Chapter 6 4. The scope of poetry is broad, and the words are long

This topic was intercepted from Wang Guowei, and the full text is: "Ci is a body, and it must be refined and suitable for repair. It can say what poetry cannot say, but it cannot say what poetry can say. The scope of poetry is broad, and the meaning of words The words are long." The meaning is obvious, but the poems are different.Borrowing the old example of the combination of form and spirit during the Six Dynasties, it can be said that Wang's so-called "different" refers to the aspect of spirit, not the aspect of form.The aspect of form is easy to say, such as words often have long and short sentences, have tones, many changes in sound and rhyme, strictness varies from place to place, words can be biased towards slang, etc., all of which can be investigated; poetry is not.What about God?Not thinking or even thinking, it seems that the problem is not complicated.For example: (1) "The sun is at the end of the mountain, and the Yellow River flows into the sea"; (2) "The willows on the river are like smoke, and the geese fly to the moon"; (3) "The flowers are close to the high-rise buildings, and it is difficult to climb here" ;(4) "Ask the flowers with tears in their eyes, and the flowers don't say anything, and the red ones fly across the swing", anyone who has not read it but has a little knowledge of poetry will recognize that (1) (3) is a poem, (2) (4) It is a word, and there is a clear difference in artistic conception.The above paragraph of Wang’s thought was based on such an obvious distinction, so he picked up the words and said that it should be refined (the Chinese language in "Chu Songs·Nine Songs", which means very beautiful), long (tactful and meticulous) , so the artistic conception is delicate and submissive).But if you think about it again, the problem is not so simple.Let’s say that the works of poetry are all trees forming a forest, and comparing a few of them, the difference may not be so obvious; what’s more, there are still others who blatantly cross the border, which are the well-known Su and Xin, "the great river goes east, and the waves wash away the eternal romance. "Character", "Yi Shui is rustling, the west wind is cold, and the clothes are like snow", the form is a word, but the artistic conception is not delicate and condescending, and because Su is a famous person, he is talented, he took over the land and became the king when he rose up, and even created the heroic school.A hundred flowers bloom, and multiple factions seem to be okay, but it is not always the case.The biggest influence is obviously that the boundaries of poetry (artistic conception) are blurred.Is this good?I have to repeat the above meaning, the problem is too complicated.

The first is whether there is in fact such a boundary.Su's troops were too strong, so he had no choice but to avoid them. As he said before, he said yes.The strongest evidence is the real thing.Such as: Before Su Wuhun was sold to the Han envoy, the tall trees in the ancient temple were at a loss.The geese on the edge of the cloud break the sky and the moon, and the sheep on the Longshang return to the grass smoke.Going back to Japan, the towers and terraces are not armored tents, and the crown sword is Ding Nian when you go.Maoling didn't see the seal of the Marquis, so he cried to the autumn wave and passed away. (Wen Tingyun's "Suwu Temple")

The South Garden is full of light catkins, and I worry about the clear rain for a while.After the rain, the sun is setting, and the apricot blossoms are fragrant.Speechless and evenly sleeping face, the pillow is covered with a mountain.The season is about to be dusk, and there is no one alone (reading the tone) leaning against the door. (Wen Tingyun's "Bodhisattva Man") Qingse resents the distant night, and mourns the wind and rain around the strings.The lonely lamp hears the corner of Chu, and the waning moon goes down to Zhangtai.The fragrant grass is already in the clouds, and the old man has a special future.Country books cannot be sent, and autumn geese return south again. (Wei Zhuang's "Zhangtai Night Thoughts")

Every night lovesickness is even more leaky, and the sad moon is dry by (reading the tone).I miss you and think about my brocade quilt.The painting hall is as deep as the sea, recalling that I only read (hold) old books (read in flat tone).When will we join hands in Chang'an? (Wei Zhuang's "Huanxi Sand") Wen and Wei are both poets, with the same people and the same heart, but when they pick up a pen and write, there is a clear difference in artistic conception.What's the difference?We can use a tricky way to say that, using Peking Opera as a metaphor, poetry comes from the mouth of a raw character, so the environment is wide, and officialdom and battlefield are acceptable; He is very eloquent, so he talks a lot, and he always talks about his worries in and out of the boudoir.

This distinction can also find a deeper basis.Just talk about two aspects.On the one hand it is historical.There are two situations that matter.One kind, poems, starting from three hundred pieces, are basically used for raw characters, so they are often used in temples; this is not the case with Ci, but basically used for Dan characters, so at first, the singing venues were limited to Huajian and Zunzi. forward.The other is the same source but different streams. To be specific, they all have an indissoluble bond with music at the beginning, and develop downwards. Poetry soon changes its mind and leaves music to work alone.The words are too simple, just add a few words.His poems are all for music, and since the Han Dynasty, the authentic Yuefu has also been for music.However, although the five-character poems of the Han Dynasty, Su and Li's gifts and answers are unreliable, at least in the Eastern Han Dynasty, they are no longer enjoyable.Afterwards, the wind prevailed, and Jian'an was in charge. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tang and Song Dynasties, and until around the Qing Dynasty, literati wrote poems while composing essays, and did not think of enjoying themselves at all.In the hands of poets and bureaucrats, without the restraint of music, and free development, the scholar-bureaucrats (playing the role) will become more and more angry.This is not the case with the lyrics. In the Tang and Five Dynasties, such as the lyrics of Dunhuang tunes, all came from the mouths of singing girls.In the future, literati imitated it and filled it out according to the tune, and they were also writing lyrics for singing girls in their minds.In the Northern Song Dynasty, Liu Ci could sing, Zhou Bangyan was proficient in rhythm, Chaoyun sang Su Ci, "There are few willows on the branches, and there are few blows".Afterwards, the lyrics gradually became unsingable, but until around the Qing Dynasty, literati had to fill in the lyrics according to the score, which was a requirement and even believed that it could still be enjoyed.With this kind of confidence, the words do not have the freedom like poetry. As a result, although the pen is a scholar-bureaucrat, the tone and affection have to pretend to come from the Danjiao, so they have to be soft and perverse.Another aspect of the basis is human feelings.Human feelings are too complicated. I only say that there are two kinds that are closely related to this place, and there are two kinds that are far away.The difference between the two can come from people, such as Jiao Da and Lin Daiyu.It can also come from different feelings, such as Li Shangyin's "remembering the rivers and lakes to return to the white (read bo) hair, wanting to return to the world and enter the flat (read pian) boat" is a kind, Liu Yong's "the belt is getting wider and he will not regret it at the end, for Iraq Disappear (read the tone) people haggard" is another.The former is suitable for singing with raw horns, and according to tradition, it is expressed in poetry. Can't "suitable" be changed?This is an exaggeration, which is equivalent to asking, can dogs not catch mice?In my opinion, there are always physical and psychological reasons for cat catching; Is it good?

The idea that each has its own characteristics and is suitable for division of labor has long existed.Just cite three that come to mind.In one place, see Yu Wenbao's "Blowing Sword Record" quoted in "Remaining Poems of Past Dynasties": (Su) Dongpo was in Yutang Day. There was a Mushi who was good at singing, because he asked: "How is my Ci like Liu Qi (Liu Yong)?" The song "Wild Wind on the Bank of the Willows and the Moon"; the poems of the bachelors require a man from Kansai, a bronze pipa, and an iron board, to sing "The Great River is Going East." Dongpo was absolutely fascinated by it.

In one place, "Tiaoxi Yuyin Conghua" quoted Chen Shidao's "Houshan Shihua": (Han) Tuizhi regards essays as poems, (Su) Zizhan regards poems as poems, just like the dance of Ambassador Lei in Jiaofang. See Li Qingzhao's "On Ci" in one place: …… To Prime Minister Yan (Yan Shu), Uncle Ouyang Yong, Su Zizhan, the world of learning, as a small lyrics, it is like drinking Lishui in the sea.However, all the sentences can't be read well, and they often don't harmonize the rhythm.Gai's poems are divided into flat side (奇), while the lyrics are divided into five tones, five tones, six rhythms, and clarity and turbidity. ...Wang Jiefu and Zeng Zigu, the articles are like the Western Han Dynasty, if they write small lyrics, people will be absolutely fascinated, and they will not be able to read them.Knowing Ci is not a family, but few know it.

It can be seen that until the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, at least the vast majority of people still adhered to the tradition and believed that poetry was very different.This difference is manifested not only in the aspect of rhythm, but also in the aspect of artistic conception. What deserves attention is the difference in artistic conception, because rhythm is the means and artistic conception is the goal.Just as Su said before, and in order to contrast with boldness, everyone agrees that the style of Ci is "graceful".What is graceful?It's hard to say.To put it bluntly, it is because of delicate feelings, borrowing the Freudian method of punishing the heart, it can be said that most of them come from between men and women, so they often have a boudoir pink air.A small number of poems also have this kind of air, but when it is released into style, there will be more or less difference in charm. ——It’s okay to talk about the differences in general, using the method of comparison: first, the impressions are different, the poems are rigid, and the words are soft; the second is the expression technique, the poems are straight, the lyrics are different; the third is the degree of expression of affection. , Poetry is obvious, Ci is hidden; Fourth, the origin and attribution are different, the poem is male, and the Ci is female.In a word, poetry is poetry, and words are words. As far as artistic conception is concerned, the boundaries are also clear and should be clear.

Unfortunately, there were rebels, and Jincheng Tangchi above had to be impacted.People who study the history of literature generally say that the leader of this rebel faction is Su Dongpo, and the works that charged into battle are "The great river goes east, and the waves sweep away all the romantic figures of the ages" (), "When will the bright moon come? Ask the wine to the blue sky" ("Shui Tiao Song" head") etc.In fact, the situation is not so simple.The entanglement comes from the imitation of scholar-bureaucrats, learning the language, and sometimes it is unavoidable to show their feet, or in other words, they simply follow their own way.This can be as early as five generations.The most prominent is Li Yu, the empress of the Southern Tang Dynasty, such as:

The rain is gurgling outside the curtain, the spring is fading, and Luo Qun can't bear the coldness before dawn.In the dream, I don't know that I am a guest, and I am greedy for joy all day long.Mo Pinglan alone, infinite country, sometimes easy to see, sometimes difficult.Flowing water, falling flowers, spring is gone, heaven and earth. ("Wave Washing the Sand") When is the Spring Flower and Autumn Moon?How much do you know (do not know) about the past.The small building was windy again last night, and the old country (reading the tone) can't bear to look back in the moonlight.The carved lanyard and jade brickwork should still be there, but the red face has changed.Asking how much you can worry, it's like a river of spring water flowing eastward. ("poppy")

The words and feelings are so generous and desolate, obviously they can't come out of the mouth of a singer, so they break out of the scope of Huajian and Zunqian.If Ci can only be divided into graceful and unrestrained, such works must of course be classified into the unrestrained category.Wang Guowei saw this, so he said in the poem: "When the Ci came to the Empress Li, his vision began to widen, and his emotion became deep, and then he changed the words of actors and craftsmen into the words of scholar-bureaucrats." Once the style of words is forced to serve oneself, the words are almost unavailable.In this way, it is only natural that a bold and unrestrained Li Kui suddenly pops up next to the graceful and traditional Ci. The question is how to treat the phenomenon of this big man from Kansai breaking into the team of the shy beauties.There are two factions, conservative and innovative.In the old days, the conservatives had the upper hand; in recent years, the arrogance of the reformers has been on the rise.The reasons for the conservatives can be represented by the three quotes above. The light one is that it is okay to write, but in the end it is "not the true color"; , cannot be a word.The reason for the reformers is that the development from "the clouds on the temples want to burn the snow on the cheeks" to "the great river goes east" is a liberation and an expansion of the scope of expression of Ci.What's wrong with changing from embroidering in the boudoir to going to the countryside, or the same venue can accommodate both the beauties who embroider in the boudoir and the cadres who go to the countryside?Each is what it is, and each has its own advantages.It is difficult for an honest official to decide on family affairs, and it may be even more difficult for literary historians to decide disputes over literary theory.The most powerful thing is the fact that no matter how nostalgic the conservatives are, or even cry out because of it, anyway, the first-class works of "The Great River Goes East" have already been circulated in printed editions, and in recent years, they have been widely circulated in printed editions.Some people may think that since they are all spread, they should judge right from wrong. It is wrong to pretend to turn a blind eye.But it's hard.The conservative old family has a strong foundation and hardly needs any strength to support it.As for the reformists, if you want to object to works that praise bold and unconstrained works, I am afraid that it is difficult to find a reason for their death except that they do not like sour and therefore do not buy vinegar.If you say it shouldn't be written like this, the bold and unconstrained faction can ask, who stipulated it?Moreover, the unconstrained faction also has a moral stronghold, and they have no objection to the graceful faction writing "the clouds on the temples want to save the fragrant cheeks and snow" (they themselves wrote a lot).Therefore, for the current plan, we have to use President Cai Yuanpei's all-inclusive approach, admitting that the lyrics have the ability to express tenderness and resignation, but it may as well be bold and unrestrained.From the standpoint of liking words, it seems that I can push the boat along the way. After talking about how to practice, I will become more capable, just like Mei Lanfang. Although she often plays the concubine Yu, she can also play the role of the overlord of Chu. But we also have to admit that professional work and cross-dressing are not the same thing after all.To put it bluntly, the words, in terms of artistic conception, have indeed changed: seventeen or eighteen girls holding red tooth boards and singing "Wild Willow Bank Xiaofeng Wanyue" are positive, and Kansai men holding iron pallets singing "Da Jiangdong Going" are changes. .The reason for this understanding is not that anyone has stipulated it, but the situation dictates it.Let's talk about the situation, which can be divided into two aspects: quality and quantity.Let’s talk about quality first, and it can also be divided into positive and negative.Positively speaking, the artistic conception of poetry varies widely, and one of the major categories, which is called soft and perverse, may not be less important than generosity and generosity.This requires expression, that is, grasping it with language and turning it into a poetic realm for countless idiots and goddesses to play.And it turns out that the form of expression of the word is best suited for this task, or rather, for such a task, often better than we would like.In terms of rewards for meritorious deeds, Ci should of course be rewarded in this regard.On the other hand, perhaps the reward received should be higher, which is Wang Guowei's words quoted at the beginning of this article, the words "what can be said in poetry can't be said".Why do you say that?See the example below: The smoke in the spring mountains is about to be collected, the sky is light and the stars are small.The face of the waning moon is bright, don't cry at dawn.There are too many words, but the love is not over. Looking back, I still pay attention to the way.Remember (reading the tone) the green skirt, pity the grass everywhere. (Niu Xiji's "Birth of Chazi") Drunk farewell (reading tone) Wake up in the west building and forget, spring dreams and autumn clouds, it's so easy to get together and part.The slanting moon and half window still sleep less, and the painting screen shows Wu Shancui leisurely.The wine marks on the clothes and the words in the poems are always desolate.Red Candle (reading in flat tone) has nothing to do with self-pity, and Ye Hankong weeps for others. (Yan Jidao's "Butterfly Loves Flower") The wind servant girl and the rain on the temples are not sure.Tired leaning on Yulan to watch (read flat tone) the moon halo, it is easy to speak low and fragrant.The soft wind blows all over the window screens, and the heart is separated (read the tone) to the end of the world.From then on, I hurt spring and hurt farewell (read the tone), and the evening is only for pear blossoms. (Nalan Chengde's "Qing Ping Le") Everyone has their own opinions, I will say my own, like the artistic conception (and charm) expressed in these three poems, it is difficult to do anything with five or seven words, because compared with the words, it seems too open and hard; the ancient style is even worse, Because it is too simple and too thick.If this understanding is good, then the word can be called only this one, without a semicolon.No semicolon, if you want to use it, you have to come to this door to buy it. That is to say, if you want to express your feelings, you'd better write lyrics instead of poetry; What collection of words to read, and what collection of poetry to put aside for the time being. The graceful words are positive, and there are quantitative reasons.It's easy to say, just use mathematical addition and subtraction.There are no less than tens of thousands of Ci works handed down from the late Tang Dynasty (the two poems of Li Bai handed down are problematic) to the abdication of the Qing Dynasty. few.The same is true for the author. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, there were not many people who followed Su and Xin loyally.In this kind of place, I think that the principle of democracy is also applicable, that is, the person with the most votes will be in power, and the opposition can only sit at the bottom.Besides, the accounts can be calculated in more detail, let's just talk about Su and Xin, they are not always bold and unrestrained.It is said that Xin's style is bold and unrestrained. According to my ignorance, as far as I know, there are many people who disagree.The reason also comes from the addition and subtraction of mathematics, such as the famous "Zhu Yingtai Order": Baochai points, Taoyedu, Yanliu dark Nanpu.Fear of the upper floors, nine out of ten days of wind and rain.Heartbroken pieces are flying red, no one cares, who will call Liu Yingsheng to live? Look at the sideburns, try to hold (hold) the date of return of the flowers, and then count the hairpins again.The tent lights are dimmed, sobbing and talking in dreams.It is he who brings sorrow in spring, where does spring return?But I don't know how to go back with sorrow. Everyone has to admit that this is a good work of the graceful school.Not only that, but also such as "It can dissipate the wind and rain a few more times" ("Touching the Fish"), "Green Trees Listen to Pelicans" ("Congratulations to the Bridegroom"), "Eternal Rivers and Mountains" ("Yongyule"), there are also The sentences and artistic conception of the daimyo's poems are not pure bold and unrestrained.Therefore, compared with Su's "The Great River Going East", Xin did not use poetry as his Ci after all; Su, there are many articles, which can only be said to be poets' words.There are quite a few, which means that even the leader of the rebel faction does not rebel day and night.Check out these two songs: Daozijiaoyaoyu failed, Yingchun Pavilion (reading the tone) dreamed passionately.What's the matter with the court?Caisuo is light and long while taking advantage of the swallows, while the red window sleeps heavily and does not hear the warbler. The sleepy weather is near Qingming. ("Huanxi Sand") The flowers embrace the mandarin mandarin house, remember that the hump shoulder bun is small, and the temples and eyebrows are long.Turning over the swallow dance lightly, whispering the warbler reeds.Wherever we meet, we will never forget it (read in flat tone).I am willing to go to Yaoshang personally, Xiang Yelan, sing the song of Ying, and bring Han Xiang in exchange.Don't come to hear the news, it's like the clouds collect the Chu Gorge (read the tone), and the rain disperses Wuyang.The love of meeting is there, and it is hard to measure without language.These things break one's heart, how can one not be (reading in a melodious tone) miserable.Waiting to change the leaves with Yi Yigen, so why not try. ("Unforgettable Memories") Like this, you can't help but say it is authentic graceful, right?Especially the latter one seems to be written by Liu Yong. It can be seen that Su's lyrics are only limited by his temperament, and he is often bold and unrestrained instead of abandoning gracefulness.Part of the reason for not giving up should be said that being graceful is righteousness, and boldness is change. Then, according to the above considerations, it is not difficult to solve the other problems of poetry.In general, we can accept the view that "the realm of poetry is broad and the words are long", because it is generally correct.This acceptance has the power of guiding lines, whether it is writing or reading, there is no harm in being graceful.But guidance is not a restriction. If you have feelings like Su's and are willing to follow the path of "going eastward", then it's okay to be generous.