Chapter 26 Volume 23

○The surname and surname are based on the Five Emperors, and there are twenty out of twenty who are found in "Spring and Autumn".Gui, the surname of Yu, came from Zhuanxu and was granted the title of Chen.It is proposed that Xia's surname came from Zhuanshuo, and he was granted the title of Qi, Bu, and Yue.Zi, surnamed Yin, came from Gaoxin and was granted the title of Song.Ji, the surname of Zhou, came out of the Yellow Emperor, and was granted the titles of Guan, Cai, You, Huo, Lu, Wei, Mao, Na, Bu, Yong, Cao, Knee, Bi, Yuan, Hubei, You, Xing, Jin, Ying, and Han.Fan, Jiang, Xing, Mao, Yesterday, Ji, Wu, Yu, Guo, Zheng, Yan, Wei, Rui, Tong, Xun, Jia, Geng, Hua, Jiao, Yang, Mi, Sui, and Ba.Ren Su, Xu Ju, and Tui Yu, the surname of Feng, are self-deprecating.Qin, Zhao, Liang, Xu, Bang, Jiang, Huang, Ge, Mi, Ying surnames are also, since the young?.Ju, my surname.Xue, surnamed Ren.Shu, Lu, Zhu, Zhong, Quan, Bi, and Guo Shishi all have surnames.Nanyan, inherited the surname, from the Yellow Emperor.Zhu,?, the surname of Cao, Yu, Τ, Yang,? The surname of Yun,? Yi, the surname of Dong also, from Zhurong.Qi, Shen, Lu, Xu, Ji, Zhou, Xiang, and Jiang's surnames also come from Emperor Yan.Shu, Shujiu, Yan surname also.Zi, blame, Yao, Hu, belong to the surname.Deng, surnamed Man.Luo, surnamed Xiong.Di, Kui surname.Number, concealment, lacquer surname.Yin Rong, surnamed Yun.The origin of the six is ​​unknown, and it is different from this. Let me briefly discuss one or two of them, and then the Meng family, Ji family, Sun family, Ning family, You family, and Feng family are all Ji.The Chen family and the Tian family are all bad, the Hua family, Xiang family, Le family, and Yu family are all sons, the Cui family, and the Ma family are all ginger, and the Qu family, Zhao family, and Jing family are all sheep. , and the surname since the Five Emperors died.Zhao and Xu came after them.Most of the surnames quoted by the commentators are from "Shibenlu". Now the book is dead and cannot be used for reference. ○ Clan "Book of Rites? Da Zhuan" justice: princes bestow clans on senior officials. If they have the same surname, the son of the public is called the son, and the son of the public is called the grandson. The word is Shi.If Mrs. Shi’s son is the son of Mrs. Shi, the five-character brother-in-law is the surname, if Lu’s Chongsun and Jisun are the same, if the concubine is a concubine, the twenty-character surname is the Zhan surname, and the Zang surname is also the same.If there are different surnames, the surname will be based on the father, grandfather and the town where they eat.Those who use officials as their surnames are Sima and Sicheng, and those who take Yi as their surnames are like Han, Zhao, and Wei.Those who bestow clans are compared to Qing, and those who bestow great merit.Give birth to the family, if the uncle and grandson get the minister.It is the grandson of the son, if he has great merit, he will be given the title of Gonggan as a clan, Ruo Zhongsui is also the same.It has no merit, and after death it is bestowed on the family, if there is no horror, it is also true.If the sons and grandsons are Qing, the king does not grant the family, and the sons and grandsons take the title of father as the family.Clan and family are different for the text, but if they are scattered, they will be common.Therefore, "Zuo Zhuan" says: "Ask the family in Zhongzhong" and it goes down: "The public order uses characters as Zhan's family".The surname and family name are also connected, so "Spring and Autumn" has Jiang and Zi's surnames, Jiang and Zi are both surnames, and Yun's is also.

During the Warring States Period, people were mostly called clans.Last name also.The Han people generally call it the surname, but the name of the clan still exists. "Hanshu? Enze Hou Biao" "Praise Lu Jiehou Gongzi Kuan, and enshrine the great-great-grandson of Lu Qinggong's great-great-grandson. Bingwu, in June of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty, was entrusted to Xiangru's heir, and his surname was changed to Gongsun. Later, it was changed to Ji Clan." Gongzi Gongsun, Clan, Ji, surname.This variable name is called one of the certificates of the surname. "Shui Jing Zhu" "In the fourth year of Yuanding, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, fortunately, Luoyang, patrolling Yuzhou Province, and observing the Zhou Dynasty, but there was no sacrifice. Asking the elders, he got Nie Zijia, who was named Zhou Zinanjun to worship Zhou. "According to the ancient text of "Jizhong", General Wei Wenzi is Zi Nan Mi Mou, and later Zi Nan Jin. "Chronicle" "Jin Dynasty Ziwei, Hou Huicheng Wang Ruwei, appointed Zinan as Marquis." Qin merged with the six countries, and Wei was finally destroyed.It is suspected that Jia is the queen of Wei, so his son Nan is called the king.According to this, Jiaben's son Nan, Emperor Wu ordered him to be a noble.However, "Hanshu? Enzehou Biao" was written as "Ji Jia", and his surname was written without his surname, which is exactly the same as that of Baolu who made Gongsun's surname more Ji's.

The name of the surname has been mixed into one since Tai Shigong.In this period, the surname of Qin Shihuang was Zhao, and that of Han Gaozu was Liu. Mr. "Original Surnames" says: Men are called surnames, and women are called surnames.The surname is passed down again and again and becomes variable, and the surname remains unchanged for thousands of years.The most noble is the monarch, the monarch has no family name, the country is called the country without the family name, and the alliance of practicing the land. Its book says: "Jin Chonglu Shen, Wei Wu, Cai Jiawu, Zheng Jie, Qi Pan, Song Wangchen, and Juqi." Xun Yan is called Qi Huan, Prince Wei is called Zheng Sheng, and Jin Wu is also called.The second is the son, the son has no clan, he is not called the clan, he is called the son, the son is driven, and the son is a teacher. The lowest is the common people. The common people have no clan and are not called the clan. Doctor?Therefore, it is said: The sons of the princes are the sons, the sons of the sons are the grandsons, the sons of the grandsons are named after Wangfu, Ruoyi, Ruoyi, and Guan are the surnames.Those who have a family name are also like clans and nobles.According to the "Biography", in the period of two hundred and fifty-five years, is there a man who calls his surname?Nothing.Women are given last names.In ancient times, men and women had different lengths, and they were also called surnames in the room, and they were named in order, such as Shu Wei and Ji Wei.Even if you are married, you will be called by the surname of the king of the country, and you will be crowned with the country, Jiang Mi, Xi Gui, and the like.The doctor is called by his surname, crowned with the family name of the doctor, Zhao Ji, Lu Pujiang, etc., and people in the other country call him, or named by the Wo Ruo family Li Ji, Liang Ying who came from Jin, Yan Yiji ,? Sheng Ji Yu Qi is also.Not only the car is also called the surname, but it is also known as Yi, and it is a common practice to respect and win.There is also the name of Wu Yi who is still in the room, such as Zhongzi and Shaojiang. The Fan family was the first, and the Tao Tang family was from Yuyu, and the Yulong family was in Xia. For Tang Dushi.The capital of the Shanghui is the Liu family in Qin Dynasty.King Fugai went to Chu and became the Tangxi clan.Wu Yuan belongs to his son Yu Qi, who is the Wangsun family.Zhiguo is not from Dashi and is the auxiliary family.Therefore, the name can be changed.The Yusun clan, the Xiaozong clan are Ziyuemin clan and Nangong clan.Shusun's and Xiaozong's are Shuzhong's.The offspring of the Jisun family are called Ji Gongniao and Ji Gonghai.Ji Wei is called Ji but not grandson.Therefore, it is called expensive.Duke Zhao of Lu married Wu and had the same surname, so he was called Wu Mencius.Cui Wuzi wanted to marry Tangjiang. Dongguo Yan said: "Men and women can distinguish their surnames. Today, the king comes from Ding, and the minister comes from Huan. It is not allowed." Husband Cuizhi is different from Dongguo's family. Those who are unable to get married are well-thought-out, so it is said that the surname does not change.It is because those who have the surname Yan are different, and those who have the surname Yan are called Nufang. Since the Qin Dynasty, people have used their surnames as surnames, and men by their surnames.

○Clans handed down from generation to generation, the books of the false clan refer to the Qin, Han and above, it is probably not completely reliable. "Book of Tang" said that Li Shi said: "At the time of Zhou, there was Lizheng, whose character was Deling, and he was Uncle Wu in Yili Zhong." Preface to Shou's "Northern History".I don't know that there was no such name and no such official title in the Three Dynasties.Biao Wang's family said: "The prince of King Ling of Zhou came to Jin Dynasty, and he directly remonstrated and abolished him as a common man." According to legend, there is no such thing. Jin, Jingzhao on the third day, and Lord Xinling of Wei came out.It is true that all kings have the surname of Ji, and it is Wang Mang who became the heir of Shun. Mang was defeated, and his family is still complete, so he may not have no descendants.But in the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu had Wang Zuo, Jin had Wang Liang, and Fan's minister, Wang Sheng.In the Warring States Period, Qi had Wang Dou, Wang Yu, and Wang Yu, Fei had Wu Shun, Wei had Wang Cuo, Zhao had Wang Deng, and Qin had Wang Ji, Wang Yu, Wang Jian, Wang Wan, and Wang Wu. Wang also.Han Wengong wrote "Wang Zhongshu's Shinto Monument", and the text said: "After the kings are all kings, those in Taiyuan have the surname of Ji. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the prince became a father and defeated Di Yougong, because he gave the family." This statement has discretion.

Dou Shi.There is no research in ancient times, and those who belong to the clan cannot find their origin. Seeing "Zuo Zhuan" has an article "Hou Fang was pregnant and escaped from Zi Dou", that is to say: "The emperor's concubine has a daughter from the still family, who escaped from Zi Dou. Dou, who ran back to You still, gave birth to Shaokang, and Shaokang's second son, Long, lived in You still, so he became the family of Dou." This is the same as Wang Mang's quotation from "Yi" "Fu Rong Yu Mang, ascended to his high mausoleum", Mang, the name of the emperor also ; Sheng, Liu Bosheng also, how different!It is Han Wengong's "Epitaph of Dou Mou": "Later, Dou fled to Min's belly, and Xia took his family Dou as his family." This matter is also used to steal the idea that there are many people named Dou in ancient places, and they must be based on the land. . "Road History" said: "After I tried it, there was no one who got the surname in ancient times who was not based on the first seal, and those whose surnames were involved in the matter were few. And the surname books and surnames are often written for the song. Wouldn't it be sad to abandon the origin of one's ancestors, and to belong to a different kind!" That's exactly what it means.

The beginning of the clan described in the inscriptions in the Han Dynasty is unreliable.For example, Jiang Jijiao of the Wei Dynasty said that "Cao Teng's Inscription" said: "The Cao clan came from Zhu." Wang Shen's "Wei Shu" said: "It first came from the Yellow Emperor, and when Gaoyang was born, Lu Zhong's son, Ri'an, was named Cao. Zhou King Wu conquered Yin, and named Cao Xia in Zhu. In the Warring States period, he was destroyed by Chu, and his descendants were separated, or his family was in Pei." Wei Wu wrote "Family Biography", Ziyun: "After Cao Shu Zhenfeng." Chen Si Wang wrote " Emperor Wu's Taboo" said: "King Mu Wu, Zhou Ji allowed Zhou." After the Ji surname, those who take the country as their surname carry on.As far as Jingchu Middle School, Emperor Ming discussed from Gaotang that Wei was the queen of Shun.The imperial edict said: "The lineage of the Cao family comes from the Youyu family, and today the circle of hills is matched with the first ancestor Emperor Shun." Later Emperor Shaodi's "Zen and Jin Wen" also called "My emperor's ancestor Youyu family", but I don't know what it is based on.Wouldn't it be ridiculous for a husband to be the king of one generation and change his ancestor three times?What's more, it's more like a scholar-bureaucrat!

Cheng.After leaving Cheng Boxiu's father, the Great Historian's "Preface" says: "Chong Li's order of the world, it is also after Zhou Cheng Boxiufu." Ying Shao said: "Conferred the title of Cheng Guobo."Xiufu, the word also.Then Sima Shi. "And "Zuo Zhuan? Cheng Eighteen Years": "Jin Luan's book Xing Yan made Cheng Hua kill Li Gong." "Note: "Cheng Hua, Doctor Jin." "Xiang Twenty-Three Years": "Cheng and Zheng Yu are in the public." "Note: "Zheng Yixun's clan. "This means that the Cheng family in Jin Dynasty is different from the Xun family, and did not come from the same family as Xiufu. Today, both the ancestor Xiufu and the ancestor Cheng Ying are mistaken."

Shen. "Song Shu" Shen Yue's preface: "In the past, Shaojin Tianshi had a descendant named Mei, who was a master of Xuanming, born Yunge and Taitai. Taitai was able to become an official, Xuanfen, Tao, and Daze. Located in Dayuan. Emperor Zhuanxu Jiazhi granted Fenchuan the titles. Then there were four kingdoms: Shen, Si, Ruo, and Huang. Shen Ziguo, now Runan Pingyu Shenting, was listed in the League in the Spring and Autumn Period. In the fourth year of Dinggong, The princes will summon the mausoleum to attack Chu, but Shen Zi will not. The Jin sent Cai to attack Shen and destroy it, and Shen Zijia will return." According to Shen, Si, Lao, and Huang, the four kingdoms were all on the Fen River and were destroyed by the Jin.Huang is not the Huang of "Jiangren, Huangren", and Shen is not the Shen of "Shen Zijia". Xiuwen is juxtaposed and combined into one, which is wrong. The "Genealogy of Prime Ministers of the Tang Dynasty" said: "The Shen family comes from the surname Ji. The tenth son of King Wen of Zhou? Ran Shuji's food was collected in Shen, and Shen Ting, the Pingyu of Runan, is the land." This is what it is.

Bai's.Tang Bai Juyi's preface "Family Statement" said: "Because of the Chu Tai Yujian, he won the Baigong. Chu killed Baigong, his son went to Qin, and replaced him as a famous general. Yibing has already descended. It is also true. The descendant of Baiqi has made great contributions to Qin and named Wu'an Jun." According to Bai Yibing, it was seen in the thirty-two year of Xizhi.Bai Gong's death was mourned for sixteen years, and Bai Yibing was one hundred and forty-eight years later.It used to be said that optimism and no archaeology have come to this point!

Young's. "Han Shu? Yang Xiong Biography" said: "It first came from Zhou Boqiao, who used the branches and common food to collect Yang in Jin Dynasty, because of his family. Yang was between the river and Fen. Zhou declined and Yang's family was called Marquis, and his name was Yang. Hou. Will Jin Liuqing fight for power, Han, Wei, Zhao Xing, and Fan Zhongxing know Bo's evil. At that time, force Yang Hou, Yang Hou fled to Chuwu Mountain, because of his family." This mistakenly named Yang Hou and Yang Shi I am alone. "Book of Tang? The Prime Minister's Genealogy Table" said: "The Yang family comes from the surname Ji, and Zhou Xuan's prince Shangfu named him Marquis Yang." It also said: "The public family of Jin eats in Yangtong, where the three counties: one is copper? , The second is Yang's family, and the third is Pingyang. The four sheep tongue clans, uncle Xiang Shicai Yang's family, and its place is Yang's county in Pingyang. And Jin destroyed Yang's tongue family, and uncle Xiang's descendants fled to Huashan Fairy Valley, and then lived in Huayin According to this, Yongxiu took the four surnames of Yang, Yang, Yang, and Yang as one, which is especially wrong.According to Yangcheng, today's Hongdong County, originally Yanghou State. "Zuoshi" female uncle Hou said: "Huo, Yang, Han, Wei, all have Ji's surname." And Ziyun "Fan Lisao" also said: "There is Zhou's Cicada Yanxi, or the originator is in Fenyu. At the beginning of the Lingzong period, Bo Qiaoxi was a spy, and he lived in the future of Marquis Yang." I don't know why the word "Yang" is called "Yang"?It was destroyed in the Jin Dynasty, and it became the doctor's Yangtong clan, so I first saw it in "Biography".But Yang Zhu and Lao Tzu are at the same time, and they are not of the sheep tongue family.The Yang family regards the country as its family?Take Yi as your clan?All unknown.Jin Youyang's virgin father was before Shu Xiang.And Chu Zhiyang, Lu Zhiyang and Tiger are not one Yang.The sheep in Song Dynasty are poured, and the sheep in Zhu are Luo, not just one sheep.Ande said that yang is Pingyang, and sheep is tongue, and the uncle Xiang who is attached?

Duan. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty": "Duan?, it first came out of Zheng Gongshu Duan." The ancients did not have a grandfather named as their family.If this is the case, it doesn't make sense. According to Duan's family, it should come from Duan Gan. "Historical Records": Lao Tzu's son was named Zong, Zong was a general of Wei, and he was granted the title of Duan Qian. "Wei Shijia" has Duan Ganmu and Duan Ganzi. "The Family of Tian Wan" has Duan Ganpeng.Chu's. The "Genealogy of Prime Ministers of the Tang Dynasty" says: "It comes from the surname of Zi. Song Gongzi Duan, named Zishi, eats from Chu. His virtue can be taught, and his name is Master Chu." According to the official name of Master Chu, not only the Song Dynasty had this official, Zheng Zheng Also have it. "The Second Year of Zhaogong": "Zheng Gongsun Hei please take Yin as Chu's teacher" is also true.Wei also has Master Chu's voice. Hayes. "Book of Jin? He Xun Zhuan" said: "Huaiji Shanyin people are also. He first celebrated Pu, and the Han Dynasty handed down "Li", the so-called Qing family. The ancestor of the family was pure, and he was a servant in the time of Emperor An. He avoided the taboo of Emperor An and changed it to He's family." "Song History": "He Zhu himself said that the prince Qingji lived in the lake of Yue. The so-called Jinghu Lake is also Qinghu Lake." who.Qingji, name also, can not be a clan.The real name of Jinghu is Jianhu, and the sound of Qinggu is Qiang, which is not similar.Ruoqi's Qing family lived in Wu Zhufang, which can be found in "Zuo Zhuan".Later generations believed that Qingfeng had the evil of killing the king, and tabooed it, but wanted to change his ancestors, which was not as far away as Sima Huasun of Song Dynasty. Knife's. "Surname Genealogy" thinks that after Doctor Qi set up his sword.Hu Sansheng said: "The vertical knife is safe and has a future?" "Hanshu? Huozhizhuan" has Daojian, according to the ancient books, the sword and mink are connected, and Qi Xiangwang had Diaobo. " Cole's. "Surname Genealogy": "From Uncle Kang, the younger brother of King Wu, who was the Sikou of Zhou, and later generations used his family name." According to Uncle Kang as the ancestor of the state of Wei, there must be no reason why the Wangguan family and its branches are the same. This is the Sikou of Wei. . "Zuo Zhuan? Ai Twenty-Five Years" has Si Kou Hai, the ancestor of the Kou family. "Tan Gong" has Si Kou Huizi. ○The three clans of Kong, Yan, and Mencius are all descendants of Yan.Examining the "Biography of Zhongni's Disciples", there are Yan Xing, Yan Gao, Yan Zu, Yan Zhipu, Yan Kuai, Yan He, and Confucius Yu Wei, the main Yan Yuyou.These six people and Yu You have no descendants?Today's Confucius family are all descendants of Master Yun.In the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi had Kong Yu, Wei had Kong Da, Chen had Kong Ning, Zheng had Uncle Kong and Kong Zhang, did the five clans have no descendants?Qiefu Yu came from the Song Dynasty and took the surname of Zi.And Zheng, the surname of Ji; Chen, the surname of Wei; Wei, the surname of Ji, can they be combined into one? Yan Lugong's "Family Temple Stele" says: "It first came from Zhurong, the grandson of Zhuanxu. Rong Sun'an was Cao's surname. His descendant was Zhu Wugong, named Yifu, and styled Yan. Ziyou don't give him a title? He is Xiaozhu Son, so he took Yan as his family. Many officials in Lu, he is a senior official." According to "Zuo Zhuan? Xiang Nineteen Years": "Qi Hou married Lu in Lu, and he was called Yan Yi Ji. His nephew? Sheng Ji." The note said: "Yan , ? are all the surnames of Ji's mother." Then Yan Zhi is the surname of Ji, who belongs to the Lu nationality, and the trial is over.It comes from the theory of Zhu, which was originally called Ge Hong in the circle, but Gaitu saw that "Gongyang" was called Yan Gong in Zhu, but did not consider it in "Zuo Shi".Ju's Li Bigong must be the ancestor of Limi? In the Spring and Autumn Period, there were many people who used Meng as the character. Today's Meng family is all ancestors and sons, and there was no such thing in the previous generation. "Wei Shu": "Meng Biao, Jibei Sheqiu. Soli Zhumeng." "Yuan History? Kong Sihui Biography": "In the five seasons, Kong Wei's empress Fang Sheng wanted to use the false to destroy the true, harming the descendants of Xuansheng. As a result, his descendants wanted to pretend to be Xuansheng empress. Sihui thought it was not early to distinguish , then the authenticity will become unclear for a long time, he and I do not share the sky, but they are listed in the clan, and worship the palace together, is it possible? Then the clan members denounced it, and re-engraved the genealogy on the stone." However, the surname of Kong is now used. Those who abuse genealogy can quit. ○The Monument of Xiuyao Temple by Meng Yu, Prefect of Jiyin of the Zhong Clan, said: "Only the Zhong Clan, descended from the ancestral lineage, originally succeeded Ji, the legacy of the Zhou Dynasty. Born Zhong Shanfu, Yi Zuo Zhongxing, Xuan Ping Gong Sui , was entrusted to Qi. Zhou Dao declined, he lost his title and fell to the state, his heirs scattered, and he lived in different places. Emperor Yao sprouted a sign, grew and buried in a mausoleum, in Chengyang, and sanctification always existed. Its beauty, Sui’an’s foundation, belongs to Gaoxiangli, the capital township, because of the Zhongyan family, it has been passed down to this day.” There are more than 30 well-known members of the Zhong family in Qiyin.Also "Tingwei Zhongding Monument" is slightly the same.In the Han Dynasty, the Zhong family, after claiming to be Zhong Shanfu, was based on the tomb of Emperor Yao.Now it is thought that after Zilu, a disciple of Confucius, he followed the example of Yan, Zeng, and Meng, and sought to become a doctor of the Five Classics.However, in the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhong family was not the same, and Zhong Shanfu had not been enshrined in Qi, so the ancestor of the Han people may not be Shanfu, and the ancestor of today's people may not be Zilu. ○Regarding the country as the clan The clans of the ancients were either posthumous titles, characters, officials, or euphemisms, but none of them used the country as their clan.He fled to another country, and then took his own country as his surname.Jing Zhong went to Qi, and he was the Chen family.Others such as Zheng Dan, Song Dynasty, Chu Jian, Yan Jia, etc., are all like this.Otherwise, it will be a legacy of subjugation. Today, those whose surnames are the same as those of the country, most of them use the country as their surname, which is not true.The Xia family came from Chen Zhishaoxi, not Xia Hou's Xia.The Qi family came from the Qi of Wei, not the Qi of Qi. "Zuo Shi" and "Historical Records" are the most famous ones. ○The book of surnames Yao Kuan's "Xixi Congyu" said: "The study of surnames is more prevalent in "Yuanhe Surname Compilation". The books of sages and sages, such as the surnames of Gui, Zi, Ji, Jiang, etc., are divided into their origins, as well as the "Spring and Autumn" records, using "Shiben", Xun Kuang's "Publica", and Du Yu's "Gongzi Pu". "For the law, the princes of the Tang and Yu Dynasties feared that they could write books, which is like the ears of the Tai Shigong who wanted to do it but didn't get it. I am foolish to try to pass on the classics. The second is the first list of the sons of the Yellow Emperor, who got the surname twelve people; the second is Those who won the country for more than three generations received their surnames, and later generations took them as surnames; secondly, those below the Warring States period were found in biographies, and people today commonly call them surnames; secondly, those below the Three Kingdoms, Southern and Northern Dynasties were found in history; The surnames of Jin and Yuan are found in history; those who have not been tested are not celebrated. If the net is in the outline, it is orderly and orderly, and those who are famous and five-tone are useless. Isn’t it a major event against this kind of family? Well." Liu Xiang of the Han Dynasty wrote two volumes of "Shiben", but the book was not handed down.There are many commentaries on "Zuo Zhuan" today, but they may not be correct. ○Tongpu Tong family with the same surname, seen in history, has not been seen since before the Jin Dynasty. "Book of Jin? The Biography of Shi Bao": "The great-grandson Pu did not belong to Kou, and Shi Le, with the same surname as Pu, all came out of Hebei. "Hou Jing said he had the same surname as himself, entrusted him as a clan, and treated him very generously." This is also attached to China with a different clan. "Book of Jin? Sun? Biography": "Zi porridge and his disciples, Mao, Fu, and Yan, and there are officials who are known in the world, so they are in the same family with Sun Xiu." "Southern History? Zhou Hongzheng Biography": Wang Wei, and Zhou Shizhen's family." "Old Tang Book? Li Yifu Biography": "After Yifu became expensive, he said that he was originally from Zhaojun, and he began to talk to Li Xuzhaomu. But the rogues had sex with each other, and they used their power to worship There are many brothers and uncles." "Li Fuguo Biography": "Prime Minister Li Kui, a member of the Jia family in Shandong, sees Fuguo as a gift to his children, and he is called the five fathers." This is also a villain attached to a famous family.All these histories are written in order to realize what is wrong.Today's people like to have a good genealogy with the same surname, but I don't know how they live in history. People in the north emphasize the same surname and have many genealogy, while people in the south have neighbors who belong to their own clans. "Song Book? The Biography of Shang Zhongde": "The northern soil has the same surname, which is called flesh and blood. Those who are far away from each other will try their best to support them. Zhongde heard that Tu Yu was in the south of the Yangtze River. He was a native of Taiyuan, so he went to rely on it and enjoy the ceremony. It's very thin." "Book of Wei? The Biography of Cui Xuanbo": "Cui Kuan passed the money from Longyou, and saw Situ Hao. Hao and his relatives were inferior, caressing him generously, and punishing Hao Hao. He came to sparse the family from afar, and he had to sit alone. Sui's family was in Wucheng, and he followed Hao's younger brother, Lan's wife, as a family, and they treated each other like relatives." "Northern History? Du Quan Biography": "At the beginning, Empress Dowager Mi Du's father died in Taiwu, Puyang, and wanted to be buried in Ye , Said Situ Cui Hao and said: "Where do all the Dus in the world look high? I want to take the elder Du Zhong as the one who is upright, and order the camp to protect the murder." The county is Du Yuhou, and now it is the best among all Du.' Called Quan, thought Zongzheng, and ordered Du Chaozi Daosheng to send a leopard to be buried in Yenan. Quan then became close to Chao. Living abroad in Zhao County?' Nai Yanyin also belongs to Wei County." "Southern History? Wei Ding Biography": "Chen died in Sui Dynasty. At that time, the Minister of the Ministry of Officials Wei Shikang brothers were dignified, and Emperor Wen calmly called Ding and said: "How far is Shikang and the public?" Yes Said: "The minister's clan migrated to the south, Zhao Mu is not known to the minister." The emperor said: "Qing's relatives of a hundred generations, have you forgotten your origin?" In the 20th century, I also studied Zhaomu and wrote seven volumes of "Webster's Genealogy" to show it, and I will return after drinking happily for more than ten days." Recently, Tongpu with the same surname is the most promiscuous. Things should be strictly prohibited.Those who want to unite with the clan must go to the officials, so that those who are familiar with the past and the present can examine it, and at the end of the year, they will reach the Ministry of Rites and perform it by analogy.Those who have an affair without invitation are the four descendants of Ping.Then you can change its disadvantages.The ancient surname has a special official. "Guoyu" said: "After using the name and surname, you can know the gods of the upper and lower, and those who come out of the surname are the ancestors." There are people from the capital clan and family clan, and female officials also have inner clan and outer clan.Today, regarding surnames and marriage, it seems advisable to set up a special official in order to get the foundation of teaching the people. The chaos of the clan was not worse than that of the Five Dynasties.At that time, it inherited the style of the Tang Dynasty, and it was still heavy on the shade of the family. Therefore, during the Qing Dynasty and the Liang Dynasty, the officials were in chaos, and the official documents were endless, and they thought they were treacherous. Ji's father and mother's uncle worship their nephews and nephews. "Biography of Douluge". "Cefu Yuangui": "At the beginning of Changxing, Honglu Qing Liu Ying sold Zhailang's documents to Liu Juze, a man of the same surname, for two years. Disdainful. The imperial edict said: "If one person sues the body, the name of the three generations will be taboo, and the name will be passed on to the same surname to benefit private wealth. At the top, you will deceive the king, and at the bottom, you will spoil your ancestors. The crime is heinous.From now on, if there is such a disadvantage: the passer and the recipient should be the ultimate method. '" Today, because there is no shade to narrate, I hurriedly said: Forbidden defense, for fifty years, the customs of Tongpu have spread all over the world, since I am not the master of Mingwu Chalun, I urgently want to clarify, and the momentum of eloquence will not be reversed. '" The most important genealogy before the Tang Dynasty, such as the "New Book of Tang" says: The Liu family in Henan is originally from Liu Kuren after the Huns, the Li family in Liucheng is the chief of Khitan, and the Wang family in Yingzhou is from Goryeo. These are the same surname but different clans. , Another example is "Wei Shu? Gaoyang Wang Yong Biography": Cui Xian of Boling, known as Dongcui in the world, is cold in the land and has bad expectations. This is the same family but different expectations.Therefore, "Gao Shilian's Biography" says: "Every surname is the first to look at the house, although one surname is middle-class, the upper and lower are separated." Different surnames are called clans, which has not happened since the Han Dynasty.Du Zimei's poem "Eighteen Envoys of the Tang Dynasty to the Brothers of the Tang Dynasty" said: "After the Tang Dynasty with Juntao, there were many people in the Sheng clan.The sage crowns the history books, and the branch sends Luo Yuanjin. "Then Du and Tang are brothers. The poem "Resending Liu Shidi to judge" says: "Divided from the Hog Wei sect, don't Pu Yan Bin Qiu."The age pushes the brother, the talent feels the younger brother is excellent. "Then Du and Liu are brothers. Han Wengong's "Preface to Sending He Jian" also said: "He and Han have the same surname and are close." "According to "Poetry? Yangzhishui" one chapter says Shushen, three chapters say Shufu, and three chapters say Xu Xu. Kong said: "Yan Fu and Xu are both named Jiang."It not only emphasizes the chapter to change the text, but because it borrows Fu and Xu to express it with words, it does not defend Fu and Xu Ye." During the Six Kingdoms, Qin and Zhao were both named Ying. This kind also. "Song Gao" said: "Sheng Fu and Shen. " Kong said: "This poem is sent to Shen Bo and Fu Hou. "Nowadays, people with the same surname are almost familiar with the genealogy. Why not make it more common for different surnames, and take Zimei and Tui as examples?" Deng Nanbang, Xing Zhou Dynasty, Xiaobai led the princes to conquer Chu and Zhai, and served as a king. He was the same honor as Cui Gong Ye De, both of whom had the surname Jiang. " In the nineteenth year of Kaiyuan, Qi Taigong Temple was built in two capitals.At the beginning of the Jianzhong period, Prime Minister Lu Concubine and Jing Zhaoyin Lu Zhan, who were descended from Lu Zheqi, were the descendants of Dove's descendants Ruo Cui, Lu, Ding, and Lu's family. Yuan Wu? "Send He You Dao You Pingxiang Preface" says: "Yuan Liu Fuhe two clans, each written by a Confucian official, but at the beginning it was a Ji surname, Wen Zhizhao was changed from Lu Zhizhan to Liu, and Wu Zhimu was from Jin Zhi Han and why, the surnames are different but the surnames are the same." Song Shao Bowen's "Wear and See Record" says: "Sima Wen Gong visited Mr. Kang Jie one day, and said: 'Cheng Xiucai has seen it.' So Wen Gong also.Asked why, the public laughed and said: "Sima left Cheng Boxiu's father." '" ○ Two-character surname changed to one character. In ancient times, the two-character surname was changed to one character.For example, Ma Gong's original surname was Ma Shi, which was changed to Ma.Tang Xianzong's name was Chun, and those whose surname was Chunyu were changed to Yu. "The Genealogy Table of Prime Ministers of the Tang Dynasty" Zhongliwei's second son, according to the next day, lived in Yingzhou: Changshe, Zhong's.See the annals of history, but one or two.Since the first year of Hongwu, marsh Hu clothing, Hu language, and Hu surnames are all prohibited.Now there are Huyan, whose surname is Huyan, and Qifu, whose surname is called Benqifu, both of which were changed in the early Ming Dynasty.In addition, all the complex surnames in China are removed, and the clans are not more disorderly than this.And for example, there are two Sun families: Wei Zhiliang's husband Shu Ao of Chu, also found in "Spring and Autumn", and Gongsun, Shusun, Changsun, Shisun, Shangsun, etc., are all "suns" today, and the grandsons of the two countries They merged into one, and their original surname died.Gongyang, Gongsha, Gongcheng and the like will go and become "Gong"; Guanqiu: Wujiang will go and become "Wu", and their original surname will die.Situ, Sikong and the like went away and became "si", while the Sima family went and became either "si" or "horse", and Sima only existed after the generation of Wei Wengong.Therefore, because Confucian officials have no learning, they cannot change the surnames of Beibei like Wei Xiaowen, and do it one by one, and let others do what they do. However, the change of Hu's surname did not start at the right time. "Book of Tang": "Ashina was loyal to capture Jieli Gong, worshiped General Zuo Tunwei, and his wife was named Zhong as the ancestral daughter of Dingxiang County. She was named Zhong, and she was called Shi Shi." "Yun: "His surname was Wushilan, and he entered the summer from the Tuoba Wei family and lived in Henan. Then he went to 'Wu' and 'Lan', and his only surname was Shi. "Liu Jingxiu's "Preface to Guli's Names" says: "Wu Jingchu's original surname is Guli, and the Jurchen surnames are similar to the Chinese surnames, so the Guli is called Wu." "Then it is solid. "Zhangqiu Zhi" said: "At the beginning of Hongwu, Hanlin editor Wu Chen wrote "Thousand Family Surnames" according to the order, and the surname was 1968, and this town is like a skill, like a horse that has not been recorded. Today's visit There are three or four hundred surnames of Shu. After Yunjin Prime Minister Shuhu Gaoqi, when the two characters of Gai were changed to one and the surname was written, it was not yet listed in the yellow book. From this we can know that the change of the single surname did not occur until the early Ming Dynasty. , and now there are many Shandong clans descended from the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. In the first year of Hongwu, people with the Hu surname could not be banned, and even Chinese people with the Hu surname were banned, not the original surname of the Hu people.In the fourth month of the third year, Jiazi, the edict said: "Since the people are born, the family members and surnames have their own origins, and the ancient sage kings especially valued them. Therefore, don't marry, and emphasize the origin, so as to thicken the folk customs. I am the lord of the world. I have tried to tell the world that people of all colors in Mongolia are my sons. If they are talented, they will be promoted as a whole. After I heard that I became an official, I may change my name. I have been thinking about it for a long time, and its descendants will pass it on. It turned out that it was not the way of the former king to the Jin clan. Zhongshu Sheng told him, if it has changed, let him correct it." It can be said to be honest and concise.In Guiwei in March of the ninth year, Huo Ni Chi was edited by Hanlin Mongolia, and its name was changed to Huo Zhuang, which also imitated the surname Jin given by Han Wu to the sun tablet.However, Han Wu took righteousness from King Xiutu's sacrifice to the Tianjin people, and it also means that there is no gold surname in China.In today's China, the surname Huo originally existed, but the surname given to Huo is no different from that of Uncle Zhou Huo.What's more, at that time, there were many people who did not follow the order and took their own surnames.In the leap year of September Bingwu, the Haizhou Confucianist in Huai'an Prefecture once upheld the righteous words: "I see that recently the Mongolian and Semu people have changed their surnames to Han, which is no different from the Chinese. Wealthy merchants and great merchants. If they are not of my race, their hearts must be different. It is appropriate to change their surnames so that common people can recognize them. I also passed Jiangpu before and saw that there are many prisoners outside the Great Wall. The theory of Jiang’s relocation to Rong must be guarded against.” To In the ninth month of the first year of Yongle, Gengzi, Liu Qinjun, Minister of the Ministry of War, said: "The Tatars of all guards have the same name, so it is better to give them surnames to distinguish them." So the Ministry of War asked for a story like Hongwuzhong, edited and surveyed, and gave them surnames.From it.In July of the third year, Du Timur was named Wu Yuncheng, Lundu was named Chai Bingcheng, and Yang Xiaocheng was kept.Since then, it has been taken as an example, but the surname of Huazong and Zhanqiu's species are confused.What a pity!The gentlemen of that day only recited the words of Xia Bianyi, but had no way to distinguish things by category.Those who come and return from the Tibetans are given Chinese surnames that are not available. It might as well be two characters such as Tuoba and Ziwen as surnames. Knowing that the four descendants of the Zhao Dynasty were far away, how many clans were the surnames of those who got the surname from the dynasty, isn't it a grand feat of the Kuang Dynasty! ○The "Tong Dian" of the Du family in the north states: "In the Northern Qi Dynasty, Ying and Ji Zhu Liu, Qinghe Zhang, Song, Bingzhou Wang, Puyang Marquis, and so on have nearly ten thousand families." "Northern History? Xue Yin "Biography": "For the prefect of Hebei, there are more than 2,000 families with Han and Ma surnames each." Although the northern part of the Central Plains is known as the Jia family, there are no thousands of people.If one of them enters the Imperial Academy, he will be the leader of one party, and those who are on the same spectrum will be his servants.This is also the weakness of customs. Since the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, it has not been a day since the Yiling. ○Fake surname Today, many people take their mother's surname. "Hanshu? Enze Hou Biao of Foreign Relatives": "Fuliu Hou Lu Ping, the elder sister of the Empress Dowager? Sentence Hou." Shi Gu said: "Ping was born of the Lu family, so he should not be surnamed Lu. Gai Shijia only remembers his mother's family. ” At that time, the Empress Dowager granted the Lu family name, so Ping sealed her ears with her sister assuming the Lu surname. "Book of Tang? Tianhou Ji": "In the twelfth lunar month of the second year of the holy calendar, the crown prince was given the surname Wu." However, there are emperors who order him to pretend to be his mother's surname! "Hanshu? Jing Shisanwang Biography": "Zhao Wang Pengzu took Jiangdu Yiwang Chongji Wang Jian who raped Naoji, loved her very much, and gave birth to a boy named Naozi." "Book of Jin? Kuaiji Wang Daozi Biography": "Xu Rong said in a sparse way: Today, the bureaucrats of the Taiwan government, the Zhiwei military officers, and the servants and maidservants who take their mother's surname are the ones who were born, and they have no township or rank." despicable.However, there are also emperors and sons who call their mother's surname, such as Prince Li, Prince Wei, and the grandson of Emperor Shi, who are named after their loss of position. Lu Ping was the elder sister of the Empress Dowager? Sentence Hou, this is the beginning of taking his mother's surname. "Historical Records? Guanfu Biography": "Father Zhang Meng was a man of Yingyin Hou Yingshe. Fortunately, because he entered two thousand stones, the surname of Meng Guan was named Guanmeng." "Dawan Biography": " Tangyi clan, so Hu Nu Ganfu." "Han Tuo Note": "Fuqian said: 'Tangyi, surname is also, Han people. His slave name is Ganfu." Shigu said: "The slave of the Tangyi clan, originally Hu people, named Ganfu. Those who go down to Yuntang Yifu will take the surname of the master as their surname, and only call him Rifu." This is the beginning of pretending to be the surname of the master.Mr. "Response to Mao Jin Title Book" said: different surnames are queens, which are found in officials: Wei Chenjiao was born as Liu's son, and he was born as his uncle;But when Jia Mi came later, there was a suggestion that the Ju people would destroy Zeng Yan.However, there is one thing in "Book of Jin" that is similar to Jun's family.Zhou Yi in the Wu Dynasty, Boda ancient and modern.Yiben, the son of the Zuo family, was raised by the Zhou family.Scholars take it as a matter of course, but they cannot be cited as evidence, and there is nothing to prove it with classics. ○Two surnames "Han Shu? Baiguan Biao": "July Wuchen in the third year of Jianzhao, Wei Wei Li Yanshou was the royal doctor, and one surname was Fan." And for four years, I wish Tuo Shu the alliance of practicing the land, and his "Zai Shu" ended on "Jin Zhong", how can the ancients be called one of the two names? "Zhao Ernian": "Ju Zhanyu went to Wu." According to the legend: "Ju Zhan did not stand up." One also. "Twenty Years of Zhao Dynasty": "Cai Hou Zhu went to Chu." "Liang Zhuan" wrote "Cai Hou Dong went to Chu", but for it, he said: "The east is the east country. What is the east? The king? The father lures and kills him, the father insists and uses him, rushes and rushes to the east, and hates him and demotes him." However, it is also called derogation to cut his name. Sun Zong, Wang Mang, was offended and committed suicide. He regained his original name Huizong, demoted Juejue, and changed his name to Jue.It is also derogatory to increase its name. Ban Gu's "Youtong Fu": "Returning the teacher is a fate, and being drunk and walking is self-coupling." Pan Yue's "Xizheng Fu": "Heavy slaughter leads to Dingxiang, Hongda Shun means hegemony." Wen Gong's name is used. One character is based on practicing the soil and writing books, but it is not the ratio of cutting off the names of the ancients.Zhiyue said in "Guanzhong Poetry": "The altar is full of thousands of people, and the ugliness of Kong is also." Ma Yu? Du Yi said: "Qi Wan roars, shocking Taisi." "Is it evil for "Qi Wan"?If Liang Wangtong is the general who conquered the west, and the poem says "Huanhuan Liang Zheng", it is especially idiomatic. Ban Gu's "Youtong Fu": "The giant towers over the sky and obliterates the summer." Wang Mang's word is Jujun, and he only uses the word "giant".Wang Yi's "Nine Thoughts": "Manage bondage and shackle oranges, and trade and sell." He was recognized by Huan Miao, and his talents were used. "Baili Xi stopped using the word "hundred". After this style, the Han people have already developed it. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals": "Dry wood is as light as virtue." Remove the word 'Duan'. "Cherish Oath": "Come and follow the will and use the country." Remove the word "evil", this is the ancestor of the cut name. In the article, two people are called together, and one family name is one name, which is especially a variant.Qizhi and Huahuan are two of them.And "Huainanzi" is called "Zonghua".Jia Yi's "New Book": "Make Cao Bo unable to control." Cao, Cao Shen; Bo, Zhou Bo also. "Historical Records? Biography of Mencius Xunqing": "Guan Ying is not as good as." Guan, Guan Zhong; Ying, Yan Ying.Sima Qian's "Report to Ren'an Book": "Zhou Wei sees Gu." Zhou, Zhou Bo, Wei, Wei Qihou Dou Ying also.Yang Xiong's "Ode to Chang Yang": "It is ordered to guard suddenly." Fat, fat cavalry general Huo Qubing; Wei, general Wei Qing also. "Biography of Du Qin": "Lan Zongxuan's feast for the country." Wei Zhao said: "Zong, Emperor Gaozong of Yin; Xuan, King Xuan of Zhou."夏，禹也；子，汤也，汤子姓。”班固《幽通赋》：“周贾荡而贡愤。”周，庄周；贾，贾谊也。 《汉<广干>彰长碑》云：“丧父事母，有柴颖之行，”柴，高柴；颖，颖考叔也。夏侯湛《张平子碑》云：“同贯宰贡。”宰，宰我；贡，子贡也。 《风俗通》：“清拟夷叔。”邵正《释讥》：“偏夷叔之高怼。”《傅子》：“夷叔迂武王以成名。”杜预《遗令》：“南观伊洛，北望夷叔。”陶潜诗：“积善云有报，夷叔在西山。”皆谓伯夷、叔齐。汉《广汉属国侯李翊碑》：“夷史之高。”《巴郡大守樊敏碑》：“有夷史之直。”皆谓伯夷、史鱼，陶潜《读史》：“述九章程杵。”是程婴、公孙杵臼。 《新唐书?尉迟敬德传》：“隐巢。”是隐太子、巢刺王，一溢一爵。 ○古人谥止称一字古人谥有二字三字，而后人相沿止称一字者。卫之睿圣武公，止称武公。贞惠文子，止称公叔文子。晋赵献文子，止称文干。魏惠成王，止称惠王。楚顷襄王，止称襄王。秦惠文王，止称惠王。悼武王，止称武王。昭襄王，止称昭王。庄襄上，止称庄王。韩昭厘侯，止称昭侯。宣惠王，止称宣王。赵悼襄王，止称襄王。汉诸葛忠武侯，止称武侯。 ○称人或字或爵颜、曾思、孟三人皆氏，而思独字，以嫌于夫子也。樊、郦、绎灌三人皆姓，而勃独爵，以功臣周姓者多也。 《史记》垓下之战，孔将军居左，费将军居右。孔将军，蓼侯孔聚也；费将军，费侯陈贺也。费独以爵者，以功臣陈姓者多也。 ○子孙称祖父字子孙得称祖父之字。子称父字，屈原之言“朕皇考日伯庸”是也。孙称祖字，子思之言“仲尼祖述尧舜”是也。《仪礼》筮宅之辞曰：“哀子某为其父某甫筮宅。”又曰：“哀子某来日某卜葬其父某甫。”字父也。虞祭之祝曰：“适尔皇祖某甫。”卒哭之祝曰：“哀子某来日某?齐?尔于尔皇祖某甫。”字祖也。?祭之祝曰：“适尔皇祖某甫以?齐?尔孙某甫。”两字之也。 字为臣子所得而称，故周公追王其祖曰“王季”，王而兼字。 ○已祧不讳《册府元龟》：“唐宪宗元和元年，礼仪使奏言：'谨按《礼记》曰：既卒哭，宰夫执木铎以命于宫曰：舍故而讳新。此谓已迁之庙，则不讳也。今顺宗神主升?礼毕，高宗、中宗神主上迁，请依礼不讳。'制可。” 文宗开成中，刻石经，凡高祖、太宗及肃、代、德、顺、宪、穆、敬七宗讳，并缺点画；高、中、睿、玄四宗，已祧则不缺；文宗见为天子，依古卒哭乃讳，故御名亦不缺。 韩退之《辩讳》本为二名嫌名立论，而其中治天下之“治”却犯正讳。盖元和之元，高宗已祧，故其潮州上表，曰“朝廷治平日久”，曰“政治少懈”，曰“巍巍治功”，曰“君臣相戒，以致至治”。举张行素曰“文学治行众所推”，《平淮西碑》曰：“大开明堂，坐以治之。”《韩弘神道碑铭》曰：“无有外事，朝廷之治，”惟《讳辩》篇中似不当用。《杨氏曰》韩公是说汉人不讳“治”字耳，岂谓唐讳乎？ 汉时祧庙之制不传，窃意亦当如此，故孝惠讳“盈”，而《说苑?敬慎篇》引《易》：“天道亏盈而益谦”四句，“盈”字皆作“满”，在七世之内故也。班固《汉书?律历志》：“盈元”、“盈统”、“不盈”之类，一卷之中字凡四十馀见。何休注《公羊传》曰：“言于齐者，'盈'讳文。”已祧故也。若李陵诗：“独有盈觞酒，与子结绸缨。”枚乘《柳赋》：“盈玉缥之清酒。”又诗：“盈盈一水间。”二人皆在武、昭之世，而不避讳，又可知其为后人之拟作而不出于西京矣。 后唐明宗天成四年，中书门下奏：“少帝册文内有'基'字，是玄宗庙讳，寻常诏敕皆不回避，少帝是继世之孙，册文内不欲斥列圣之讳，今改为'宗'字。”《宋史》：“绍兴三十二年正月，礼部太常寺言：'钦宗祷庙，翼祖当迁，以后翼祖皇帝讳依礼不讳。'诏恭依。” 谢肇氵制曰：“宋真宗名恒，而朱子于书中'恒'字独不讳，盖当十宗之世，真宗已祧。 崇帧三年，礼部奉旨，颁行天下，避太祖、成祖庙讳及孝、武、世、穆、神、光、嘉七宗庙讳，正依唐人之式。惟今上御名亦须回避，盖唐、宋亦皆如此。然止避下一字，而上一字天子与亲王所同，则不讳。 ○皇太子名不讳《册府元龟》：“唐王绍为兵部尚书，绍名初，与宪宗同。宪宗时为广陵王，顺宗即位，将册为皇太子，绍上言请改名。议者或非之曰：'皇太子亦人臣也，东宫之臣当请改尔，奈何非其属而遽请改名，岂为以礼事上邪？'左司员外郎李藩曰：'历代故事，皆自不识大体之臣而失之，因不可复；正无足怪也。 '”《三国志》注言魏文帝为五宫中郎将，宾客如云，哪原独不往，太祖微使人间之，原答曰：“吾闻国危不事冢宰，君老不奉世子。”万历中年，往往有惜国本之名而以为题目者，得无有愧其言。 唐中宗自房州还，复立为皇太子，左庶子王方庆上言：“太子皇储，其名尊重，不敢指斥，晋尚书仆射山涛启事，称'皇太子'而不言名。朝官犹尚如此，宫臣讳则不疑。今东宫殿及门名皆有触犯，临事论启，回避甚难。孝敬皇帝为太子时，改'宏教门'为'崇教门'；沛王为皇太子，改'崇贤馆'为'崇文馆'，皆避名讳以遵典礼。伏望依例改换。”制从之。史臣谓方庆欲尊太子，以示中兴之渐，然则方庆之言盖有为言之也。 有明之制，太子、亲王名俱今回避，盖失之不考古也，崇祯二年，兵部主客司主事贺?良以避皇太子名，改名世寿。而光宗为太子，河南府及商州属县并未尝改。 《实录》言：“洪武十四年十月辛酉，给事中郑相同，请依古制，凡启事皇太子，惟东宫官属称臣，朝臣则否，以见尊无二上之义。诏下群臣议。翰林院编修吴沈言：'太子所以继圣体而承天位者也，尊敬之体宜同。'从之。”历代不称臣之制自斯而变。 亲王之名尤不必讳，而亦讳之。正统十二年，山西乡试题内“维周之帧”，“帧”字犯楚昭王讳，考试及同考官俱罚俸一月。 ○二名不偏讳二名不偏讳。宋武公名司空，改“司空”为“司城”，是其证也。 杜氏《通典》：“大唐武德九年六月，太宗居春官，总万机，下令曰：'依礼，二名不偏讳。其官号人名及公私文籍，有'世'及'民'两字不连读者，并不须讳避。”《唐书?高宗纪》：“贞观二十三年七月丙午，改治书侍御史为御史中丞，诸州治中为司马，别驾为长史，治礼郎为奉礼郎，以避上名。上以贞观初不讳先帝二字，有司奏曰：'先帝二名，礼不偏讳，上既单名，臣子不合指斥。'上乃从之。” 梭唐明宗名嗣源，天成元年六月，敕曰：“古者酌礼以制名，惧废于物；难知而易讳，贵便于时，况征彼二名，抑有前例。太宗文皇帝自登宝位，不改旧称，时则臣有'世南'，官有'民部'，靡闻曲避，止禁连呼。朕猥以渺躬，托于人上，祗遵圣范，非敢自尊。应文书内所有二字，但不连称，不得回避。若臣下之名不欲与君亲同字者，任自改更，务从私便，庶体朕怀。” ○嫌名卫桓公名完，楚怀王名槐，古人不讳嫌名，故可以为谥。 韩文公《讳辩》言：“不讳'浒''势''秉''机'。”乃玄宗御删定《礼记?月令》，曰“野鸡人大水为蜃”，曰“野鸡始ず”，则讳“雉”，以与“治”同音也。李林甫序曰：“漩枢玉衡，以齐七政，”则讳“玑”。德宗《九月九日赐曲江宴诗》：“时此万枢暇，适与佳节并。”则讳“机”，以与“基”同音也。《南史》刘秉不称名而书其字白彦节，则讳“秉”，以与“?”同音也。又如武后父讳士，而孙处约改名茂道，韦仁约改名思谦。睿宗讳旦，而张仁?改名仁愿。玄宗讳隆基，而刘知几改名子玄，箕州改名仪州。德宗讳适，而括州改名处州。顺宗讳诵，而“斗讼”律改为“斗竞”。宪宗讳纯，凡姓淳于者改姓于，唯监察御史韦淳不改。既而有诏，以陆淳为给事中、改名质，淳不得已，改名处厚。而玄宗以南诏酋龙，名近玄宗讳。遂不行册礼。则退之所言，亦末为定论也。唐自中叶之后，即士大夫亦讳嫌名，故旧史以韩愈为李贺作《讳辩》为纰缪。而《贾曾传》则曰：“拜中书舍人，曾以父名忠，固辞。议者以为中书是曹司名，又与曾父名音同字别，于礼无嫌，曾乃就职。”《懿宗纪》则曰：“咸通二年八月，中书舍人卫洙奏状称：'蒙恩除授滑州刺史，官号内一字与臣家讳音同，请改授闲官。'敕曰：“嫌名不讳，著在礼文。成命己行，固难依允。'”是又以为不当讳也。 《册府元龟》：咸通十二年，分司侍御史李溪进状曰：“臣准西台牒及金部称，奉六月二十七日敕，内园院郝景全事奏状内'讼'字音与庙讳同，奉敕罚臣一季俸者。臣官位至卑，得蒙罚俸，屈与不屈，不合有言。而事关理体，若便隐默，恐负圣时，愿陛下宽其罪戾，使得尽言。臣前奏状称'准敕因事告事，旁讼他人'。是咸通十一年十月十三日敕语，臣状中具有'准敕'字，非臣自撰辞句。臣谨按，《礼》不讳嫌名；又按《职制律》，诸犯庙讳嫌名不坐，注云：谓若'禹'与'雨'，疏云：谓声同而字异。注疏重复，至易分晓。伏惟皇帝陛下明过帝尧，孝逾大舜，岂自发制敕而不避讳哉。故是审量礼律，以为无妨耳。即引陛下敕文而言，不敢擅有移改，不谓内园便有此论奏也。臣非敢诉此罚俸也，恐自此有援引敕格者，亦须委曲回避，便成讹弊。臣间赵充国为将，不嫌伐一时事，以为汉家俊法。魏徵为相，不存形迹，以致贞观太平。臣虽未及将相，忝为陛下持宪之臣，岂可以论俸为嫌，而使国家敕命有误也。愿陛下留意察纳，别下明敕，使自后章奏一遵礼律处分，则天下幸甚。”敕免所罚。 南唐元宗初名?，避周信祖庙讳，改名景，是不讳嫌名。 按嫌名之有讳，在汉未之闻，晋羊祜为为都督荆州诸军事，及薨，荆州人为祜讳，名室户皆以“门”为称，改户曹为“辞曹”，此讳嫌名之始也。 后魏《地形志》：“天水郡上わ县，犯太祖讳，改为上封。”魏太祖名?。宋代制，于嫌名字皆避之。《礼部韵略》凡与庙讳音同之字皆不收，太祖讳匡胤，十《阳部》去王切一十三字，二十一《震部》羊晋切一十一字皆不收，它皆仿此。朱子《周易本义??后卦》下以“故为?后”作“故为遇”，避高宗嫌名也。岂不闻《颜氏家训》所云：“吕尚之儿如不为'上'，赵壹之子傥不作'一'，便是下笔即妨，是书皆触者乎？” 明代不讳嫌名，如建文年号是也。 ○以讳改年号唐中宗讳显，玄宗讳隆基，唐人凡追称高宗显庆年号多云“明庆”，永隆年号多云“永崇”，赵元昊以父名德明，改宋明道年号为“显道”，而范文正公与元昊书亦改后唐明宗为“显宗”。 ○前代讳孟蜀所刻石经，于唐高祖、太宗讳皆缺书。石晋《相里金神道碑》，“民”、“珉”二字皆缺末笔。南汉刘岩尊其父谦为代祖圣武皇帝，犹以“代”字易“世”。至宋，益远矣，而干德三年卜?《伏羲女蜗庙碑》：“民”“珉”二字，咸平六年孙冲序《绛守居园池记碑》：“民”、“珉”二字，皆缺末笔，其于旧君之礼何其厚与！ 杨阜，魏明帝时人也，其疏引：“协和万国”，犹避汉高祖讳。韦昭，吴后主时人也，其解《国语》，凡“庄”字皆作“严”，犹避汉明帝讳。唐长孙无忌等撰《隋书》，易《忠节传》以“诚节”，称苻坚为“苻永”，固亦避隋文帝及其考讳。自古相传，忠厚之道如此，今人不知之矣。 元移刺迪为常州路总管，刻其所点《四书章句或问集注》，其凡例曰：“凡序注或问中题头及空处并存其旧，以见当时忠上之意。近岁新刊《大学衍义》亦然。”时天历元年也。《资治通鉴?周太祖、世宗纪》。太祖皇帝皆题头，至今仍之。《孟子?见梁襄王章》。未注苏氏曰：“予观孟子以来，自汉高祖及光武及唐太宗及我太祖皇帝，能一天下者四君。”“太祖”上空一字。永乐中修《大全》，于其空处添一“宋”字，后人之见，与前人相去岂不远哉！ ○名父名君名祖《金膝》：周公之祝辞曰：“惟尔元孙某”；《左传》：荀偃济河而祷，称“曾臣彪”。名君也。《左传》：楚子围宋，申犀见王，称“无畏”；知荦对楚王，称“外臣首”；鄢陵之战，栾针曰“书退”，名父也。华耦来盟，称“君之先臣督”；栾盈辞于周行人，曰“陪臣书”，日“其子?”，名祖若父也。○ 弟子名师：长沮曰“夫执舆者为谁？”子路曰：“为孔丘。”《孟子》：乐正子人见曰：“君奚为不见孟轲也？”是弟子而名师也。 ○同辈称名古人生不讳名，同辈皆面呼其名。周公若曰“君?”，《礼记?曾子间篇》老聃曰“丘”，《檀弓篇》曾子曰“商”，微生亩谓孔子曰“丘”是也。 ○以字为讳古人敬其名，则无有不称字者。《颜氏家训》曰：“古者名以正