Chapter 4 2. Feeling and poetry

The previous topic talked about the use of poems to express subtle emotions, but the language was vague, because there was no further discussion of why there were such things.This talk is to make up for the last one; but the vassal has to become a big country, because the problem is big and far-reaching, and I am afraid that it will not be clear if it is a special topic.In order to turn the subtle into the obvious, let me first talk about the problems I want to solve, which are: what is the subtle affection, why does it exist, and what are the benefits of expressing it; The so-called "feeling" is external, that is, the so-called poetic realm, what is its nature, and what position does it occupy in life (creation, appreciation, fugue, etc.).The content is not necessarily complicated, but it is heavy because it is rooted in life, and it is not easy to explain clearly because emotions, feelings, poetic realms, etc. are intangible and cannot be grasped.Before reluctance, let me say a few words about the topic.It's hard to say what kind of mental state affection refers to; here it refers to the subtle ones, what is subtle, and how to divide it from non-subtle is hard to say.Let me briefly talk about it first. For example, if you are cheated when you buy something, anger is emotion, and knowing that you have been cheated is meaning. After the lonely people in the alley leave, I look forward to the slump of the remaining tobacco, and even tears. This kind of affection is subtle and suitable to be expressed in poetry.Therefore, it is easy to use the refuge of lazy people here for the time being, and say that the so-called affection in this article refers to the kind that is suitable for use and often expressed in poetry.Let's talk about the realm of poetry, this realm is close to Wang Guowei's so-called realm; it is close, because I don't know whether Wang's realm also includes a few or very few that are not subtle.The poetic scene cannot include that which is not subtle (or which does not arouse pity).The poetic realm may not be manifested in language or writing. If you can’t write, you may not be willing to speak. A lot of beautiful women’s sorrows and sorrows, and even the extreme desires become daydreams.Expression is not limited to the form of poetry; positively speaking, all works of art can express a certain poetic state.But a gentleman can't think of his position. Since this book is about poetry, the so-called poetic realm of course refers to what the poetry expresses.The environment and poetry, but only poetry, because poetry has a customary usage in a broad sense, referring to all kinds of lyrical and wonderful things, so I invite it to work as a part-time job.Enter the text below.

Poems are written by people and must be talked about by people.As long as a human being is still breathing, it is very complicated to see with the eyes of observing things; if it is not more complicated to see with the eyes of observing the mind, it is always more difficult to understand and explain.Focusing on the aspect of the mind, how it moves and where it goes, the ancients also paid attention to it, trying to understand what was going on.They called it human nature, so they studied and discussed human nature.The method of describing but not commenting generally says that "destiny is called sex", referring to the fact that "eating sex is also sex", "eating men and women, people's great desires exist".Chasing after desire is a sharp theory, or it is said that the king is captured first before the thief is captured.Desiring to have great strength is the driving force of activity; and activity must produce influence or effect.Some of the effects are gratifying and some are headaches, so I think about the evaluation of sex.Mencius saw more compassion and said that human nature is good; Xunzi saw more that desires lead to seeking, seeking leads to strife, and strife leads to chaos, and he said that human nature is evil.This confused account went through Han Yu, Li Ao, etc., and it was not settled until Tan Sitong.Looking at it now, with reference to Western philosophy of life and the views of the Freudian school, Gao Zi's claim is still reasonable, that is, there is no good or evil in nature.To put it more clearly: good and evil refer to acts of will; sex, such as eating and drinking of men and women, comes from the destiny and cannot be controlled by human willpower, so it should not be said to be good or evil.Destiny, at least those manifested in the most fundamental aspects, are innate, and we have no power to choose, so we can only submit.That is to say, in terms of eating and drinking for men and women, eating and drinking is a desire, has a purpose, prolongs life, belongs to the body, and also belongs to race. We are doing two major things without asking why we have to do it; it is useless to ask, because one is that no one will have an answer that everyone is satisfied with, and the other is that no matter what the answer is, we still have to eat men and women afterwards.In this way, all in all, or to get to the bottom of it, when we look at life, we will find two most fundamental and powerful ones, which are "desire" from the perspective of motive force and "living" from the perspective of purpose.

Desire and life can also be combined into one, saying that life is a trend of seeking expansion (more quantity, better quality).For example, from an overall point of view, multiple reproduction is a manifestation of this trend; from an individual point of view, it is also this trend to be reluctant to die, to live a busy life, and to try your best to live a happy life (that is, to get more income in various forms) Performance.This trend, whether it is the destiny or human nature, is manifested as desire, for seeking, and is very powerful. It is difficult to resist, or it is impossible, because the power of resistance can only come from desire. And ask.It is hard to resist, also because it has a powerful assistant called "love".The materialization of the desire to seek truth, the satisfaction of what one seeks, and the satisfaction of not having to, both satisfaction and dissatisfaction will be accompanied by emotional fluctuations.Emotion manifested as joy and sorrow becomes the driving force for pursuit.In this way, desire and seeking, coupled with emotion, is like adding wings to a tiger, and its power is terrifying.Terrible, because on the one hand, it is difficult to resist, and on the other hand, it cannot be allowed to do what it wants.The so-called life is often in such a dilemma.

This goes deep into metaphysics, talking about the way of heaven, and it can even be said that God intentionally played a prank. On the one hand, it gives us lust, and on the other hand, it does not give us the conditions to respond to our requests.As a result, we want to eat and drink, and we can’t just serve whatever we want on the table;If you don't get what you want, then you can fight, and then you do to others what you don't want, so that you violate the criminal law, which has little to do with this article and can be ignored.The other type that follows is the conservative type, where emotion follows and turns into suffering, stored in the heart, full of emotions and ready to be released.It is also based on human nature and cannot but be reduced or eliminated.Suffering does not come from seeking, so how to deal with desire has become a big problem in life and philosophy of life.There are infinitely many small ways.There are also many big ways. In order to reduce clues, I only take the three big households in Middle-earth as examples.Confucianism represents the vast majority of people, who are originally based on the way of heaven and all human feelings, and they advocate etiquette, or in other words, guidance.In this way, such as food, it is said that people regard food as their heaven, encourage prosperity, but also advocate frugality; men and women, advocate no resentful women inside, no husbands outside, but promote (general relationship) that men and women should not be intimate.Confucianism is practical, but it also has a lot of ideal elements. Therefore, if it is large, it cannot completely stop chaos, and if it is small, it cannot completely eliminate suffering.Taoists hope that they are not small but have little courage, so they close their doors and look inside, advocating less thinking and less desire (Lao Tzu), or even Ah Q, seeing suffering as indifferent (Zhuang Tzu).will this work?A few people may not be able to do it, but there is always a limit to achievement, and it is rare for even the most perfect person to achieve 100%.The Buddhist school asks the highest price, to "eliminate" suffering.They have insight into the human heart or human nature, and know that all suffering comes from lust, so the way to eliminate suffering can only be to eliminate lust.This is a good idea, and the question is whether it is feasible in practice.In this regard, they have worked hard, from the emptiness of all dharmas to consciousness-only, from gradual cultivation to epiphany, from the private meditation of scholar-bureaucrats to the reciting of Namo Amitabha by old ladies.As a result, those who are above may really gain a calm mood, and their desires and desires are greatly reduced.But extinction is impossible. Even the Sixth Patriarch Huineng, who attained Zen enlightenment, still built the pagoda before his death. This is the immortality that has not forgotten the secular world.

As for those who claim to be disciples of the Buddha orally proclaiming the name of the Buddha, nine out of ten are nothing more than Chinese laity wearing Indian clothes (or not).All in all, it is impossible to be born as a human being without accepting the destiny called sex. If it can’t be done, we have to admit the legal status of desire, seeking, and emotion.Nor can it fail to recognize the legal status of what one cannot ask for.It's all about abandoning fantasy and accepting reality.But in reality, there are many situations that are difficult to coordinate. The general nature is that you can't do without asking (life is asking for something), and you may not be able to get what you ask for.what to do?The corresponding method should be selected according to the nature of the requirement.And when it comes to the nature of seeking, it is really hard to describe.Liu and Xiang didn't read books, but they wanted to be emperors.The philosopher of the cynic school wants nothing more than that the emperor's chariot does not block his sunshine from the sun.Those in the middle, men, women, old and young, of all schools and classes, at that time and at this moment, naturally had infinite demands.There are also infinitely many emotions that can not be obtained after asking.In order to stick to this question, we have to narrow the scope and choose what we need. Talking and seeking can be divided into two categories, and feelings can also be divided into two categories: one is more rigid, and the other is more soft.Salary status, wealth, in terms of division, such as a woolen coat, a live carp, etc., are hard and rigid, that is to say, you can catch the person you ask for, and you can also catch the love after you don’t, just like Mao’s With skins to attach.Some requests are not, such as:

I don't see the ancients in the past, and I don't see the comers in the future. I think about the long distance between the world and the earth, and I feel sad and weep. (Chen Ziang's "Taiwan Song of Dengyouzhou") The shade of the curtain shifts the fragrance, the traces of the pool soak in the water, and it is heavy to the vermilion household in Tibetan spring.The small vertical wall is shaded, and I still recognize the old poems.I remember the return of fluttering butterflies (reading the tone) in Xiyuan, and the early departure of Nanpu Pianfan.It is expected that the window screens are full of dust now, and the good times will look back at the blue clouds and dusk.Hua Nian is like flowing water, and I am afraid that the cuckoo will make me old, and the chaotic orioles will have no master.The same east wind blows the melancholy on both sides.The red medicine floating in the middle of the painting is the place where the former beauty is based.The tobacco in the empty courtyard is desolate, and the dark rain blows at dusk. (Xiang Tingji "Qi Luo Xiang")

One is sad and tearful, the other is melancholy, why?In a nutshell, it's easy to ask for something, but not get it.It is very difficult to be specific, because what you are looking for is not a woolen coat, live carp, etc., and you can't catch it, and even the author himself has difficulty explaining it clearly.The characteristics of this kind of summation and this kind of situation also have two seemingly irreconcilable aspects: on the one hand, it is not necessary for life, and it seems to be dispensable. From this perspective, it is a matter of leisure and leisure; Just like many idle things, it seems that it is equally difficult to let go, and some people say that it may be even more difficult to let go.But in any case, compared with the hard ones, it is always hidden, subtle, and soft, so it is soft, that is, subtle.

Subtle, but not necessarily small in power.Why?We have to turn over the old accounts above again, saying that it comes from the nature of life, that is, the tendency to seek expansion. "Birth is less than a hundred years old, and I often worry about a thousand years old" (sigh that life is limited), "the homeland (reading the tone) is unbearable to look back on in the moonlight" (sighing that the dead will not come), "the road with hundreds of herbs and thousands of flowers (reading the tone) is cold, and the fragrant car is on the road. Whose family tree" (reverement), "Pinglin, momo, smoke like weaving (reading melodious tone), cold mountain area is sad and green" (Xianchou), and even sitting in a study, suddenly feeling bored, etc., all of which are expressed as emotion because the expansion cannot be fulfilled. The fluctuation, that is to produce some kind of subtle affection.This kind of affection, compared with wanting to get promoted and get rich, although subtle and hard to grasp, is equally powerful because it is also rooted in desire.Desires cannot be without demands, what do you want?Generally speaking, it is not satisfied with the reality, and hopes to change from less to more, from poverty to fullness, from cold to heat, from bad to good, from ugliness to beauty, etc., and even in a metaphysical way, to change the finite into the infinite .This kind of seeking is manifested as affection, which is subtle; asking for nothing, manifested as affection, is also subtle.It is subtle and powerful, because it is like a ghost possessing the body, and it can't be driven away.What is even more regrettable is that after a while, it will come again soon, because the nature of life is to expand, and once you are alive, you will never be satisfied. The so-called emperor wants to become a fairy.Not to mention the emperor, but only the love and sorrow of idiotic men and women. From the aspect of things, it is not a major event that cannot live, but from the aspect of heart, it may not be more bearable than lack of food and clothing.This is also a problem brought about by the destiny of sex.

If you have a problem, you can't think of a way to deal with it. Poetry is one treatment available.It is not the only way to deal with it, because you can also use other art forms, such as novels, dramas, etc. Even if you appreciate other people's works and performances, you can also achieve the effect of "a symbol of depression".You can also use methods other than art. As mentioned above, Taoism uses the method of less thinking and fewer desires, and Buddhism uses the method of eliminating desires.As far as ordinary people in the streets and alleys say, they have neither the strength nor the guts (nor can they imagine) to challenge their desires, so they can only accept it, give legal status to their faint affections, or say a way out.What should I do?Many of our ancestors turned to poetry (writing and reading).The purpose of poetry is to express subtle feelings.Speaking of this function, it is convenient to say that it can be divided into two types: superficial and deep (or negative and positive).

A shallow one is the shrew cursing type.Suspecting that the child suffered a loss, or that someone stole her eggs, she was very angry, so she went out of the house, scolded from the east end of the street to the west end of the street, and then from the west end of the street to the east end of the street, presuming that she had won the favor of the whole street. Appreciate, the depression is cleared, and when you go home, you can have a safe meal and sleep with peace of mind.Some poems can be viewed in this way, such as: The down-and-out rivers and lakes carry wine, with a slender waist and light palms.Ten years of sleep (reading the tone) Yangzhou dream, won (reading the tone) the honorable name of the brothel. (Du Mu's "Returning to Love")

Xilu cicadas sing, and Nanguan Kesi (reading the tone) is deep.I can't bear the shadows on my temples, so I come to talk to Bai (read bo) and groan.The dew is heavy and difficult to fly, and the wind is loud and easy to sink.No one believes in Gao Jie (pronounced in oblique tone), who expresses his heart? (Luo Binwang "Singing Cicadas in Prison") I remember (read the melody) when the flowers bloomed that year, late at night, when I first met (read the melody) Xie Niang.The painted curtain on the west side of the water hall hangs down, hand in hand with the dark phase.Melancholy Xiaoying waning moon, farewell (read zhe tone), and from now on (read zhe tone) sound dust.Now they are all strangers, and there is no reason to meet each other. (Wei Zhuang's "Lotus Leaf Cup") For forty years (read the tone) of the country (read the tone), three thousand miles of mountains and rivers.Fengge (read the flat tone) the dragon tower connects Xiaohan, Qiongzhi Yushu makes tobacco, how many times have you ever known (read the flat tone) fighting?Once turned into a subject, the waist sinks and the temples wear away.On the most hasty day of resigning from the temple, the Jiaofang still played the farewell (read the tone) song of departure, and shed tears at the maid. (Li Yu's "Broken Time") It is said that it is similar to a shrew swearing, but it is actually deeper than a shrew swearing.Not to mention the difference in the nature of elegance and vulgarity, the profundity is also manifested in two aspects.On the one hand, it is the subtle affection, which has changed from vague and indeterminate to clear and fixed, or in other words, it was originally impossible to grasp, but now it can be grasped.On the other hand, because it becomes clear and fixed, as far as the author says, it can get the benefit of talking quickly.Not only that, because it has been finalized on paper, the author can read it again and relive the old dream that he vomited quickly; as for the reader, the difference in human heart, some people can feel sorry for each other, and those who are not sick can also draw an example. It seems to have also achieved a certain level of eloquence (understanding or appreciation). The other deep type is the Handan Lumeng type.People, being in the real situation, are often dissatisfied and have daydreams.If you want, you can't do nothing.To satisfy daydreams, generally speaking, relying on the body is not enough, so we have to rely on the mind (referring to the activities of thoughts and feelings) to create and experience the environment that can satisfy daydreams.From a certain point of view, poetry often creates this kind of environment, such as: Far above the cold mountain, the stone path is slanted, and there is a family in the place where the white clouds are born.Stop and sit in the maple forest at night, the frost leaves are red in February flowers. (Du Mu's "Mountain Journey") The country is broken by mountains and rivers, and the city is full of spring vegetation.Feeling the time and splashing tears, hating the farewell (reading the tone) the bird is frightened.The beacon fire lasted for three months, and the family letter was worth ten thousand gold.The bald head scratches shorter, and the hairpin is full of lust (read flat tone). (Du Fu's "Spring Hope") Egrets fly in front of Xisai Mountain, and mandarin fish are fat in peach blossoms and flowing water.Green straw hats, green coir raincoats, no need to return in the slanting wind and drizzle. (Zhang Zhihe "The Fisherman") Under Yu Gu's platform, the clear river water, how many pedestrians in the middle cried.Looking at Chang'an in the northwest, there are countless mountains.The green mountains can't cover it, after all, it flows eastward.Jiang Wan was worrying about Yu, and partridges were heard deep in the mountains. (Xin Qiji's "Bodhisattva Man") Each capital is creating a kind of environment, the shape is either in the mountains or on the water; the mood is sad or happy.As far as affection is concerned, this kind of environment is drawn, and the number can be infinite.The environment of painting has its own advantages.The real situation (real situation) is experienced by the body's activities, which is often mixed and impure, or not alcoholic.Into the painting, after selection, rendering, and even exaggeration, it becomes both pure and mellow, and becomes a small world of its own, which is the so-called poetic realm. As mentioned above, it is convenient to say that it is divided into the shrew type and the Handan travel dream type. In fact, there is no clear boundary between the two.Therefore, it can also be said that the environment created by both, that is, all poetry, is a poetic environment, because both of them have become a small world, allowing the activities of the heart to wander. Regarding the nature of the poetic scene, we can go further.Human beings live and act in the real situation, but are not satisfied with the real situation, so they often have a subtle affection.This kind of affection is seeking something, which is yearning for the ivory tower in the cross street, or in other words, hoping to use the ivory tower to adjust and supplement the life on the cross street.Such affection is poetic.Based on this feeling, various forms of ivory towers are created, and the creation is a poetic environment.Poetry and poetry are closely related.In a nutshell, there is a poetic state in the poetic feeling, but it is not yet clear and fixed; the poetic state is painted, appreciated, wandering, and the feeling of mood is still poetic.In a deep sense, the poetic realm seems to be outside, but it can only become a reality when it becomes inside, because, as in "Bai Yunsheng has a family", first of all, there is reality in the real situation, and it is the reality. If you don't enter the poem, you can't understand It has the pure and clear beauty imagined; secondly, verses are just words, and they must be understood and felt before they can become poetic.Therefore, when talking about poetry, sometimes taking into account the internal situation and the external environment, it can be collectively referred to as the artistic conception of poetry.Artistic conception is all the conditions that the mind wants to see, including the unbeautiful and uncomfortable.The artistic conception of a poem is a part of the artistic conception, perhaps a small part, and it cannot be unbeautiful or unsatisfactory. If people’s experiences are all called realms, they can be divided into three main types: real realms, dream realms, and artistic realms (in order not to digress, we will only talk about poetic realms below).Eating roast duck for lunch is a reality, but dreaming about eating roast duck at night is a dream.Reality is naturally the biggest household, but there are many rules and precepts, such as roast duck, you can’t eat it with an empty wallet; dreams are fine, what you want, what you don’t want, or even impossible, like Zhuang Zhou’s dream of being a butterfly, it’s fine.But the dream has a big disadvantage, it is not clear before waking up, and it will disappear after waking up. Taking roast duck as an example, the stomach must be empty after waking up.Why do you still have to do it?This is up to psychologists to explain, anyway, it is unsolicited, and we can only accept it.The difference between reality and dreams, in the words of common sense, is that the former is real while the latter is empty, the former is external while the latter is internal.Based on such distinctions, if we find an appropriate place for the artistic conception of poetry, we seem to have to say that it is farther away from the reality and closer to the dream, because it is not outside but inside.But it is quite different from a dream.First of all, the artistic conception of poetry is created by people, not dreams.Second, because it is created by humans, it can do whatever it wants, take what is suitable, and let go of what is not. Dreams are not the case. For example, you don't want to lose something you love, but you dream of losing it.Third, the artistic conception of the poem is organized after selection, so it is concise and clear; we don't know how the dream is formed, we only know that it is often blurred.Fourth, the artistic conception of the poem has a great effect that we know. To put it piecemeal, if the time is short, if you chant "riding a horse leaning on the inclined bridge, full of red sleeve moves", you will feel flustered for a while; I went looking for plum blossoms; generally speaking, if there is no poetic artistic conception, life would at least be much more boring, right?Dreams also play a role, but if we don't feel it, it doesn't matter.In this way, to characterize the artistic conception of the poem, we may say that it is a "dream of reality". People, sometimes (or often) can't help feeling disappointed or even shed tears because of something, their sex is higher than the sky, and their fate is as thin as paper.Life is only once, and there is nothing you can do in real life, so you have to dream about it for comfort.Night dreams are too vague, so we need daytime dreams, that is, realistic dreams.Poems, writing or reading, are all dreams of reality.This may be pitiful, but "the heaven and the earth are not benevolent, and everything is a humble dog", and it is common to wish for it but not have it, so we have to retreat and settle for the next thing, writing or reciting "The fish and dragon are lonely, the autumn river is cold, and the homeland (reading tone) lives in peace. Thinking about it", and even "when will the spring flowers and autumn moon be, and how much do you know about the past", in order to "melt" the sorrow of "like a river of spring water flowing eastward" in a short time.Transformation is empathy.To empathize is to move from the real world to the poetic world, such as reading "Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, the bell arrives at midnight to the passenger ship", "There are still silver nails left tonight, I am afraid that meeting is a dream", etc. The situation of forgetting this because of thinking about that in a short period of time is even more obvious.From the perspective of life, the great use of poetry is to help idiot men and women achieve this change.What has changed is that the boring and cold reality has become nothing, and the warm and comfortable artistic conception has become something (even if it is only a moment of "the environment is created by the heart").