears stained clothes every night, empty sighs and empty weeps, it is also true that the king has not returned. The Japanese Bianzhao King Kong wrote "Wen Jing Mi Fu Lun" (the case is recorded in the Tang Dynasty), and the eastern volume is devoted to antithesis, and the categories are more detailed, with a total of 29 types: The first is the pair of names (also known as the pair of correct names, also known as the right pair); the second is the pair of interval sentences; the third is the pair of double imitations; ; the eighth is double tone pairing; the ninth is double rhyme pairing; the tenth is palindrome pairing; the eleventh is meaning pairing; the twelfth is flat pairing; It is called sound pair; seventeen is side pair; eighteen is adjacent pair; nineteen is intertwined pair; The fourth is double-empty and real pairing; This is obviously too trivial, and some of them are unreasonable. For example, the twenty-ninth article is always wrong and right, which means that the whole article is not dual. How can it be regarded as a kind of "right"?More importantly, it is not very useful and it is easy to disturb the train of thought, so it is advisable to leave it alone, as long as it is not the case.What should be managed are some useful and possible uses, and the following will talk about them in order from the obvious to the subtle. First, let’s talk about the upper, middle and lower classes of the dual, or the third class of good, second best, and qualified.The standard of grading is the distance of the relative word, the category to which the meaning belongs.Nearly belongs to a small category, good; far belongs to a large category, it is also possible, but worse.Taking the noun "gold" as an example, it is close to jade and far away from trees; taking the verb "sitting" as an example, it is close to xing and far away from seeking.For couples, use similar ones, such as gold and jade, sitting and walking, that's fine.Why?It's hard to say, just as two earrings are the same but not different, it's also hard to say why they are beautiful.I had no choice but to accept the reality, not to ask the reason, but to talk about classification.Start from the elementary level.For the sake of brevity, more nouns are used as examples.Such as: Feng · Huo Lian San · Yue Jia · Shu Da Wan · Jin Forbidden Lisparse, Zhong Guanshe, Night Singing, Birds and Officials, Few People Open · Xuan Noodle · Field · Garden · Wine Talk · Sang · Hemp ·Fields·gardens scattered·during·after the war·bone·flesh wandering·road·in the road Fire and books, moon and gold, porch and wine, field and mulberry, bell and bird, house and people, countryside and flesh and blood, gun and road are just big categories of nouns, or they are not close in category, so they are used Come on dual, just pass not good.This kind of duality has a name, which is called "wide pair". Large categories can be divided into subcategories.For example, Mr. Wang Li's "Poetry Metrics" divides words into nine categories: nouns, adjectives, numerals (numerals), color words, location words, verbs, adverbs, function words, and pronouns from the perspective of duality; It is divided into 11 categories: astronomy, seasons, geography, palace, clothing, utensils, plants, animals, human relations, personnel, and body.Another example is the popular "Poetry and Rhyme", in which "Ci Lin Dian Xie" divides things into astronomical gates, seasonal gates, geographical gates, emperor's back gates, official positions, political gates, etiquette gates, music gates, human relationship gates, Character Gate, Boudoir Gate, Body Gate, Wenshi Gate, Military Equipment Gate, Arts and Crafts Gate, Foreign Teachers Gate, Treasure Gate, Palace Gate, Utensil Gate, Clothing Gate, Diet Gate, Susu Gate, Cloth Gate, Vegetation Gate, Flower Gate, There are a total of 30 categories including Fruit Gate, Bird Gate, Animal Gate, Scale Gate, and Insect Gate.In this way, the thickness may not be appropriate, and it is not as unambiguously binding as the rhyme.But it contains a kind of moral binding force, that is: words can be divided into subcategories, and it is best for the couple to belong to one subcategory; as a last resort, they must also belong to two similar subcategories.What is near and far?Such as astronomy and seasons, clothing and food, close; astronomy and fruit, clothing and birds, far.The duality with words similar to the small class is intermediate, such as: Yandu Pond Moon Shan Lian Jing Yi·Chunzheng Recalling the Past·Strict·Servant·Shooting Welcoming Chinese Envoys, Hope, Township, and Taiwan 1. Blooming of Chu Shuang·Yanru·Lu·Jiali·Ma Wang·Yunqiu·Sai Jing Shooting · Diao Lin · Evening Water · Sunny Moon and spring correspond to astronomy and seasons, flowers and swallows correspond to flowers and birds, Chu State and Lu family correspond to country names and family names, Yan Pushe and Wangxiangtai correspond to person names and place names, horses and eagles correspond to beasts and birds (see also For the same kind), clouds and water are astronomy and geography, and Sai and Tian are geography and astronomy. They are all adjacent small categories.This also has a name, which is called "neighborhood pair". It can also be upgraded to another level, that is, the words in the sub-category are relative and become a good dual.Such as: ·Hai Ri Birth ·Night·Jiang Chun into the Old·Nian ·Wearing·Purple Clothes·Que·Down·Mouth Title·Dan Chao Chu·Guan·East ·Xinglin·Wanhudong·Moonside·Jiuxiaoduo ·River·Mountain·Northern Pillow·Qin·Guan Dan·Yi·Road·Xilian·Han·Zhengping Sea and river are geography to geography, night and year are season to season, stars and moon are astronomy to astronomy, ten thousand and nine are number to number, body and mouth are human body to human body, purple and dan are color to color, que and Guan is geography to geography, down and east are azimuth to azimuth, river and post, mountain and road, Guan and Yu are all geography to geography, north and west are azimuth to azimuth, relative words all belong to a small category, this It's like getting married with Bao Dai, a natural couple, so they become good friends.There is also a famous trick here, which is called "work pair". The job is good, so people flock to it.First use great mechanics.There are still many books for study in the old days, so you might as well give one or two to read.One is called "Sound Rhythm Enlightenment", which uses 30 rhymes in flat tones as the keynote, and compiles the couplets into verses to facilitate memory.Ruyi Dongyun is: Clouds face rain, snow faces wind, and night shines against clear sky.Laihong is facing the going swallow, and the old bird is facing the singing insect.The three-foot sword, the six-jun bow, Lingbei faces Jiangdong.The Qingshu Palace on earth, the Guanghan Palace in the sky.The willows and willows are green at dawn on both sides of the strait, and the apricot blossoms are red in a spring rain in a garden.The visitor who travels early in the wind and frost on the temples, and the old man who fishes late by the stream in the misty rain. Along the opposite revolution, the difference against the same, the old man against the yellow boy.River wind against sea fog, Muzi To the fisherman.Yanxiang is ugly, Ruantu is poor, and northern Hebei faces Liaodong.The water in the pool washes your feet, and the wind blows outside the door.Emperor Liang taught scriptures in Tongtai Temple, and Emperor Han bought wine in Weiyang Palace.Dust worries linger in the heart and caress the seven-stringed green Qi lazy, and the frost is full of shame to look at the refined bronze. Poor versus rich, stuffy versus connected, wild old man versus Xitong.The temples are green against the eyebrows, and the teeth are bright against the lips.The sky is bright, the sun is melting, and the sword is facing the bow.The half stream is green and the water is green, and the thousand trees are red.Wild crossing swallows wear willow rain, Fangchi fish play water chestnut and lotus wind.There is a crescent moon under the woman's slender eyebrows, and the man's chest is full of vitality. This is not only learning antithesis, but also memorizing poetry rhyme.There are also those that focus on learning duality and rhetoric (including allusions), such as the above-mentioned "Ci Lin Dian Xie", the "Qingming" article of Shishimen includes the following (for eye-catching, the format is changed as appropriate): Changing the Fire—New Smoke and Purple Bamboo Bamboo Shoots—Green Maple Inserting Willows—Trying on Purple Swallow—Oriole Wandering—Cuckoo Cuckoo and Cold Stove—Chuncheng Oriole Fighting Skillfully—Die Fei Busily Trying New Tea—Shangchuntai Huaihuai Smoke Scattered - Elm Fire New The pears are light and white—the willows are deep and green, the fire is splashing and the sun is coming—the spring is beautiful—the grass is sleeping and the tung blossoms are blooming—the willow catkins will try to go to the moonlight pavilion—still wandering in the garden of fragrant trees Bamboo shoots enter with tea——Green maple joins willows to drill the willows and fly flowers, and recite Han Hong’s sentence——Xinghuagu wine, also recite Du Mu’s chapter Tug of war day——Taojingquanxin Scholars in the old age, beginners, had to memorize these, that is, use Dali.Mechanics is paid.When you have enough, you have to let it go, and it is for the sake of letting it go, so in the modern poems of the ancients, the work pair can always be seen everywhere.Such as: ·Green trees·Village·Border·Combined ·Qingshan·Guo·Outside·Slope·Sparse·Pine Shadow·Luo·Empty·Altar·Static ·Thin · Grass Fragrance · Raw · Small · Hole · Secluded ·Half·Ling·Tong·Jia·Qi ·Middle·Peak·Round·Rui·Smoke·Flower·Welcome·Sword·Pei·Star·Early·Fall ·Willow·Whisk·Jing·Flag·Lu·Wei·Dry For the two words that are opposite to each other in the upper and lower lines, the dots are all right. This wind of mate-seeking, like other fashions, must also intensify with the passage of time.One of its manifestations is that the categories become more and more detailed. For example, "Ci Lin Dian Xie" divides things into 30 categories and then adds an "outside compilation", including 7 categories: (1) Head-up (words related to the emperor and his ancestors and saints in the old days, used in the writing to be transferred to another line, pushed up one or two or three grids to show respect, just like the modern blackface) Yes, such as: Dan Bi - Purple Chen Fenggao—Luanzhang Huangji Construction—Emperor Enjun (2) The color is right, such as: colorful purple - bright red zodiac - purple virtual Red and pink mats—green screens are always thought to be gorgeous—green out of blue (3) The number is right, such as: two Songs—three Sus Giant Thousands - Big Thousands Three-inch tongue—nine ileum and twelve gold hairpins—three thousand pearls and shoes Hung Chien - Longsheng Huan District Tai—Niangu Fengkun Ma Xingdi—Qianlong Yutian (5) Ganzhi pairs, such as: Taiyi—Chang Geng Sub-fine - hard work Ziwu Valley—Jiafu incense at Dingmao Bridge—Ding Niang Duqu (6) Names and characters, such as: Shuoxiang——Yi Liu Yanyan - Yingying Yuanliang Path - Sima in Qingshan at Zilingtai - Hongxing Shangshu (7) Pairs of empty words, such as: 曰如——Why doesn’t the cloud fall——will leave Unnecessary—there is nothing like this—it is suitable for people. Obviously, if the big is divided into the small, and the small is divided into smaller, it will be difficult to come to an end.However, when people in the past wrote modern style poems, although they didn't know that they wanted to be so detailed, they picked up a pen and decided to go this way.For example, "Guzhang · Qin stele is here, barren city · Lu Dianyu" is the name of the country (or dynasty) against the name of the country; It is the official name versus the official name; "The sea has not yet returned to Yugong, where is the end of Jimen Yao Feng" is the holy king to the holy king; "Xiang" is the palace garden to the palace garden; "Chu. The words are no longer Rao Tang Le, and the wind. Fu has ever made the scenery worse" is the book to the book; "Yuan · Heti Bianxin" is the year name against the year name, and they all try their best to pursue small categories for processing.There are also those who use the method of taking into account both work and processing, such as: "Giving Talisman · Yellow · Stone · Lao, Learning Sword · White · Ape · Weng" is the name of the person, but also the color pair; "Sea to the sheep · City Kuo, Shanlian·Xiang·Jungao" is the pair of place names, and the pair of beasts must also be taken into account. It can be seen how deeply the ancient people have been fascinated by the pair. The depth of mysteries and the long-term development have formed a lot of frames, at least it is the habit of not asking why.Just take the most trivial example, such as existence versus non-existence, ancient versus present, old versus new, past versus future, external versus middle, easy versus difficult, self versus whom, wife versus husband, evening versus dynasty, non-existence versus stillness, etc. Wait, it becomes an unwritten rule, as long as it is not too difficult to make up, you must pursue to appear in this way.Is this good?Hard to say.However, if it has been admitted that the work is good, then we can only applaud along with it.The ancients followed suit and applauded.Applause is agreement and praise.Then, of course, follow suit. However, at least sometimes, the problem of incompatibility between formal beauty and meaning arises again.For example, amaranth and cucumber form a duality. If amaranth can also be called seaweed, it will be perfect, but it cannot be called seaweed. It is really a pity for those who are obsessed with work pairs.There are two ways to remedy it: one is to simply give up the work right, and the other is to change it to another term.There is another way of remedy that comes from Ah Q, which is called "borrowing the right".The so-called borrowing is to make use of another meaning of polysemy to fill it up. For example, the first few words in the upper line use the word A, and the second few words use the word B. B has two meanings. The first one is used here, which is the same as that of A. They belong to the same large category, but the second meaning belongs to the same subcategory as A, which can take advantage of the illusion of people's eyes and ears, and it is considered correct.Characters have form and sound, and they can express meaning, so borrowing pairs can be divided into two types: "borrowing form" (strictly speaking, borrowing both shape and sound) and "borrowing sound" (borrowing sound only).Let me talk about borrowing forms first, such as: Young, young, once a hero, late, more Confucian Going back to the sun, the buildings and terraces are not the Jiazhang, the crown and the sword are Ding Nian Nakan Jiang·Feng·Nv Yiyi·Wu·Sun Wine Debt·Looking·Where You Go There is a Life·Seven or Ten Rare in Ancient Times The festival here is the righteousness of the festival, and the righteousness of the festival is used to form a working relationship with the year.Wusun is the name of the country here, and he formed a working relationship with Fengnu through Wu Yayi and Zisun Yi.Ding here is a strong Ding Yi, who borrows Bing Ding Yi to form a stem-branch pair with A.Ordinary here is the ordinary meaning, using eight feet as xun and two xun as the common meaning, forming a numerical pair with seventy.Let's talk about borrowing sounds, such as: Kitchen Utensils · Chicken Millet Picking · Bayberry ·Cui Dai does not need to stay for five horses ·Emperor En is only allowed to stay for three years Ci·Di Xunshu Zhahu·Erjian Donated Poems ·The breeze sweeps the land and autumn arrives first ·The red sun travels without knowing the sky Yang Yin is the same as the sheep, borrowed to form a pair of beasts with the chicken.Diyin's younger brother borrowed it to form a kinship pair with his son.Huangyin is the same as yellow, borrowed to form a color pair with emerald (green).The unvoiced sound is the same as green, which is also borrowed to form a color pair with red.Obviously, this is all about drawing cakes to satisfy one's hunger.But people in the past liked to do this kind of tricks very much. Although it was optional, sometimes they just liked to do it. I also like or prefer to come to "Liu Shui Pair".This is the upper and lower lines in one go, like flowing water. In grammatical terms, the upper and lower sentences are combined into one sentence.For example: wanting to sell the Hanjian tree to the Cuilou people When the king and the white head return to the same day, it is when I go alone in Qingshan I can't bear the dark shadows on my temples to sing to the white head The poor bone beside the Wuding River is still the person in the spring girl's dream In my opinion, this seems tight and lively, which is better than borrowing the right pattern. All of the above are in order.There is also a kind of duality, which is divided into two types.One can be named "intricate pairs", such as: Zen Palace·Divided into two places to release the child into one·For the heart Looking at Huangju in the past, Farewell to you, now listening to Xuan Chan, but returning Not alone, avoiding frost and snow, like a couple, rare Skirt Drag·Six·Pictures of Xiangjiang River Surrounding Wushan·One·Duan Yun The words with dots are dual with the words with dots, and the words with lines are dual with the words with lines, but the positions are different.The other can be called "meaning pair", such as: Bashu is worried about whom to speak, Wumen is prosperous Crouching dragon and leaping horse end loess, human affairs, audio and book are lonely Everyone in the world wants to kill me Finger claw Hongfei accidentally left on the mud There are some words that do not meet the conditions of duality, but the meanings of the upper and lower sentences are symmetrical.The spirit of regulated poetry is to follow the rules, so these two forms of wild solitary meditation are rare in ancient poems. There are other forms of dual couplets besides the upper and lower couplets.One is a reduced type, such as: ·Virtual·Pair of Halls·Desolate·Lonely Pond·Green·Tomb Toward·Yellow·Twilight ·Small·Grass green·Ting·Zhou disappeared·Men·Marriage·Female·When married The dotted word is a pair in a sentence, which is called "dangling sentence pair". The other is the expanded type, such as: Hi near Tennoji Temple, first painted by ancient pictures In response to the emperor's son Zhu, weeping together with Shun Cangwu Misty Wushan Girl, Returning for Seven or Eight Years Yinqin Xiangshui song, stay on the thirteen strings The first sentence is a pair with the third sentence, and the second sentence is a pair with the fourth sentence, which is called "sentence pair" or "fan face".If it is said that intricate pairs and meaning pairs have the spirit of wild fox Zen, this kind of pair of interjections is doubly full of wild fox spirit. Finally, let me talk about the difference between a pair of chairs or a pair of earrings, because a pair of pairs is not for viewing, but for understanding.It should be understood that more content wins, so a good duality requires not only the relative words, but also the artistic conception.Because of this requirement to avoid repetition, there are two couplets in five words and seven words in each of the following: The flower path has never been predestined by guests to sweep the Pengmen, and now it is opened for you Mo Mo Fan Comes, Ming Ming Bird Goes Late Businessmen sleep by day to know the waves and quiet boats, people in the night talk and feel the tide It seems that the faces are too similar, it is not as good as the following five-character and seven-character couplets: If the country treats flowers and willows, it will be more selfless How can there be an article that shocks the domestic laborers and horses stationed in the river Desire to find fragrant grass to regret the betrayal of the old When I first travel in bamboo, I don't know horses until I see people in Huajian It seems to be tortuous and changeable.This situation puts the couple in a dilemma. It is necessary to be close (if you are far away, you will complain), but it is not suitable to be too close (if you are close, you will not be inferior).Fortunately, that's asking too much, and it's okay to leave it alone. There is another kind, which also comes from the requirement of avoiding repetition, which cannot be ignored. It is the middle two couplets of regulated poems.The following two examples are: Embroidered Threshold Lin Cangzhu Thousands of Miles Cold Light Produces Snow The tooth mast is inserted into the evening sand, and the dawn is moving on the three sides Pu Yun, Shen Duanyan, Battlefield, Beacon Fire Invades Hu Yue The river rains into the sea of ​​faint crows, the clouds and mountains embrace the city of Ji In the old times, joining palms was regarded as a big taboo. From the perspective of the principle of changing from poetry, or expanding it to writing, this taboo is not unreasonable. The pattern is the structure of the shape, and this requirement is rigid if it is to be changed.The principle of seeking change is also extended, and the content is also concerned, even the meaning of the two couplets in the middle must be changed, even though this requirement is not rigid.Such as: The boundless falling trees in the southeast of Wu Chu The universe floats endlessly day and night, the Yangtze River rolls in Relatives and friends without a word The old and sick have a lonely boat, the hundred-year-old sick come to the stage alone Both describe the scene in the first couplet and the love in the latter couplet.Another example: Green tree village close lock title golden beast serial cold Qingshan Guowai Oblique Water Drop Copper Dragon Day Leak Long Kaixuan noodle field, cloud bun, comb and return to the mirror Talk about wine and want to change Sangmaluo clothes to add more fragrance The first couplet is written as a foil environment, and the latter couplet is written about people's activities.There are various situations of change, and what we want is rich in content, flexible and vivid. So far, a lot has been said about duality.This is not to avoid tediousness, because imitating old poems, it is difficult to avoid the antithesis. Although you may not want to try all the big dishes and small dishes, but Yuyun, I would rather prepare than use, and not prepare if not available, so I still choose to say it.