Chapter 20 Chapter Six: The Spiritual Lineage and Textual Sources of "Pioneering Novels"

In the mid-1980s, Kafka’s main works had actually entered the field of vision of most readers. Wu Liang and Cheng Depei once wrote: “Almost all novels describing deformation, perverseness, unconventional, and super-daily experiences directly or indirectly It is related to Kafka.” (1) Paradox is an important aspect of Kafka’s artistic means in novels, and Kafka often turns it into an aesthetic concept, forming the aesthetic effect of tragicomedy or black humor.Starting from the paradox, the allegorical, or allegorical, sense of absurdity and mystery of Kafka's works are all accompanied by this characteristic.Heinz-Berlitzer pointed out in "Problems and Difficulties in the Study of Kafka" (1950): "The typical feature of Kafka's style is the paradox. His language is German anecdotes (such as Johann, Peter, Hebel or Heinrich von Kleist etc. - the original note) flat and calm language, but the connotation of his works is mysterious. His style is undoubtedly a realistic style; But what is expressed through this realism is a secret, or rather, an impenetrable secret. His expression is deliberate and almost clear, but behind it lurks the unfathomable. Desperation. He describes death and fright, fear and trembling, but in an obviously ironic tone." (2) Kafka's paradoxical style has a deep root in German literature, and at the same time his style is unique , has its own characteristics.Kafka's understanding of modern society is sharp, and paradox is a means for him to express his views on the world.Kafka is pessimistic, and paradox is actually a kind of hesitation and doubt about the way out.

Chinese readers were shocked by his calm and peaceful tone when they read it, and were also fascinated by the calm and upside-down.A person wakes up one morning and finds that he has turned into a big beetle. This incredible thing is described by the author in an ordinary tone, as if it happens every day. ［O］Oscar Walzer compared Kafka with Romantic writers in German literature such as Chamisso and Hoffmann in his article "Logic in Strangeness" (1916), and believed that Kafka's singularity It lies in "Kafka's first sentence puts the reader in the strangeness". (3) After Gregor became a beetle, "the whole novel seems to be nothing more than a sentimentalization of logical inferences", "from the first discovery of new and unusual Starting from emotions stronger than the terrible feeling of the new situation, to gradually realizing this misfortune and the terrible impact of this misfortune on people around us, on the family, and the gradual animalization of the body, etc., until the very terrible Realizing that this was an unbearable burden on her parents and sister, she made up her mind to relieve herself and others from this pain by starvation until death."(4) Combining the strange with the meticulous and keen observation of real life, Kafka, like Chamisso and Hoffman, "places the strange in a context characterized by realism, and uses the trivial, even the smallest, worries of everyday life as Words show it, and in this way they make the strange more believable." (5)

Can Xue admitted in "What is "New Experimental" Literature": "Our writing has a teacher's inheritance-this is the strange fruit of studying Western classic literature hard, and it is even a breakthrough of Chinese new literature, a breakthrough in Western literature. Successfully surpassed." (6) Not only Can Xue, but many avant-garde writers have admitted their love for Kafka and their mentorship on different occasions.Everyone's acceptance of Kafka is different, but paradox is undoubtedly one of the most influential aspects of Kafka on Chinese writers.

Kafka's paradoxical technique is very prominent in the novel, "The Lawsuit" and the short stories "The Hunger Artist" and "The Country Doctor". The protagonist of "The Hunger Artist" uses hunger as the only means of performance, and the longer he is hungry means the higher his artistic level.Out of professionalism, this artist is determined to develop his art to the extreme, but the day when his art reaches the highest level, is the day when his life is gone.This paradox of spirit and flesh is the nightmare of modern people. "Before the Law" is a section of the novel "Litigation", and its symbolic meaning can be said to be infinite.The countryman wants to enter the door of the law all his life, but he still can't.The gatekeeper refused to let him in, but the countryman waited in front of the door. He even bribed the gatekeeper, and the gatekeeper accepted gifts, but he was still not allowed to enter.The janitor’s explanation for accepting bribes is also full of paradoxes. In order not to misunderstand the country people, he was the one who delayed his opportunity, so he took the bribe.The gate of the law, which the countryman could not enter all his life, disappeared after the countryman died. The gatekeeper said that this gate was only for you.The countryman worked all his life to enter the gate of the law, but he never entered the gate that was specially designed for him.How many such paradoxes are there in human destiny? The experience of "Country Doctor" embodies the paradoxical theme even more.The country doctor received the emergency bell in the middle of the night and rushed out.For this visit ten miles away, he tried his best, but when he came to the patient's home, he was forced to lie down with the patient.When he fled the patient's house in a hurry, he couldn't find his way home, so he had to wander in the ice and snow.Kafka's novel "The Lawsuit" and his theme of paradox are most fully expressed.K., the bank clerk, was declared a criminal for some reason, and he also vaguely felt that he had committed a crime.He appealed while anxiously waiting, but the appeal was unsuccessful. He was vaguely looking forward to the day when he would be executed. When his nemesis arrived, he felt an inexplicable sense of relief.In K, the goal of his life is to be able to enter the castle, and finally to be able to live in the village below the castle. For this reason, he tried his best, but he was always excluded from the castle. K spends his whole life trying to get a residence permit and cannot become a legal resident of the castle, but when he is dying, the castle suddenly announces that he is allowed to live in the village.Although Kafka decided in his notes to finally get the castle authorities to allow K to live there, but K's life was dying, and he only got the spiritual comfort of agreeing to live there.Max Brod once believed that Kafka was the prophet of the Jewish nation, and we see the overall destiny of the Jewish nation in Kafka's seemingly casual narration.In connection with the great changes in European society in the ten years after Kafka's death, you can't but admire the writer's keen intuition and insight.The 2,000-year wandering life has made the Jewish people experience too much sense of rootlessness and wandering. What K pursued all his life is a kind of belonging.Although we can interpret K's actions in many ways, the genocide catastrophe suffered by the Jews in the 1930s and 1940s is the reality of the fate of the Jewish nation. Kafka had keenly discovered this twenty years ago. The problem is not written down.

Yu Hua once stated frankly that he wrote it after reading Kafka's "Country Doctor".It is also full of paradox.My father asked "I" to go out to gain insights, and "I" met many people on the way, but they all left "I" with no impression like smoke."I" gained some sense of reality after riding in a car with a private delivery driver delivering apples, but was quickly confused by the apple snatchers.Because the driver himself was among the people who robbed the driver's apple, and "I", the person who fought for his apple, was robbed by the driver himself.In comparison, the stories told in these two novels are very abstract, the characters and stories are not real, and the "country doctor" and "I" in the stories are very fictional characters.In a daze, the doctor was pushed into a carriage that came from nowhere. Although the horse came out of his pigpen, he knew that his pigpen had not been visited for a long time, he had never raised pigs, and where did the horse come from, but he still sat on it. To this unknown carriage.The same is true when a doctor sees a little boy. It seems that there is only one thought between the healthy and the sick.He also seemed to be in a dream when he was forced by the patient's family.His roaming in the ice and snow is more like a sleepwalking. "Country Doctor" combines reality and non-reality, rationality and absurdity to create a mysterious atmosphere, so that people's pain of self-existence and a sense of original sin run through the novel.The "I" in "I" is also a blurred image, you can't feel his flesh and blood, you can't feel his thoughts, he is as inaccurate as smoke. "I" traveled far without any purpose, and was doing a spiritual wandering.This roaming became reality because of the robbery incident on the road, and it became virtual because of the driver's own behavior of robbing himself.The behavior of the driver proves that this is a paradoxical and incomprehensible world.Throughout the novel, "I" is always looking for a hotel, and such a hotel is also an abstract and symbolic hotel.As a symbol, it is easy to remind us of Kafka. After "I" was beaten all over, I found that the car was the hotel I was looking for.From the point of view of the multiplicity of semantics, both "The Country Doctor" and "The Country Doctor" can be interpreted in many ways, but the sense of paradox runs through the two texts from beginning to end.

The so-called labyrinth of language in Ge Fei's "Brown Birds" is just like a kind of paradox. The girl whose face changes frequently makes the protagonist "I" often confused. "Chess", women and girls "wearing orange-red (or brown-red) clothes", no matter how these people change their appearance, for the protagonist or narrator in the novel, they all show the incomprehensibility of this world.Because Ge Fei pays too much attention to the confusion caused by language, "Brown Birds" cannot make people understand what the author wants to say besides absurdity and ambiguity.Behind the many paradoxes and traps, or behind the clarity of the details, there is a huge ambiguity.In addition to the paradox, Kafka also makes you think about the huge meaning behind the paradox. "Brown Birds" is also full of paradoxes, but what is left after the paradox?It seems difficult to say.Can Xue's novel "The Debt Collector" is also full of paradoxes. The cat that has been thrown away countless times is like a burden that cannot be shaken off in life. It is always waiting for you at the right time and place.

While the contemporary avant-garde novelists are actively drawing on Kafka’s “new” way of thinking, they are also unknowingly influenced by the claims of many foreign writers and critics. The results are all powerfully influencing the thinking of this generation. It not only provides new thinking materials, but also provides new thinking methods. The violent collision of multiple cultures has sparked sparks of wisdom, and the entire generation has been included in the world. In the spiritual movement of sexuality. Closed borders no longer exist, and a relationship of cultural interdependence and cross-reference makes it no longer possible for people to stand still and close themselves off. If it is not linked to the modern international trend of thought (this trend of thought also includes It is difficult to explain the current status and future trend of the current literature (fiction), which is the precious heritage of Chinese philosophy and oriental thinking spirit. Any external conceptual factor will subtly penetrate into the subjective consciousness of a person and affect his spiritual structure , affect his attitude towards the world, and then affect his spiritual products." (7) Considering the aesthetic characteristics of literature itself, we are also dissatisfied with the exploration of avant-garde writers, "regardless of the purpose of literature (fiction) How many differences there are, it must first be a symbolic organization and text structure that conforms to aesthetic principles, and it must first be an aesthetic existence.” (8)

The originality and symbolism (suggestion, foil, contrast, exaggeration, association) of Kafka's novels make Kafka's works chewable and memorable.Most of his characters are fixed and undeveloped, but the changes in their spiritual emotions and psychological feelings are endless.The understanding of the absurdity of the world and the cold and objective tone of the narrative make Kafka's works full of vigilance against this frighteningly mediocre world.Compared with avant-garde novels, this gap is not only due to differences in personal knowledge and depth of thinking, but also due to differences in social development stages.The Chinese in the 1980s hadn’t reached the road of moderate prosperity, and were still struggling for survival. It would take time to realize the existential worries in philosophy, and the pioneering avant-garde writers would fall into the shadows at every turn.Although Kafka's works are full of absurdity, confusion, and hesitation with no way out, there is still a kind of reversed humanitarianism in Kafka's works, and the healthy outlook of this proposition is the fatal deficiency of Chinese avant-garde novels .

Almost all of Can Xue's works explore the existence of human beings, and make an almost cruel examination and penetration of the ugliness of human nature, which makes her works present a "modern" meaning from the theme connotation to artistic techniques. In Kafka's novel, the castle seems to be close at hand, but there is no road leading to it.Roger Gallotti said in "On Boundless Realism": "Between the concrete play of a symbol and its abstract meaning, there is no comprehensible correspondence from word to word. In the total scope of the symbol The realism of the details does not run counter to the symbolism, but gives it vitality.” (9) Kafka’s works are absurd in a large artistic framework, but In terms of specific details, it is realistic, which makes the work gain artistic space in a huge symbolic sense.The meaning of the castle can be interpreted in many ways. Zionists read the helplessness of homelessness, sociologists read the horror of bureaucratic machinery, modern people read the paradox of their own existence, and theologians read the truth of faith. Tenacity, psychologists read out self-awareness projections and more.The text that Kafka provides us is a reconstructed "a mythical world unified with the real world."(10)

We generally classify Kafka as expressionism, which is an anti-traditional modernist school, which has different manifestations in art forms such as painting, literature, music, and film, but they also have some common ideological tendencies and artistic characteristics, that is, "dissatisfied with the status quo of society, demanding reform, and demanding 'revolution'. In terms of creation, they are not satisfied with the description of objective things, but demand to express the inner essence of things; It describes and reveals the human soul; it requires not to stay in the description of temporary phenomena and accidental phenomena, but to develop its eternal quality." (11) Expressionism opened a road to the heart, and the understanding of human nature and the psychological world of human beings Excavation, revealing the essence of human existence is the focus of expressionist writers, emphasizing subjective imagination, emphasizing the exaggeration and abstraction of the virtual and deformed world, and emphasizing the role of illusion in literary imagination.Kafka is also a master of creating illusions, the man in the middle becomes a big beetle, the cave survival world in "The Burrow", and the scene where the poor man rides an empty coal barrel into the iceberg area and disappears forever in "The Barrel Rider". It is all a world of illusions, but under these seemingly illusory status quo, the most real essence of human living conditions is hidden.

Can Xue, who is praised by some people, has persisted in experimenting with avant-garde novels for twenty years. This spirit of persistence is commendable, but what is the significance of this experiment?In Can Xue's "The Cabin on the Mountain", "I" always wanted to see the hut on the mountain behind the house, "I" was surrounded by creepy people and things, and my mother's face was full of hypocrisy and horror. With a smile, my sister's eyes will turn green, my father will turn into a wolf at night, and "my" drawers are often rummaged secretly. "I" climbed up the back mountain in order to get rid of all this, but there were no grapes or huts on the mountain except white stones.The estrangement and hostility of modern people exist objectively, and personal loneliness and isolation are also prominent manifestations of modern diseases. However, in the deliberately strengthened darkness, depression, grotesque and even fear, the essence of literature has long since disappeared.Perverted hearts and nightmarish scenes fill Can Xue's works, where is the breakthrough in reading Can Xue's works?Of course, it can be said that her works expose the estrangement, cruelty, deceit, jealousy and other psychology between people, and criticize the ugly and despicable behaviors exposed due to the distortion of human nature.This is also the position of Can Xue in general literary history, but how far is this kind of revelation or the reality in dreams from real life?Where is the moral of the performance?The castle is Kafka's nightmare, but under this nightmare is the lament that people cannot control their own destiny. The hut on the mountain is the absurdity of life pursuit. There is no hut on the mountain, only white stones. Can Xue said in "What is "New Experiment" Literature": "The specific method of our difficult creation is different, it relies more on the endowment left by our ancestors, and the operation is a bit like witchcraft-like 'automatic'. Writing'. But this is not witchcraft, but an uprising in the depths of the subconscious in collusion with powerful reason.” (12) The automatic writing method and new novel writing that Can Xue talked about, from the 20th century literature From the perspective of development, what we talk about is exactly what has been abandoned by others.From Breton's initiation of the surrealist movement in the 1920s to the 1960s when the surrealist movement fell silent due to Breton's death, the surrealist movement had a wide-ranging influence in Europe and other continents. Mainly ideological.No writer has written a successful work completely according to Breton's point of view.The automatic writing method has also been proved by practice to be an unrealistic delusion.How meaningful is Can Xue's flaunting? "I think I can say something about the past ten years or the future, which most people don't realize or say. I want to say these words in the form of literature and fantasy. An abstract, It’s an innocent thing again, slowly condensing within me. I started to write, a little bit a day, and I didn’t fully know why I wrote this way or that way, but I was obsessed with my own paradise, pondering over and over again, enjoying myself.” "I didn't understand what I was writing when I finished writing. It took a while, sometimes half a year, to understand." (13) Seeing such confessional text, we can't help but recall Kafka's diary An account of the writing of this novel.Kafka's short stories were written in one go on the night of September 22-23, 1912, from ten o'clock in the evening to six o'clock in the morning. completely naked body and soul.”(14) But it was not until February 21, 1913, almost five months later, that he attempted his first interpretation of his beloved novel.He admits that only now, when revising the proofs, has he grasped the meaning of the novel.This shows that Kafka's creation has a lot of intuition. "It is not the philosophical intuition of a well-bred and learned man like Proust or Joyce who takes his example from Bergson, that is to say, not of the 'cerebral' kind, but as if 'visceral'. ', 'naive' and intuitive. The problem here is not only that Kafka is not as knowledgeable as the other two modernist 'masters'. The problem is that Kafka himself is today's 'disease of the times'", he "didn't mean to of this disease as his 'virtue.' For this reason he is wholly present in his writings—he merges with them, they are dug out of him." "Pruss In contrast to Kafka's, the symbolism of Bert and Joyce is 'scholarly' and 'doctrinal'. Practically speaking, the author of Finnegans Wake did not create a metaphor ;he borrows ready-made similes from ancient myths, Irish epics, or the sermons of the ancient Indian priests. If Joyce's symbolism is sometimes difficult to understand, it is not because there is no key, but because it has not been found. Joyce himself, whether he was telling the truth or not, always knew what he wanted to say. Kafka never knew what he wanted to say; The overall impression created by the picture created by the reader." (15) Intuition has the advantage of intuition, and it has the effect of psychic that cannot be achieved by other methods.Only relying on this method can definitely write "a few" good works, but can't write "many" good works.Although Kafka's writing is mainly based on intuition, Kafka's profound philosophical accomplishment, his concern for the social conditions at that time, and his concern for the living conditions of workers all enable him to deliberately create illusions while having a realistic foundation.His works are recreated reality, full of exaggeration and abstraction of the virtual and deformed world. The unfinished status of his long works makes his works rich in multi-layered meanings. This method is the advantage of Kafka's works. It is also his shortcoming.Was Can Xue deliberately imitating the form, or the substance? Kafka's works have multi-layered and intertwined multiple structures in the way of expression, and it is often difficult to communicate if understood according to one structure.Many of Kafka's famous works, such as, "The Proceedings", etc., can be understood from multiple levels.Superficial storytelling, deep psychological appeal, exploration of the fundamental living conditions of human beings from a philosophical point of view, and so on.These constitute the main themes of his novels: the theme of alienation, the theme of conflict between father and son, the Jewish homeland consciousness and so on.Through a penalty event, the multiple relationships between punishment and human nature, power, and religion are explored.Yu Hua's "1986" uses a victim of the Cultural Revolution to reenact the cruel persecution scene in the Cultural Revolution to explore the harm of human nature in an era that ignores the individual value of people.The author reminds us of the devastation of the recent disaster through people's amnesia and the history teacher's re-enactment of the town.Sun Caixia, in her article "The Significance of Punishment——A Comparative Study of Kafka's "In the Place of Exile" and Yu Hua's "1986" from the perspectives of performance of punishment, punishment and human nature, punishment and power, punishment and history, punishment and religion Five aspects explore Yu Hua and Kafka's reflection on human nature, power and history through the narration of punishment.She believes that, “Based on different cultural backgrounds, national consciousness and personal experience, the value orientation of the two works is very different. Kafka has a complex Jewish complex, and the meaning of his text is profound and spiritual because it points to religion. Relying on. He expresses the general embarrassment that religion encounters in the modern West, and also reflects the spiritual connection between modernist literature and Christianity. Different from Kafka’s theological concern, Yu Hua uses history as a warning to live in the present, and subverts civilization with violence and chaos , leaving us in a total value void.” (16) Compared with "The Past and Punishment" and "1986", there are differences in the delicate description of punishment, and the deviation in the foothold and focus of the conception is even greater.Chinese autocratic punishment persecutes both the victim and the perpetrator, and the officer who fails to execute the sentence and voluntarily becomes the victim of this cruel punishment has a shocking power.If we look at the officer's appreciation of torture, "It's not just a few words that are sloppy; we don't intend to kill people all at once, but generally speaking, after twelve hours; the turning point is scheduled for the sixth Hours.” (17) We see that military officers’ passion for torture and human beings’ fascination with violence, the gladiator activities in ancient Rome, modern boxing, etc. actually demonstrate a perverted human passion for violence.Violence is an important aspect of human nature and an important reality in life. It is undoubtedly necessary to face up to this reality, but it is certainly not advisable to make it absolute and place it in an absolute dominance of life, and it does not conform to the principles of human evolution. actual.The first half of Kafka is full of a sense of crisis, depression and fear, but the second half of the novel dispels these feelings due to the perverse behavior of the military officer, making readers think about what role punishment plays in our lives. is just right.However, Yu Hua's "1986" is full of sense of crisis, depression and fear throughout the work, which is further enhanced by the indifference of his wife and daughter.A dialogue tension formed between the officers and the traveler, and a confrontation between the former commander and the current commander also suppressed the cruelty of the punishment.However, "1986" lacks such a perspective. The history teacher who was overwhelmed by the endless torture, the lunatic today and the spectators around him are in a tense antagonistic relationship, and it can be said that they have nothing to do with each other.The final work is merely a reproduction of torture, but lacks a kind of humanistic and humane observation. Austin-Warren offers a religious reading of Kafka's "serious tones describing a complex method of punishment which 'enlightened men' have disbelieved only because of the loyalty of an old , it survived, and the old man did not understand it very well, nor could he repair it. The narrative is from the perspective of the traveler, recording what he saw, and he was shocked by what he saw” (18 ) traveler's experience shows that such things are not a common phenomenon in the normal social mechanism, and the enthusiasm of the old officer shows that he himself is also a historical relic that should be discarded.But the author endows the machine with a symbolic meaning. The punishment machine is not only a machine, but also a kind of endorsement. In connection with the shaping of the image of God in Judaism, we seem to be able to assert that this punishment machine is even a realistic expression of the image of God.So the author talked about the prophecies of the old commander and the curse of the old commander through the mouth of the traveler. The old commander is dead and his career has no successors. (19) The image of the old commander is a sign of the decline of the ancient religious power, and the religious interpretation of Kafka's works also greatly extends the inner tension of the works.As an interpretive writer, each of Kafka's works is not a simple attractive story.In a letter to Brod, Kafka refers to the writer as the scapegoat of humanity (20).The writer shoulders the sins of mankind, suffers for them, and allows them to commit crimes. [Austria] Walter-H-Sockel's "Franz-Kafka" article also talked about anthropological thinking. "The idea of ​​the scapegoat led Kafka to a similar insight into the anthropological studies of his time and the first totalitarian tendencies that became conspicuous on the Continent. Anthropological implications and politics in Kafka's work The implication is most evident in. In the officer's report on the history of the penal colony, the torture and gradual transformation of the victim before death is described as a ritual of community worship. Kafka undoubtedly had the discoveries of anthropology in mind. , depicts human scapegoats sacrificed for the benefit and enlightenment of the community. On the other hand, subjects of 'brainwashing' are mobilized to gleefully approve of their own destruction, 'brainwashing' apparently akin to the political and cultural irrationalism (written two months after the outbreak of the war) and totalitarianism just beginning to take shape."(21) While keenly predicting European realities, it also shows the autobiographical nature of Kafka's entire work, " However interesting and fruitful the anthropological, sociological, and philosophical implications of Kafka's writings may be - and they certainly cannot be underestimated - we must never ignore the inner autobiographical significance which elicits and shapes the All other meanings. The greatness of Kafka lies in his extraordinary ability to write the world with the individual, and the individual with the world. The diversity of meanings makes every image he creates strongly pertinent and enlightening The communal festive atmosphere surrounding the dying prisoner in the penal colony is the external counterpart of the prisoner's inner insight. This atmosphere also extends to Georg Bendermann and Gregor Samsa's apparent ending Georg Bendermann died, so to speak, beneath a busy boulevard in the center of city life. Gregor Samsa was for a time after his death the quiet center of attention of the family, and the arrangement of the scene foreshadows Two years later, the society worshiped the dead." (22) How does the punishment expert in "Past Events and Punishments" look like the officer in the book, from his obsession with punishment, from his efforts to experiment with punishment, and even from his sacrifice to test the punishment machine, and ordering strangers to twelve Looking at his test results hours later, they were all similar in appearance and spirit to the behavior of the officer.However, due to the absence of the old commander and the lack of religious awareness of the Chinese, the behavior of the criminal expert lacks an external observation, and is more like a perverted occupational disease patient.As for the image of the stranger, it is evidently another deformation of the traveler. Yu Hua's preference for cruel scenes led Yu Hua to take pleasure in exaggerating cruel scenes, and it should be the product of this state of mind.The concept of Chinese culture lacks religious feelings, but the core of several major religions in the East and the West actually contains an important psychological level-tolerance.For poor and weak nations, blood for blood, tooth for tooth is a kind of rigidity and a way of self-improvement.But for a long-term peaceful nation, tolerance is easier to make the society develop benignly.In the novel, the indifference and selfishness of human nature arouse people's shock in the intensified and exaggerated symbols, and the sense of scene of human nature succumbing to animal nature highlights the human tragedy.Like "1986", Yu Hua exaggerated the cruel punishment and ignored the observation of human nature behind the punishment. Excessive realism diluted the depth of symbols, making these works lack a multi-layered latitude. If you only write novels with a strong story, it seems that you only live in one place, and you can write wonderful and beautiful novels with only one cultural origin.But if you are writing a philosophical work, it will be more advantageous if you have a cross-cultural perspective.Yu Hua's novels just lack these, he lacks a kind of height.He always pays attention to the changes of the world from a certain point of the physical.If it is to use this evil event to reveal the horror of the hidden evil of human nature and the logic of its origin, then it is of course meaningful, but just listing the manifestations of these evils will cause a huge shock to the reader's vision. What is the implication?Literature does not avoid writing evil, but writing evil for the sake of writing evil is obviously not the true meaning of literature.This is also the reason why I thought that it could only "please readers' eyes, but not warm their hearts" (23).Kafka also wrote evil, but the compassion in Kafka's works is unmatched by many other writers.Almost everyone who talks about Kafka's creation will talk about the humanitarianism in Kafka's works. This kind of humanitarianism is not a pretentious gesture, nor is it a kind of overlooking from above, but a kind of spiritual resonance. The author has been trying to Helping those who are exploited and oppressed, Kafka hated the evils of capitalist society.In Yu Hua's case, we do not see the power of humanism behind the ruthless rendering of violence, nor do we see the solid back wall of humanitarianism. In fact, I prefer Yu Hua's less avant-garde novels, such as "The Boy in the Twilight", "The Death of a Landlord", "The History of Two People", "Death Narration" and so on. "The Boy in the Twilight" directly points out the evil of human nature with a plain and natural objective narrative.Sun Fu's punishment of the little boy was carried out in the name of morality, but Sun Fu himself did not realize that his own behavior was immoral.The numbness of the audience also testifies to the reality that immoral behavior is legalized, and the author recounts Sun Fu's life history at the end of the novel. He was hit by fate, his son drowned, his wife eloped, and he fell from a happy man for the less fortunate.Chen Sihe believes that Sun Fu's "tragedies of fate and human nature merge into an irreversible history of human depravity. Who can predict what kind of vicious character the boy in the twilight will become?" (24) Zhang Xinxin believes: " This kind of situation can happen to any one of us. Each of us can become Sun Fu, changed by the hardships of life, and vent our resentment and revenge for life in a distorted form and with grandiose reasons. Each of us can also It may all be the boy without a name who will fall into the siege in the name of public, abstract, and high-ranking rules at some point, accept punishment, and be powerless to resist and cannot refute." (25) "Two People" History contains a great deal of survival wisdom in light narrative.Haohuo and Laihuo, which one is better?The life of an orchid is a trajectory, and the life of Tan Bo is also a trajectory.If Tan Bo is allowed to choose again, Tan Bo may not choose Lanhua's life path.This is the most critical place. "The Death of a Landlord" uses a story that seems to be casual, rewrites the consistent textual method, and also subverts a historical view.Wang Damin said: "The historical view implied in "The Death of a Landlord" is clear. It breaks through the veil of the mainstream ideological historical view formed by political class theory, and views history from the standpoint of folk ideology and universal human nature. , reaching the true state of history, and rewriting the image of the landlord. Since the pre-existing political class theory was removed from the character’s identity, position and class restrictions, the essential state of human beings points to the complexity of human beings. In the face of national crisis之际，民族主义往往会突破政治的、阶级的限定而点燃爱国主义情感，使那些具有民族感的人不惜生命与入侵者抗争。”(26)去掉了观念模式的限制之后，全民抗战的历史或许会从更人性、更接近历史本真的状态再现出来。 《一个地主的死》应该是余华一种比较成功的尝试吧。