Chapter 5 3. Writing and singing

The first two questions talk about poetry in a general way, or in other words, they talk about how to write in theory.Therefore, in terms of value, it is the daughter of enjoyment, and in terms of family background, it is a great background. If you can really enjoy it, it can make idiots complain about women. .This beautiful idea obviously has loopholes, because it is ideal, just like all ideal things, there must be a greater or less distance from reality.But focusing on reality, you will find that: From the perspective of writing, there are many poems that are tangible but without spirit, and their valuations are not worth a thousand pieces of gold, or even a piece of gold; Recite and "think with all your heart that there is a big swan coming", naturally you can't talk about the transformation of the border.For the sake of one, discerning readers will not snicker or sneer at the loopholes; two, the arguments below have a secure foothold. Here we must first explain that poetry, writing or reading, has different levels. This book Writing, in general terms, refers to high-level, or genuine.It is presumed that some readers will be willing to hear about the level, so let's talk about the level first.

Talk and write first. Writing, the sentence is finalized on the paper, and becomes a certain format, which seems quite simple; but the process is not like this.First of all, it starts with the person who writes the pen. Personality, experience, academic ability, and momentary mood are all related; It must be very different.If the difference is large, the upper one may become Li Du, and the lower one may become Zhang Dayou.Up, down, and between, from the perspective of the individual, it is impossible to describe; from the perspective of classification, because there are so many tricks, it is also difficult to describe them all.Fortunately, the focus of this article is to explain that some articles are not genuine, so of course we don’t need to talk about them; Just a few examples that come to mind.Comparing poems with words, poems have a higher family status and a wider range of paths, so it is easy to not keep their duties, or to be exploited, so the examples are all found from the pile of poems.

The poetic sentiment and poetic environment mentioned above are also vague, and the appropriate places will be further analyzed later.Let’s just swallow jujubes here and say that some poems have a flat shell, but there is not or not enough poetic emotion and poetic environment inside the shell. Let's talk about some of these situations. One is to make poems.This was done by the emperor's order, of course it should be praised.The method is to try to exaggerate the depiction to show auspiciousness and wealth.Such as: The secret garden of Ligong is better than Yingzhou, and there is no fairy cave.The color of the trees on the edge of the rock is wind-cold (losing stickiness, which is not uncommon in the early Tang Dynasty), and the sound of the spring on the stone is accompanied by rain and autumn.The birds come to the song feast to sing the song, and the clouds follow the tent and the hall knot (read the tone) is the building.Weichen used to be Fang Mingyu, and today he also accompanied Junyou. (Song Zhiwen's "Songshan Shicong Serving Banquet System")

This poem was written by Wu Zetian's order, and the main purpose is to please Wu. Naturally, my own poetic sentiments cannot be included, and I presume there will be none.If there is no poetry, you have to have nothing to say, so fairyland, immortals, etc. are all brought in. This is false, it is false, and coupled with the kneeling of the tail, it seems almost nasty today. One is test post poems.This is what was done in the examination room in the imperial examination era. It is similar in nature to the system, but it is not so direct, because there are examiners in the middle.The test post poems are neat and rhymed stereotyped essays, which also start from breaking the title and end in praise of the saints, with five characters and six rhymes or five characters and eight rhymes.Such as:

White clouds grow in Yuanxiu, swaying into the clear sky.Take the time to relax, and never let it go.If you want to sell, you still have the sun, but you will not be broken by the wind.The situation is thin (pronounced obliquely) It is hard to see when flying, but the color is easy to be poor when the sky is high.Shadow make-up vital energy table, light extinguished too empty.If you go by dragon, you will also apply the power of moistening things. (Jiao Yu's "Fu Gets the White Clouds to the End of the Sky") This is selected from the five-character long rhythm section of Shen Deqian's "Bie Cai Collection of Tang Poetry", and the comment is "depicted without trace".Regardless of whether there are traces or not, the most obvious performance is the depiction, which depicts the title "White clouds end in the sky".In the later period, restrictions on the use of rhyme should be added. If the word "Dekong" is to be added under the title of this poem, then only one Dong rhyme should be used, and the word "Kong" in the title should also be used.Describing within various restrictions, but also pleasing to the eyes and ears of "people", it is naturally difficult to insert one's own feelings. If there is no emotion, it is not a poem if it is called a poem.

One is a general entertainment poem with praise as its content, and those who are praised are mostly those whose status is higher than their own.Such as: The order of the book comes out (reading the tone) Chen Zhong, and the official etiquette has been revered since ancient times.Special thanks to Pingtu, Guangzan Ge (reading the tone) Tiangong.Wear Fuyang seal again, and often ride Bao's Cong.The seven sages are still alive, and they still have to (read the tone) to sing about the breeze. (Liu Yuxi's "Grandfather of the Men's Family, Honored and Ordered the World to Rejoice Together, Mu Family and Private Dare to Apply for Congratulations")

The title "忝木亲亲私" is probably true, but this really does not arouse poetic sentiment, and congratulations are required according to worldly conventions, so we have to make a big fuss about boasting officials, and senior officials are often out of harmony with the poetic environment of. One is a poem about Tao or reason.There are many ways or principles, such as Taoism is nothing, Buddhism is emptiness, and Confucianism is chang.Constrained by Gangchang ethics, women are more powerful than men, so ladies' poems often sing about this aspect.Such as: At first glance, I am happy and surprised when I see the mud gold, and you are honored by the kindness of your ancestors.Although the fame and fame do not come from the spring breeze (read the tone), the character must be as good as autumn.Don't forget (read flat tone) in the world to cultivate virtue (read flat tone) karma, be careful not to lose your family reputation.Warning Hugh negligence in the words, he is wise in his age. (Yun Zhu's "Xi Da'er Linqing Lianjie Nangong Poem Yixu Zhi") Joy and surprise are love, but the joy and surprise are the prosperity and glory of the ancestors.The main idea here is profit, which is qualitatively different from poetic emotion.

One is a poem that expresses understanding and understanding of common things.It's a bit like a riddle, where the lines are the face of the riddle and the answer is a truth about some aspect of life.Such as: Flying to the Qianxun Pagoda on the mountain, I heard (read the tone) that the rooster crows and the sun rises.Don't be afraid of floating clouds to cover your eyes, you are at the highest level. (Wang Anshi's "Deng Feilai Peak") Fuyun, who is at the highest level, obviously refers to something else.Pointing to some kind of reason is far away from poetry.Influenced by the atmosphere of the times, the people of the Song Dynasty had a strong sense of Taoism, so they also liked to think about the principles of nature and human desires when writing poems. As we all know, Su Shi "did not know (read the tone) the true face of Lushan Mountain, only because he was in this mountain", and Zhu Xi "asked the canal That must be (read the tone) clear as promised, because there is a source of flowing water", all of which belong to this category.

One is a joke poem.For example, Li Bai's poem to Du Fu in "The Poetry of Benshi·Gao Yi": Fan Ke (reading in flat tone) met Du Fu on the top of the mountain, and wore a hat on his head at Zhuo Wu.Excuse me, don't be too thin, always suffering from the past. Poetry should be out of passion, and jokes are close to fickleness, so there is very little poetry. One is a poem that shows off one's talents and skills.Poetry has various restrictions such as the number of sentences, the number of words, rhyme, balance, etc. It is not easy to seek fluency in various restrictions, so we have to resort to techniques.But this should be done in moderation, or in other words, it should be based on poetry, supplemented by skills, and should not be overwhelming.Some poems are not, but too much.

Such as: Diners quarrel with each other, but the children can live with each other.Don't bully Dongfang Xing, three or five are self-slanting.The famous horse is already sweating and blood, and the old clam is empty of mud and sand.But when Bo Ren was a senior, he also made friends with Xiujia. (Su Shi's "Second Rhyme Huang Lu Directly Mocking Xiaode") Xiaode is the son of Huang Tingjian, not the son of his wife. Dongpo wrote poems, and the four couplets of the five rhythms (with some modifications) all use allusions to the concubine's wife, and they also need secondary rhymes. From the perspective of technique, it is indeed remarkable.It's just that we read it, what else can we get besides amazing skills?This really has to buy a set of pearls.

This can be cited as one that is generally recognized as the lowest, and it is doggerel.This kind of poetry has a special nature, borrowing the form of poetry, and even the author himself admits that it is not worthy of being called poetry.There is also an originator of doggerel poems. It is said that Zhang Dayou (who used oil extraction as a profession) in the Tang Dynasty was able to write poems and once wrote snow poems: Jiangshang is a general, and Inoue is a black cave cage.The yellow dog is white, and the white dog is swollen. Poetry is characterized by vulgarity, or that it is neither poetic nor elegant.However, this kind of poetic style has become well-known when it is done crookedly, and many people are willing to imitate it.There are positive and negative imitations.It is still vulgar, so that both the author and the reader can smile.There are two kinds of changes: a small change, which is mixed and humorous in sentences, and the meaning (at least part of it) is still serious; a big change, which is strict in both sentences and meanings, just to show humility, so it is called a petrol.Because there are such different changes, I want to explain here that the so-called doggerel in this article refers to the real old brands, and the counterfeit ones need to be seen separately. Finally, I will give a kind of modern popular poetry, which can be called Shifeng Poetry.Such as: Obedience needs to listen to (read the tone) arrangements, and the laborers come one by one (read the tone) in the rural areas.I am willing to dedicate my body and mind to my work, so that I can change my bones and get rid of (read flat tone) mortal wombs. This is a poem by a deceased old friend praising labor and exercise, which can be found in engraved manuscripts.Everyone has their own opinions, he wrote it as a poem, I am ashamed, although I also went to the cadre school to work and train, but I can't feel the poetic flavor. Another possibility is to write dramatic poems.This is because I have read a lot of poetry and prose, and I have learned it. Although I have no poetic emotion, I have a talent for acting.There are many people in history who were cold in nature but not thick, alert but not infatuated with people and things, and also handed down works that are more or less worth reading. It is presumed that they all came from this way.Seeking truth from facts, collection of sentence poems should also be classified into this category.How should we treat such works?It's not easy.Because before reading a work, you can’t check the archives (even if there are records); moreover, if you doubt too boldly, you will be in danger of wronging others.As a last resort, I had no choice but to use the method of buying watermelons on the market, as long as they were big and sweet, I had no choice but not to ask who grew them. The above is miscellaneous and miscellaneous, and the meaning is very simple, but it is just that the name of a poem may not have the truth. We talk about reading, and it is not appropriate to catch a bald man and count it as a monk. Let's read again. Writing is different from person to person; reading is even more different from person to person, because name and form are more complex, in addition to being able to write, there are a lot of things that like to read but cannot be written.Writing will have an impact on reading: those who can write and read, just read other people's, may also be able to learn from others, become familiar with the road, that is, easy to enter, and deep into it; , because they are not familiar with it, they will take it literally and scratch it.In this way, compared with writing, reading is more likely to be below a high level, that is, shaking your head and groaning without being able to achieve the state of the world.The situation in this aspect is too numerous to mention, so I have to point out the bits and pieces and talk about what I thought of at the moment. One of the most common, and presumably the most numerous, is to only swipe on the literal (including the sound), but not to arouse the poetic emotion and enter the poetic realm.The reason for this, on the one hand, and perhaps the most important aspect, is that it is limited by innate character and acquired status.Reading "the grass outside the door is luxuriant, send you off to hear the neighing of the horse", some beauties with deep courtyards shed tears, but the Kansai man is not necessarily, this difference comes from the difference in personality.Reading "the wine and meat of the wealthy family stinks, and the road is frozen to death", countless homeless people will feel sorry for it, but Li Sanlang and Ms. Yuhuan, who live in Huaqing Palace and enjoy themselves, are not necessarily the same. This difference comes from the difference in status.On the other hand, it is limited by the ability to understand.The most obvious example is teaching children to read poems. For example, if you can recite Du Fu's "Eight Poems of Autumn Xing", can you experience the artistic conception of "hearing that Chang'an is like playing chess, and the world is invincible (reading Ping Sheng) sadly"?I think it is difficult to do.In the same way, there are many people who do not have much human capital, and it is still difficult to understand poetry, and it is even more difficult to penetrate into the artistic conception through sentences and meanings. One is not uncommon in recent years, and it is the first place in politics that also covers the field of poetry.Ranking is an explicit expression of evaluation, and evaluation becomes a guideline, and readers have to follow this guideline.I have read some anthologies of poetry in recent years, and I have also read some so-called analysis. My impression is that the reason why a work is good is because it expresses class oppression, or resists class oppression.Based on this principle, the selection of Du is "Three Officials" and "Sanbie", and the selection of Bai is "Qin Zhong Yin" plus Xin Yuefu; the most prominent one is Huang Chao. There are only two handed down poems, and almost all anthologies are selected, because, it is said , "Poems" like "If I were the Qing Emperor in other years, I will repay and bloom with the peach blossoms", "When autumn comes and September 8th, I will kill all the flowers after the flowers bloom" are full of rebellious spirit and are the best. The most worthy of in-depth Yin flavor.In the field of poetry, I follow the crowd, and I also support the blooming of a hundred flowers. Of course, I will not object to some people who just like to read "The Charcoal Seller" and "After I bloom, a hundred flowers will kill".What I don't agree with is just saying that a hundred flowers bloom, but actually willing to let one flower bloom alone, because this will cause the other 99 flowers to depreciate in fact, and the deep one is because I am used to fighting for calculations when singing, and the artistic conception of the poem is afraid. There is not much left. One is the evaluation of the work, which moves with the status of the author, and the higher the position, the better.This is something that has existed since ancient times. For example, the works of multiple people compiled in the past dynasties are compiled into one episode, and the first episode of the book is always the emperor's.This is also the case outside of editing and editing. For example, during the Qianlong period, if you asked who had the best poems, the answer would be unanimous, Emperor Qianlong's.Naturally, some of these answers did not come from the heart, but many words make money, and many people who recognize the brand but do not know the goods, so they followed the crowd and yelled.This is manifested in the aspect of reading. Some people look for such works to read, and they are convinced that the beauty of the world lies in it.Of course, from a theoretical point of view, it may not be bad if it comes from a high-ranking hand; the problem comes from the factual point of view, because the result of this must be, first, the fish's eyes will inevitably be misleading; Arrived.This involves the question of how to treat snobbery.My idea is that there are two kinds of power eyes: one is historical, such as respecting Li Bai as a poet and Du Fu as a poet, and its reliability should be said to be more than half, or even more than nine-tenths; the other is current, For example, during the Qianlong period, it was said that Emperor Qianlong's poems were the best, and its reliability should be said to be less than half, or even less than one-tenth.When reading poems, we should remember this historical lesson, so as not to, for example, buy fake medicine, spend money and trouble, but fail to cure the disease. One is to read poetry, and never forget Taoism, that is, I always like to dig out some truth from the mediocre.Seeing Tai Chi on pancakes was a habit of Neo Confucianists in the Song Dynasty; the source is that it has been a long time for thousands of years.The first article asked for "my fair lady" and "tossed and turned" because she couldn't find it. It was clearly a man and a woman who sang about eating and drinking.This is far-fetched.Unfortunately, this aspect is also coming from behind, and some people simply arrange first and then write paper.For example, Wang Jinggong likes this set, writing poems, such as "Climbing the Feilai Peak" mentioned above, and writing is no exception, such as "You Baochan Mountain", which has been sitting firmly in the middle school Chinese textbook.It is presumed that the author thinks that only this kind of "deep" is interesting. This is his freedom, and we can or should not care about it.What is closely related to us cannot be ignored is reading. If you open a book and chant, you always have the reason in your mind, or always put the reason as the top grade, then the poetic feeling and poetic realm will be ignored or at least relegated to the inferior position.This is not alarmist talk, there are facts to prove it.Take the selection of Su's poems as an example, "Tixi Linbi" (the poem "I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain" (read the tone)) contains reason, and the reason comes from Zen and Neo-Confucianism. Zen monks and Neo-Confucianists will probably look at each other and laugh, right?As for us ordinary people, if we are not looking for material for mottos, we will discuss poetry on poetry. It should be said that this is not the top grade of Su poetry, but almost all anthologies have been selected.There is even more thought-provoking. An anthology actually chose "Qin Poetry" (the poem reads: "If there is a sound on the qin, why not sing it in the box? If the sound is on the finger, why not listen to it on the king's finger? ").Su Dongpo is fond of joking, this is joking again, and he deliberately used podcasts; but a certain anthology is regarded as a treasure, which shows that in the minds of many people, the status of reason is far above the artistic conception of poetry. One is to discard the basics and chase the last, and open the book to chant. The first thing to appreciate is the skill.As mentioned above, there are many restrictions on poems, and they must be written with the help of techniques.But techniques are means, and the purpose is to express the artistic conception of poetry.The purpose is paramount and cannot be discounted; the means are not paramount and can be greatly accommodated.For example, there is no technique like the later metrical poems, but the weight is heavier when measured on a scale.Of course, we also have to admit that when writing metrical poems, the skill often goes beyond great efforts, so it is not unreasonable to talk about the dexterity and naturalness of antithesis and allusion after tea and wine.But don't overwhelm the guests, so that reading poetry is like watching acrobatics, concentrating on appreciating the difficult, and leaving the poetic feeling and poetic realm behind.Remember that poems and words sometimes have such a bias. For example, the following poems are recommended: Jinzi He Zengyi (read the tone) is in his arms, and the thatched cottage in Shitian (read the tone) is opened from the sky.The silk pole catches the head of the Moon River, and the bamboo stick picks Yunling up.Pao Shi (reading the tone) not only repairs the medicinal garden, but Tuhuachun Changdu (reading the tone) as a book stand.Get rid of a little cloud and worry, write poems with wooden pens and drink a few cups. (Zhou Lianggong's "Min Xiao Ji" records Lin Qing's octave poems, using "Series Collection") Zheng Zhuang is hospitable, allowing me to fall into the headband when I respect the front (read the tone).The pen is written in a style, and the book is very famous (read the tone) my father.The mountains are white in the morning, and the skin of Yingxue is so old.From then on in Nanxu, the lake is full of breeze and moon on a good night. (Su Shi's "Reducing Words Magnolia", there are different texts, from "Men Li Xin Hua") The two capitals use Tibetan heads.The meaning of the previous poem is obvious, and the first character is composed of eight tones "Golden Stone Silk Bamboo Pao Earth Leather Wood".The latter poem is combined into "Zheng Rong Luo Ji, Gao Ying Congliang", which contains a story. According to the notes of the Song Dynasty, it was Su Dongpo who went from Hangzhou to Bianjing and passed by Jingkou. Gao Ying submitted an ultimatum to ask for citizenship, Gao Ying submitted an ultimatum to ask for good, the state official asked Su for instructions, and Su wrote this poem, expressly presenting it to the state official, and secretly speaking good words for the official prostitutes.The above two poems are indeed impressive in terms of technique, but if you think about technique when singing, or even add one to the old ruler to become admiration, then you really change appreciation of poetry into appreciation of acrobatics. Finally, there is one kind that is not uncommon, and it is the glue column and the zither when understanding.From the point of view of principle, poetry is also language. Seeing it with the eyes and hearing it with the ear, of course, it is best to get a precise and deep understanding.But the language of poetry has its own characteristics. It is allowed, or often, to replace the face with the point, the more with the less, the exact with ambiguity, and even the chicken with the dog.To do this, at least from the perspective of the source, I am afraid that it is not an attempt to make a mystery, but out of necessity.Some things can be said directly and are easy to explain, such as "Low your head and think about your hometown", "Jia Sheng's talent is even more incomparable"; On the road, the blue bird is attentive to visit (read flat tone)".If you don't explain it directly, the degree of incomprehension varies from big to small; big ones, even larger ones, often lead to different understandings.Everyone has their own views, and the democratic attitude of superiors is that each is what he is.Sometimes there are great difficulties, and it is not easy to get a definite solution, and it is also difficult to come to what it is.what to do?There are quite a few people who use the method of persevering, and would rather seek to find a solution.I do not agree to do this.The negative reason is that it is better to be still than to move, so as to avoid wasting energy.There are also positive ones. When reading poetry, the highest requirement is to transform the environment. For those that are difficult to understand, Tao Yuanming's method of not seeking deep solutions can also achieve the transformation of the environment. (On the contrary, being confused and trance can accommodate more associations and even daydreams, which will be discussed later.) It is not necessary to seek a deep understanding, and at least it may not be helpful to the transformation of the environment.Take Dai Shulun's "Suxi Pavilion" as an example: The grass on the Suxi Pavilion is long (read in flat tone), who leans on the twelve columns of the east wind?Swallows don't return. It's late in spring, and the misty rain and apricot blossoms are cold. Seeking clarification, there are many problems.If it is small, the grass will not grow on the pavilion, and I think it is seen in the pavilion; if the apricot blossoms are really apricot flowers (not apricot trees), they will naturally not match the late spring.And the big one, is "who" male or female?Are the twelve columns in the pavilion or in the distance of thinking?It's hard to know.But the artistic conception is clear, and the more intense the thoughts, the more desolate it is. If a certain man or a certain woman has the same disease, after reading it, he will feel sad, isn't it enough?Seeking deep understanding, even if there is income, what can be added?In the same way, like "I searched for him thousands of times in the crowd, and suddenly I looked back, but the man was there, in a dimly lit place", it is not possible to determine whether the man is a man or a woman, so hard to find, whether the relationship is a lover or a gambler, look back and see , Is it a real person or a phantom, and whether the main theme is about love or excitement; if you don't ask for a deep understanding, the result may be "the head of the willow on the moon, and the date after dusk", isn't it also very good?After writing this, I suddenly thought of a poem that is generally considered the most difficult to understand, Li Shangyin's "Jin Se".There are always no less than dozens of scholars who have interpreted this poem in ancient and modern times, and the result naturally becomes that there are different opinions and no consensus.I sometimes think that instead of trying to drum up the brocade, it is better to focus on the artistic conception without seeking a deep understanding.I once used this method to try to explain: "Jinse has fifty (read oblique) strings for no reason, one string and one column to think about the year of Huanian". "Zhuang Shengxiao dreams of butterflies, Wangdi Chunxin entrusts (reading flat tone) cuckoos", once had dreams, and once fell in lovesickness. "There are tears in the moon and bright pearls in the sea, and smoke in the warm jade in Lantian", but dreams and thoughts are all shattered, and all the results are tears and confusion. "This feeling can be regarded as a reminiscence, but it was already at a loss at that time." Looking back now, the old love is unforgettable, but everything is like a lifetime away.This way of interpretation, although it is close to the footnotes of the six classics, is better than making the artistic conception fragmented by vigorous research, right? Regarding the writing and reading of poems, I think it is inappropriate. I wanted to stop, but I said a lot.Now to sum it up: poetry, with "emotion" as its bone marrow, so writing should be full of emotion, and reading should be full of emotion; leaving emotion and wandering in other places, at least for the sake of saving, it is best not to write or read.