Chapter 27 Volume 24

Grandparents and grandchildren are all called ancestors from father to father, and the order in "Shuweizi" says: "It is the ancestor who made soup".From the son down, they are all called grandsons. The chapter of "Poetry Palace" says: "The grandson of Houji, King Shiwei"; it also says: "The grandson of Duke Zhou, the son of Duke Zhuang". Gaozu Han Confucianism regards the father of great-grandfather as Gaozu.Examination in the biography, the great ancestor, the name of the distant ancestor. "Zuo Zhuan Zhaogong Seventeen Years": "Tanzi came to court and said: 'My great ancestor Shaozhi is also established.'" The first ancestor is regarded as the great ancestor. "Shu Pangeng": "God Si will restore the virtue of my great ancestor, and overrun my family in disorder." "Zuo Zhuan Zhaogong Fifteen Years": "Wang Zhiji talked about it and said: 'In the past, the great ancestor Sun Bo was the classics of the Jin Dynasty." It is said that the ninth generation is the great ancestor.

Yizu: "Belong to Yizu." Long.Note that the art ancestor is the literary ancestor, and its meaning is unknown.It is known that people in the Song Dynasty called Taizu the ancestor of art, but they did not know that the ancestors of the previous generations also called their ancestor Taizu the ancestor of art.In the eleventh year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, fortunately in Bingzhou, he wrote "Ode to the Uprising Hall" and said: East, west, north, south, there is no thought or disobedience; "In the thirteenth year, Mount Tai was granted the title. The preface said: "Only my art ancestor's literary examination is brilliant in the sky. "This is called Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Shuo wrote "Enjoy the Taimiao Music Chapter" and said: "Susu Yizu, surging and dredging the source."There is a majestic sword, which is used as the town of Jinmen.Xuan Wang Yixu, Houji seeks grandson. "This is called Gaozu's Gaozu Yuxi, who pursued and respected Emperor Xuan. In the first year of Emperor Gaozu of the Later Han Dynasty, the Yuan Temple was changed: "In the past, my art ancestor Shenzong established the foundation to care for luck, used martial arts to quell disasters, and brought peace to culture and virtue. "This is called Gaozu of the former Han Dynasty. In the 25th year of Jin Shizong's Dading, "Feng Hun Tong Jiang Shen Chu Wen" said: "Yang Yi Zu's foundation, Jia Jiang God's effect." "This is called Jin Taizu. However, it is the general name of the great ancestors of all dynasties.

In the third year of Huichang Emperor Wuzong of Tang Dynasty, he discussed Liu Zhen's system and said: "The ancestors who are in the past are in the domain, and the gods are conceived." Xuanzong is the ancestor of the emperor.Song Wangdan's "Preface to the Sacrifice Altar": "The ancestors of Lie built a new state and achieved Dading, but failed to succeed in the system; Shenzong sought the most reasonable, leading to peace, and let the business succeed." Shenzong is also the common name of the ancients. "The Second Year of Zuo Zhuan's Ai": "Prince Wei prayed: 'The great-grandson Kuai dared to tell the emperor Wen Wang, Lie Zu Kangshu, and Wen Zu Xianggong." Ancestor." The ancestors are all called the first emperor, this is the common name of the ancients.

Chongdi's young master is called Chongdi. "Shui Jing Zhu": "Emperor Chong of the Han Dynasty said: 'Zhai Yi caused chaos in the east, and Huo Hong was leaning on mans bamboo.'" Taking Ru Ziying as Emperor Chong. Archaeologists call it father, and they call it test, which is one. "Yi" said: "If you have a son, there is no blame for the test." "Shu Dagao": "If a brother tests, it is a friend who will kill the son, and the people will support him to persuade him, and he will not save him." "Kanggao": "Zifu only obeys his father's affairs, which greatly hurts his heart." "Jiugao": "Jue's heart is deep, and he listens to the Yi training of his ancestors." Yin Boqi's "Lu Shuang Exercise" said: "If you don't know your heart, listen to it. Slander." From the "Qu Li" it is defined that birth is called father, and death is called examination, but those who are sons of man should be taboo.

Uncles and uncles in the ancients must be called uncles and uncles, but there are no Hubo and uncles.If you don't talk about father, but just say uncle and uncle, it's just words. The so-called "Uncle Xi Bo Xi", "Bo Xi Xi", "Uncle Yu Tian" and the like in "Poetry" are all words. Today's son of heaven calls the prince uncle or great-uncle, which is not in the ancient sense. "Rituals": "The Son of Heaven calls princes with the same surname Uncle and Uncle, and calls his ancestors Uncle and Uncle." : "King Jing said that he talked about it: 'Uncle Tang Shu.'" It is also a proof that his predecessor is uncle and uncle.Therefore, "Li" has fathers, but no ancestors.

Brothers of the family: "Ke Ming Junde, to be close to the nine families." Zheng Kangcheng said: "The nine families are from the ancestors, and the relatives of the great-great-grandson." They are near the ancestral temple, and the same family is in the temple of you." Note: "The same family refers to those below Gaozu." Therefore, Uncle Jin Xiangyan said that there are eleven clans of the clan.Jia Yi's "New Book": "A person has six relatives. The first six relatives are father; the father has two sons, and the second son is the younger brother; The son, the son is from the ancestor to the younger brother, so it is the younger brother from the ancestor; the younger brother from the ancestor has a son, the son is from the great ancestor to the younger brother, so it is the younger brother from the great ancestor, and the younger brother from the great ancestor has a son, and the son is the brother of the clan. On the sixth, this is called the six relatives." It is the name that the brothers of the same Gaozu belong to the clan, and the clan is not alienated. "Yan's Family Instructions": "The number of relatives in the family is from the father, from the ancestor, and from the clan ancestor. The customs in the south of the Yangtze River have always been from the Yun clan. Although they are in the 20s and 30s in Hebei, they are still called Congbo and Congshu. Emperor Wu of Liang asked a native of Central China, "Why do people from Qingbei not know that they have a clan?" The answer was: "Flesh and bones tend to be thinned out, so I can't bear to tell the ears of the clan." At that time, although they were sensitive, they did not understand the reason.Relatives "Historical Records Song Family": "Jizi is also a relative of Zhou." "Road History" said: "But the relatives are not called the fathers and brothers of the brothers." No.The ancients called his father and brother also called relatives. "Han Shi Wai Zhuan": "Zeng Zi said: 'There are no relatives, even if you want to be filial, who will be filial?'" This refers to his parents. "The Twenty-Four Years of Zuo Zhuan Xigong": "The feudal relatives are good at shielding Zhou." This is called his son. "Twenty Years of Emperor Zhao Gong": "Tang Jun still said that his younger brother said:' Relatives are killed, and you can't repay them." Full of Dao, but want to mourn relatives, respect etiquette.'" This refers to his father and brother.

In the Tang Dynasty, people called their father brother. "Old Tang Book Wang Ju Biography": "Xuanzong cried and said: 'The fourth brother is benevolent and filial, and the only one who has the same spirit is peace." Ruizong practiced the four reasons. Xuanzongzi's "Di Wang Shan Biography": "Only the third brother discerned his crime. "Xuanzong practiced the three reasons. There are relatives of the father and the respect of the emperor, and it can be said that they are called the fourth brother and the third brother. It can be said that the name is not correct. Xuanzong's "Yu Ning Wang Xianshu" called the elder brother, and the palace in the Tang Dynasty called it the elder brother. Father and brother are all called elder brothers.

Wife Today, people call a wife a wife. This is an unconventional statement, but it has its own reasons. "Han Feizi": "Buzi, a native of Zheng County, asked his wife to make trousers. His wife asked: 'What are the trousers like today?' The husband said: 'It looks like me.' His wife is still the same trousers because of destroying the new order." Du Zimei's poem: "The end Hair as a wife, the seat does not warm your bed." It is said that a certain person has three meanings. "Book Jin Teng": "Were you and Yuan Sun." Shi Wen tabooed his lord and dared not name him. "Spring and Autumn Xuangong Six Years, Gongyang Biography": "So a certain warrior was sent to kill him." Biography: "It lost its name." "" "Courtesy of Rituals": "Someone has a son." ": "Someone is in Sri Lanka, so-and-so is in Sri Lanka." "Generally speaking.

Zhou people used taboo to serve God. The words of "Oath of Shepherd" are "sent out now". "Wu Cheng" said "Zhou Wangfa" is not taboo when he was alive;Therefore, "Li": "It is taboo to cry when a soldier dies." Mutual Ci "Yi": "The Gu of interfering with the father, there is a son, and there is no blame for the examination." Saying "father" and saying "examination". : "I am afraid that Taiwan will be used as an excuse in the next life." Saying "Yu" also said "Taiwan". "It's your heart to depose you." Saying "ru" and saying "nai". "I think of Raul first after my God." Say "Yu" and say "I". "The more I attack people, the more I don't print my own sympathy." Say "Yu" and say "". "Poetry": "Don't you accept it? It's his daughter's move." Say "er" and "female". "I don't want others to impose on me." "Mencius": "I am good at cultivating my awe-inspiring spirit." Saying "I" also says "I". "Zuo Zhuan": "You use it to rule the fate of the ancestors." Say "er" and say "and". "Women are afraid of the clan." Say "female" and say "and". "Historical Records Zhang Yi Biography": "If you guard your country well, I will take care of it and steal the city." Say "if", say "ru" and say "and". "Poetry": "The king goes out to fight, to assist the emperor." Saying "king" is also saying "son of heaven". "It is the order of the Duke of Lu to serve the Marquis in the east." Saying "Gong" also means "Hou". "Liang Chuan": "If you say that you don't take it, you are the public," and when you say "jun", you also say: "public". "Zuo Zhuan": "Using his son to change his father and daughter, and marry the son." Saying "gong daughter" is also saying "son". "Historical Records of the Family of Qi": "Ziwo allied the fields with Chen Zong." Say "Tian" and say "Chen".They all say goodbye to each other.

Yu Ming's "Poetry": "The bird is gone, and Houji is croaking." The son was only born and he was named Houji. "It's for Han Ji Xiangyou." The woman in the room is only called Han Ji.They are all named because of their different names, and there are also those who have to repeat the ancient scriptures because of the necessity of Linwen. : "From the dynasty to the day and the middle of the day, there is no time to eat." "Not to mention" means "free time". "Poetry": "Wuji Taikang". "Ha" means "too". "Peace and tranquility". "An" means "Ning". "Both concubine and many." "Concubine" means "many". "Zuo Zhuan": "Once smoked and harvested, it will still smell bad for ten years." "Shang" means "still". "Zhou Qi has a king, and he can cultivate his job if he can." "K" means "able". "Book of Rites": "People like Si Tao." "Ze" means "Si".

Later "Baihutong" said: "The consort of the emperor was called concubine before the Shang Dynasty, and the queen was established at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty." Today, the four concubines of Emperor Ku, the three concubines of Emperor Shun, and Taijiang, Tairen, Taisi, and Yijiang at the beginning of Zhou Dynasty all have no posthumous names. .And "Poetry" and what is said are all kings. "Spring and Autumn Huan Eight Years": "When Jigong came, he rebelled against the queen in Ji." "Xiang Fifteen Years": "Liu Xia rebelled against the queen in Qi." So it was called queen. "Qu Li": "The son of heaven has queens, wives, wives, concubines, wives, and concubines." It is also said: "The concubine of the son of heaven is the queen." And Xuan Wang Yanqi, Jiang Hou took off her hairpin, as seen in " "Biography of Women".This week's evidence was established.However, "The First Year of Zuo Zhuan's Ai": "The queen is pregnant." It is a current event in summer, and it is doubtful that later generations will follow it up.In the following articles from "Spring and Autumn", some regard the emperor as the latter, and some regard the concubine as the latter, which are mixed in the biography. The name of the emperor, Tang Yu is called the emperor, Xia is called the queen, and Shang is called the king.However, the emperor is designated by the Son of Heaven, and later all the princes will be called.Therefore, it is said that "the empress of the East is four times", "the queen of the group is four dynasties", "Yu is the queen of the group, and he swears to his teacher". In "Yi Xun", the ancestors of the shrine said, "Hou Dian Qun Hou Xian is here." Zhou Wang told Wu Cheng, and said: "Woohoo Qun Hou." The titles of Hou Kui, Hou Yi, and Bo Ming Hou Han are all found in the biography. The chapter of "Yin Zheng" is also called Yinhou.King Kang wrote "Bi Ming" and said: "The three empresses are of the same heart and have the same bottom in the Tao." His humility is like Yu's lack of restraint. The princes are called the queens of the group, so the emperor is called the queen of the Yuan alone. In the Han Dynasty, the county guard was divided into the officials and the people, and there was also a distinction between the monarch and the ministers, so the mansion master was called the latter.Han Dynasty "Wudu Dashou Li Xixi Narrow Song" said: "Heheming empress, Rou Jiawei Ze." "Guiyang Taishou Zhou Jingming" said: "Yixian Empress Xifa Shengying." Jin Yingzhan was the Nanping prefect, and the people sang It said: "Lucky luck, Laizi should be the queen." In "Lanting Banquet", there is a poem by Cao Wei Pang, the prefect of the county: "The empress of the Ming Dynasty will enjoy the prosperity of the time, and the words will reflect the clear waves." The names of the kings and the three kings have been called by later generations; and Yu is the king, which has never been seen in books. "Gan Oath": "The king said: 'Hey! Those who have six things, I swear to you.'" "Yin Zheng": "Yin later inherited the king's order to levy." And "Xia Xiaozheng" said: "On November, the king Hunting." The king of Xia was first seen in the book, but no one called Yu the king.According to the biography, anyone saying that Xia must be called Xia Houshi. Zhou people's pursuit of the king stopped at the Taiwang, and when the group had reached Houji, they were called the ancestors. "Poetry": "Tasting in the temple, Yugong was the ancestor of the king" is also true.In general terms, it can also be called the king. "Book Wucheng": "Only the first king built the country and opened the soil." "Zhou Yu": "The prince Jin remonstrated with King Ling: 'Since the beginning of Houji, the people were calmed down, the fifteenth king was Wen Shiping, and the eighteenth king was Kang Ke'an.' "It is also. The king is respected as the emperor, Huang Xie's "Shang Qin Zhaowang Book": "The former emperor Wen Wang, Wu Wang, and the third king's body, did not forget to be grounded in Qi, so as to never follow the essentials of relatives."The king and others called the princes, and the king of Han told the princes: "I wish to follow the princes and kings to attack Chu and kill the Emperor Yi." In ancient times, there were ministers, and they were called "jun" by the Duke of Zhou. If the Duke of Zhou called "jun", this is true. In the article, there are four words about the emperor, but there are six words about the emperor.In the book of King Cheng, Wang Ruo said "Jun", and in the book of King Chen Mu, Wang Ruo said "Woohoo! Junya", both of which are examples. "Book of Rites Fangji" says: "A doctor does not call himself a king, because he is afraid of confusing the people." Therefore, in the biography of "Spring and Autumn", all those who are called kings are kings.However, there are also senior officials who are called emperors. "Eleventh Years of Zhuang": "The Chumen Lianyu Qu Xia said: 'The emperor is second to Jiaoying, and he is the emperor of the four towns.'" "Xiang Twenty-five Years": " Zheng Zichan said to Zhuang Bo, a scholar of the Jin Dynasty: "Cheng Gong broadcasts, and I enter it myself, and you know it." "The most retainers directly referred to their master as the king. "Zhao Fourteen Years": "Situ Lao Qi Lugui called Nan Kuai and said: 'The ministers will not forget their lord. Death is also thought to be quick.'" "Fourteen Years of Lamentation": "Song Sima ordered his disciples to attack the Huan family, his father, brother and old ministers said 'no', and his new ministers said 'follow my king's order'" is also true. "Rituals and Mourning Clothes": "All the ministers of the public, scholars and bureaucrats wear ropes for their monarchs." The biography said: "The king is the one who has the land." "" Funeral Records": "Dafu Jun." Kong said: "The ministers of the Dafu call the Dafu the King." "Zhou Li Diao Ren" Note: "The Lord is also the Dafujun." This is a general term from top to bottom, not It begins with future generations. People and ministers call themselves kings, since three generations ago. "Mencius": "Xiang said: Mogai Dujun." "Han Shu Gao Di Ji": "A noble or a person is a ruler, and the superior respects it." Shi Gu said: "A person with a noble rank and a country is a ruler himself, so it is called a ruler. The superior is called the Son of Heaven." In the Han Dynasty, Cao Cao called the head of his mansion the emperor.Even Cangtou can call his master the king, as in "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty Li Shan Biography": "Mrs. Jun, goodness lies in this".A daughter can also call her father a king. "Han Shu Wang Zhang Zhuan": "My king Su Gang, whoever dies first will be my king" is also true.A woman can also call her uncle a king. "Er Ya": "If my uncle is there, I will call him my uncle and my uncle. If I am not, I will call my uncle and my uncle." It.": "I didn't go to Fan and Wei Erji, so the king blames me" is also true. "Mourning Clothes": "The concubine is the king." Zheng's note said: "It is inappropriate for a concubine to call her husband the king, even if she is a scholar." In the Spring and Autumn Period, he was called the Lord Qing Dafu.Therefore, the Marquis of Qi mourned Duke Zhao and called him the lord.Zijiazi said: "Qi Beijun is dead." The Southern Tang Dynasty lowered his title to the lord of the Jiangnan Kingdom, and also degraded himself by enshrining Zhengshuo in China.If Liu Xuande Emperor Shu, posthumously named Zhaolie, he was buried in Huiling.At the beginning, there was no derogation, and the last emperor descended to Wei, and he was granted the title of Anle Gong, so he can take this title as his title.Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms" created the name of the first master and the latter master, which is why Chang Zhu's "Shu Zhi" was born.With Jin succeeding Wei, there are no two emperors.After thousands of years, it is inappropriate to still follow this name.Kuang changed Han to Shu, and also produced longevity pens.At that time, Wei had already usurped Han and renamed Zhaolie as Shu, so that he could not be attached to Han.The literati of different dynasties did not pay attention to the reason of the historian Ah Wang. If Du Fu called him the Lord of Shu in his poems, it is not a study of knowing people and discussing the world.In the past, Liu Zhiji commented on "The Biography of Liu Yuan in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty": he thought that Dong Guan's writing style was flattering at that time, and the later repairs should be published.Since today's gentlemen are not ministers of the Cao family and the Sima family, it is inappropriate to call Zhao Lie the predecessor.There are also many people who are called the ancestors in Zhuge Kongming's books.It should have been the first emperor, passed on to the Central Plains, and changed to the first emperor's ear.The master is second to the title of the king.Su Lin interpreted the "Princess" in "Han Shu": "The woman is the master," citing "Jin Yu": "The master Meng eats me". His Majesty Jia Yi's "New Book": "The son of heaven is humble and called your majesty." Cai Yong's "Arbitrariness": "Your majesty, the rank is also the way to ascend to the hall. The emperor must have close ministers, and the soldiers will stand by your majesty's side to prevent danger. It is called your majesty. Those who speak to the emperor, the ministers and the emperor dare not criticize the heaven, so they call the one who is in your majesty, and tell him, because of the righteousness of being humble and respectful." The same is true in the letter.It is the genus of the ministers, scholars and commoners who say that they are His Highness, Your Excellency, and deacons, all of which are like this.According to this, His Majesty still said that he was a deacon, and later generations followed him, so he considered it the title of supreme. People today see "Historical Records" Qin Yan Leshu II called "One Foot", so they think it is a disparaging term, but they don't know that it is the name of the leader of the Warring States Period.For example, the writings of King Yan Zhao left by the Su Dynasty, the writings of King Yan Hui reported by Le Yi, and the writings of Su Li and Zhao Huiwen, are all called "one step".Another example is that Su Qin calls Yan Yi King, Fan Sui sees Qin Zhao King, Su Dai calls Qi King, Qi people call Qi King, Meng Changjun Sheren calls Wei Jun, Zhang Beggar calls Lu Jun, Zhao Hao calls Zhao Xiaocheng King, Li Sheng calls Pei Gong , Zhang Liangxian Xiang Wang, also known as "one step". "Hanshu Wendiji": "Prime Minister Chen Ping, Taiwei Chen Bo, General Chen Wu, Yu Shi Da Fu Chen Cang, Zong Zheng Chen Ying, Zhu Xuhou Chen Zhang, Dong Mou Chen Xing, Ju Dian Ke Chen Jie, and worship again Your Majesty speaks." "Song Shu Nanyi Biography" contains the inscriptions of various countries. The kingdom of Haruta is called "the step of the holy king", the righteousness is called "the step of the emperor", the kingdom of Aluodan is called "the step of the emperor Daji", and the country of Yan Po Poda is called "the step of the emperor of Song Dynasty". Your Majesty the Great Auspicious Son of Heaven", the Kapili Kingdom of Tianzhu called "Your Majesty the King". "Liangshu Zhuyi Biography" shows that the Panpan country is called "the foot of the emperor of Changsheng", the country of Qianli is called "the foot of the emperor", the country of Langxiuya is called "the foot of the emperor of great auspiciousness", and the country of Poli is called "the foot of the holy king". . Your Excellency Zhao's "Yinhualu" said: "In ancient times, there were three public pavilions, and the county guard was better than the ancient Hou Bo, who also had a pavilion, so the title of the secular book is called "Your Excellency". Liaoshu with the prime minister is often called "deacon", which is the ear of your deacon. Liu Zixuan is a historian, and the "Book with the Prime Minister" is called "step down", and Han Wengong's "Book with the Envoy Advocate Pushe" is called "deacon", that is, The example is also. If the record room is originally called the prince and binzuo, others are not appropriate. The deacon refers to the people around him, and both the superior and the inferior can be called collectively. The waiter can be used by the common people. And Jiling, I call you Your Excellency. As for the first appointment of Bin Zuo, you still call the Recorder's Office. Today, it is the same, Your Excellency, and there is no difference between the upper and lower. The deacons are only for Juren, and the waiters are only for Shizi. Today, all the commoners call for Your Excellency , Although it is based on frivolity, it is also famous." Xie Zaihang's "Wuzazu" said: "The pavilion is also a room, and it is made of boards." "Book of Rites": "The Pavilion of the Son of Heaven, Zuo Da Five, right up to five.' The ancients built this place to eat and drink, which is the Bange in the house, and then widely used as a common name for the building view, such as Shiqu, Tianlu, Qilin and so on. Or to store books, It may be used as a painting, or as a place for sightseeing. The pavilion is a small household next to the door. Because it is located next to it, it is called a pavilion." "Hanshu Gongsun Hongzhuan": "Open the East Pavilion to welcome the sages " Shigu said: "The pavilion is a small door. Open it to the east. Avoid using the courtyard door to attract guests, so as to be different from rafters and officials." Now there is Yan Hotel next to the corner gate of the official office.Therefore, "The Biography of Xiao Wang" says: "Self-led out of the pavilion." And "Jun Buyi Biography": "The victorious one is the direct messenger, the one who is not suspicious comes to the door, and the victorious one opens the pavilion and invites." Every government has a pavilion. , not only San Gong. "Han Yanshou Biography": "From Xingxian County to Gaoling, enter the lying Chuanshe, close the pavilion and think about your mistakes." Today's closed corner door does not listen to officials and belongs to people. "Zhu Bo Biography": "Summon the meritorious Cao, and close the court for several responsibilities."There are East and West Pavilions in the Taiji Hall of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.The Tang system imitated it, with Xuanzheng as the front hall and Zichen as the side hall.The front hall is called Zhengya.The Son of Heaven does not control the front hall, but the Zichen. He calls the battle from the main government office and enters through the gate of the pavilion. Those who are waiting for the court in the government office are called entering the pavilion because the central gate is not opened, but the corner gate is opened. "Erya": "A small boudoir is called a pavilion." The door in the room may also be called this.If so, the meanings of the two characters are different from each other. "Han Jiuyi" said: "The prime minister listened to the matter and called the Yellow Pavilion, and dared not open the Zhumen, so as to distinguish it from others, so it was painted with yellow, and it was called the Yellow Pavilion." , so it is called the elder of the pavilion, and Gai also discusses the legacy of Jing Shiqu and Xiaoshu Tianlu.However, Xijing has a pavilion, but it is not called an official Cao.It was called Taiwan and Pavilion in the Later Han Dynasty. "Ancient Poetry Written by Jiao Zhongqing" says: "You are a son of a great family, and you are an official in Taige." Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms" commented: "Wei's affairs are in charge of Taige, and the internal is more important than the external. Therefore, the eight ministers are the posts of the ancient six ministers. Also." Pei Songzhi's "Annotation of the Three Kingdoms" quoted "Wei Lue" and said: "Xue Xia was the Secretary Cheng, and tried to move Lantai with official business. Lantai used itself as a Taiwan, and the secretary office said that Xia could not be moved. Pushed when Those who were seated, Xia Baozhi said: "The Lantai is the outer platform, the secretary is the cabinet, and the platform and cabinet are one, why not shift them?" "Lantai bends, there is no way to break it."After that, I took it for granted. "" Tang Shu Zhiguan Zhi": "In September of the first year of Guangzhai, the province under the door was changed to Luantai, and the province of Zhongshu was changed to Fengge. "However, today's cabinet is actually based on this, rather than taking the meaning of the Sangong Huang Pavilion. He said that he entered the cabinet to handle affairs, and he said he entered the cabinet, which is not the same as Tang Zhi's entry into the cabinet. You are called Yuntaixia, It doesn't matter if they have different names in ancient and modern times. The phase "Guanzi" said: "The Yellow Emperor got six phases." "Song Shu Baiguan Zhi" said, "Yin Tang used Yi Yin as the right phase, and Zhong Hui as the left phase." However, its name is not found in the scriptures, but "Book Shuo "Fate" has the article "Love stands as a phase".And "Zuo Zhuan Ding Gongnian" Xue Zai said: "Zhong Hui lived in Xue, thinking that Tang Zuoxiang." Zhengyi said: "The biography of the case "Gongyang Yin's Five Years" said: "Who are the three gongs?"The phase of the Son of Heaven.From Shaanxi to the east, the princess of Zhou is sent, and from Shaanxi to the west, the princess is summoned. Once they get along with each other, it is the business of the three princes and kings. "When it came to the Six Kingdoms, the governor of one person was called the prime minister. Therefore, "Historical Records" said that Ranghou Fanju and Cai Ze were both prime ministers of Qin, and later prime ministers. The six phases, to assist them, do not need famous officials. "It is true that in the three dynasties, those who spoke about phases were not official names, such as "Mencius" said: Shun Xiang Yao, Yu Xiang Shun, Yi Xiang Yu, Yi Yin Xiang Tang, Zhou Gong Xiang Wu Wang, "Book of Rites, Ming Tang Wei": " Zhou Gong Xiang Wu Wang" and so on. "Zuo Zhuan Second Year of Huan Gong": "The Dazai Governor Sui Xiang Song Gong. " "The Nine Years of Zhuang Gong": "Bao Shuyan said to the Marquis of Qi: "Guan Yiwu ruled in Gao, so that he could be a minister." '" "Zhaogong Year": "Qi Wu called Zhao Wenzi and said: 'The son is the state of Jin. '"According to the official names at that time, they were not called prime ministers. They were prime ministers. "Seventeen Years of Ai Gong": "The right leader's chariot and the left Shi Lao both ordered Yin and Sima to attack Chen. "It's the second official of the prime minister, not the king of Chu. But "The Twenty-Five Years of Duke Xiang": "Cui Zhu established Duke Jing and became prime minister, and Qing Feng was the prime minister of the left." "It seems that the official is named after his appearance. "The Ten Years of Dinggong": "The Guild of Qihou is in Jiagu, and Confucius is the prime minister." "Du's explanation said: "Xiang, Huiyi also."Such as the phase of 'willing to be a small phase'. ""Historical Records of the Family of Confucius" says: "Confucius is a great commander, taking photos of his relatives." "It is a mistake to regard the prime minister as the prime minister of the country. I don't know that Lu has no prime minister name, and there are thieves but no great thugs. The general's "Chunqiu Biography": "Jin Xiangong is the second army, the general is the top army, and the prince Shen Sheng will leave the army. "It is a general's article, but it is not named. In the twenty-eighth year of Zhaogong, Yan Wunvkuan said to Wei Xianzi: "How can the general eat it and have enough. "Justice said: "This is because Wei Zi generals the army, so he is called a general. "Since the Six Kingdoms, the general has been used as the official name, and Gai Qiyuan started here. "Gongyang Biography": "The general said again. "Liang Chuan": "Make Hu Yegu a general." "Mencius": "Lu wants to make Shenzi a general." "Mozi": "In the past, there were six generals in the Jin Dynasty, but Zhibo was not the strongest." ": "Today's general has all three. "Huainanzi": "Zhao Wenzi asked Yu Shuxiang: 'Which of the six generals of the Jin Dynasty died first? '" "Zhang Wu advised Zhi Bo and said: 'The Sixth General of Jin Dynasty. '" He said again: "The Lord of Lu summoned Zi Gong and gave him the seal of a general. "And "Guoyu" also said: "The people of Zheng regard Zhan Bo as their general." "He said again: "Wu Wang's husband sent a meeting in Huangchi, ten lines, one doctor, ten banners, one general. "Book of Rites Tan Gong": "The funeral of General Wei Wenzi." ""Historical Records Sima Rang Direct Biography": "Jinggong thought he was a general. ""Feng Chan Shu": "Master Du is the right general of the Zhou Dynasty." "Yue Shijia": "Fan Li is called the general." "" Wei Shijia": "Let the prince Shen be the general." " "Warring States Policy": "Liang Wang Xu took the position, and took the old prime minister as the general." "Hanshu Baiguan Biao" said: "The front, back, left, and right generals are all weekend officials." " "Tong Dian" said: "Since the Warring States period, the generals were set up, King Huai of Chu fought with Qin, Qin defeated Chu, and captured its general, Qu Gai."In the Han Dynasty, it was determined to be an official name. "Xianggong, who worshiped the prime minister in the previous generation must be named a prince, so he is called a prince, and if he is a king, he is called a king. Since Hongwuzhong changed the title of prime minister, there is a public but no prime minister. Even the system in the early years is not the same. Throughout the Tang and Song dynasties, Hu Weiyong was the one who was not fair, and Chang Yuchun, who was not fair, was the same. Li Shanchang and Xu Da were the only ministers who were appointed and worshiped as ministers. For three hundred years, there have been these two ministers. "Xing": "Xianggong conquered Guanyou, He was furious and shocked the sky. " "Yu Li Fu": "Xianggong rides on a light porch and drives four Luos." "The word "Xianggong" seems to be here. Si Ye, the son of the state, Si Ye, thinks that the vocation of the disciples is not true.Gui Chong of the Tang Dynasty conferred the title of Secretary of State to the son of the state, and said: "The righteousness of Si Ye is in the "Book of Rites" 'Lezheng Department of Industry'. Righteousness, long also. It is said that the head of the official of music is the leader of this industry. "Erya" says:' The large version is called the karma.' According to "Ode to the Poetry Zhou": 'Setting up the karma is empty, worshiping the teeth and tree feathers.' The karma is the emptiness of hanging the bell. Today Taixue neither teaches music nor takes righteousness. Please change the Guozijian For the purpose of Piyong, the Taishi's family is the sacrificial wine, and one of the Siye is the left teacher, and the other is the right teacher." The minister under the imperial edict gathered a hundred bureaucrats to discuss and hear.It is difficult for those who discuss it to change it, and it is impossible.According to the poem "Lingtai", it says: "Xuye Weisong." This is the word "ye".According to the legend: "The industry is also a large version. Therefore, it is decorated as a hanging. Jieye is like a sawtooth, or painted in white." "Erya": "The large version is called the industry." "Zuo Shizhao Nine Years" biography: " Chen Zai Zimao called the day of illness, the king feasts and feasts, and the scholar gives up his career." "Book of Rites Tan Gong": "Great merits waste karma." It is also called this.Those who hang, often prevent it from falling.Therefore, borrowing the meaning of respect and respect, it is "conscientious and conscientious", which is also the case in "Poetry" of "excellent industry" and "vibration and industry".What people do should also be respected, so it is the righteousness of the cause. "Book of Changes" conveys that "advancing morality and cultivating careers", "the greatness is the career of a virtuous man", and "great virtue and great career"; the "Book of Rites" "devotion to work and happiness in the community" is also true.However, the three dynasties' "Poetry" and the essays do not have this meaning, and the phrase "Yeguang Weiqin" comes from the ancient "Shangshu" written by Mei Zi. Liang Liuxie said: Before "Lunyu", there was no word "lun" in the scriptures, and later generations pursued the title in "Six Secrets and Three Treatises". Today's "Zhou Guan Pian" has the words "Lun Dao Jing Bang", which is a book of ancient prose , it did not work at that time.However, these two characters are enough to make the difference between Cai Shishi's words. Hanlin's "Tang Shu Zhi Guan Zhi" said: "The position of the Hanlin bachelor is to prepare consultants with literary language, and to go in and out of the attendants, because they can consult and accept remonstrance. And the Hanlin Academy is waiting for the imperial edict." Tang system, Where Chengyu is located, there must be scholars of literary and classics, down to the stream of divination, medicine and tricks, all go directly to other courtyards for Yan to see, and the documents and edicts are handled by Zhongshushe.During Taizong's time, famous Confucian scholars were appointed to the grass system from time to time, but they still did not have a name.After the dry seal, it was named Beimen Bachelor.During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, Zhang Shuo, Lu Jian, Zhang Jiuling, Xu Anzhen, Zhang and others were summoned into the imperial court, which was called the Hanlin Waiting for Edicts, and the palms were sparsely approved and written.Following the imperial edict, it was reported by the Zhongshu, and every time there was a lot of stagnation, the court officials were selected to worship in the Imperial Academy, but no naming system was established.In the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan, the Imperial Academy was changed to enshrine a bachelor, and a separate academy was set up to specialize in internal affairs.After Zhide, the world used troops, the military and the country were multi-tasking, and all secret edicts were issued from it. Six scholars were appointed, and one of them was selected to be the one who was deep and virtuous.Dezong's good writing is especially difficult to choose. "After the Zhenyuan period, most of the people who received orders for scholars were prime ministers; but their officials are not found in the "Liu Dian of Tang Dynasty", and the book was written by Zhang Jiuling, but it had not yet been published at that time. "Old Book" states that the Hanlin Academy has a joint practice, monks and Taoists, divination, art, and calligraphy, and each of them is organized by a separate academy.There is a gap between Lu Zhi and Wu Tongxuan. He is a disciple of Yan Chengping's calligraphy and painting.It can be seen in history: Taoist Wu Yun from Songshan in the early days of Tianbao, astrologists Han Ying and Liu Pi in the middle of the Qianyuan period, Wang Shuwen of Yiqi at the end of the Zhenyuan period, Wang Quanpi of Shi Shu, Liu Bi of Yuanhe Wei alchemist, Futu Datong, and King Shanyi in the early days of Baoli Sun Zhun, a Taoist priest who relied on and promoted the Tang Dynasty, was waiting for the Hanlin.Another example is that although Li Wo was an official to Jingzhao Yin, at the beginning he also waited for Hanlin with astrology.In the twenty-first month of Zhenyuan, in February Bingwu, there were forty-two people who dismissed Hanlin medical workers, astrology workers, astrology shooters and redundant eaters.In December of the second year of Baoli, in Gengshen, there were a total of 1,270 redundant staff in the Provincial Jiaofang Music Officer, Hanlin Daizhao Art Officer and Director of various positions.It can be seen that not all Hanlin scholars are scholars of literature.Zhao Phosphate's "Yin Hua Lu" says: "Wen Zong bestowed imperial scholars with chapter clothes. The continuation is waiting for the imperial edict to be given first. This department is named after the name, and the above said: 'Give a gentleman a villain on a different day, and wait for another day.'" In the third year of Chenghua, the lanterns were set up in the Shangyuan next year, and the poets of the Imperial Academy were ordered to write poems.Edited by Zhang Mao, Huang Zhongzhao, and reviewing Zhuang Chang, said: "Officials in the Imperial Academy take the role of speaking for their thoughts. Although they are said to worship words, how can they be used by the emperor? They cannot be misleading. Song Qi and Su Shi's speeches in the teaching workshop were to accuse themselves of being arrogant and disrespectful. The ministers and others tried to read the "Hanlin Admonitions" made by Emperor Xuanzongzhang, and there was a saying: "The words of enlightenment are only righteousness and benevolence. The words of Yao and Shun Dao, Zou Meng Yi Chen.' The act of setting up a lamp today may not be the way of Yao and Shun; Above, I would like to adopt the words of 萏荛, and all such things are prohibited." Shangnu ordered the stick to be used by Dimao Linwu County Magistrate, Zhongzhao Xiangtan County Magistrate, and Chang Guiyang Prefecture Judge.It was Gaimao, Zhongzhao, the judge of Dali Temple in Nanjing, and Chang Chang, deputy secretary of the pedestrian department in Nanjing.Since then, the officials of Hanlin have become more important. Washing horses "Yue Yu": "Gou Jian personally served as Fucha's former horse." "Han Feizi" said: "Washing horses for King Wu." "Huainanzi" says: "For the soldiers of Wu, the horses go first." "Xunzi": "The emperor goes out, and the princes take the wheels and take the horses first." The King of Jin is like the feudal lords and the rulers, so that the kings of the great powers will build up the horses first, and the kings of Liang will drive, and the kings of Song will ride on them, and the lords of Teng, Xue, Wei, and Zhongshan will follow." However, those who wash the horses are also those who guide the horses.There are also those who are called Ma Xi. "Six Secret Teachings": "Rewards such as Niu Shu, Ma Xi, and those raised in stables." Said: "The first horse, sixteen members, the rank is better than that of Ye. 'First' or 'washing'".Also examine "Zhou Li": "Qi You" job cloud: "Where there is an animal, go to the horse." Note: "When the king sees the animal, he arches and poses. He sits in front of the horse, but walks, and is ready to run." And " "Daoyou" said: "Wang Shi dismounts from the front horse." This official has existed in ancient times. : "The Yellow Emperor will see Da Kui on the mountain of Juci, and Zhang Ruo is a horse before him." Bibu "Zhou Li, Xiao Situ": "After three years, there will be a big competition, and the big competition will be compared with the state." Note: "The big competition means that it is easier to read the number of people and their property in the world." Zheng Si Nong Yun: "Five families are compared, so the name is named after the comparison. Today's August case is compared." Yun: "The etiquette, law, punishment, and name are compared." In the Tang Dynasty, the Ministry of Punishment had four criminal divisions. "Tong Dian": "Bibu Langzhong, Long Shuo was changed to a doctor in the second year of Longshuo. Xianheng was restored in the first year. Tianbao was changed to Bibu as a secretary in the eleventh year, and it was restored to the old in the beginning of Dechu." "Old Tang Shuzhiguanzhi" : "Bibu Lang Zhongyuan Wai Lang's position is in charge of collating the salaries of various bureaucrats, public offices, ransoms, transfers, apprenticeships, courses, and several things. Knowing the internal and external funds, and generalizing them." "" "Yang Yan Biography": "In the early days, under the old system of the country, all the wealth and wealth of the world were collected in Zuo Zangku, and the Taifu used the number of books in the four seasons, and compared them to the Ministry." Wai Lang, who is in charge of checking Chinese and foreign account books, all the things that are in the office of the cashier in the field warehouse are calculated monthly, quarterly, and examined at the annual meeting. If you fall into a trap, you have to deal with its infringement." "Shan Tang Kao Suo": "Accountants owe a debt every three months, which is called the ratio. Therefore, in the past, there was a saying that punishment and prosecuting are the exterior and interior. Today, four Cao was changed to the Thirteen Divisions, but financial planning has not been closed to the Ministry of Punishment for a long time, but Lang Guan is still called the Ministry of Bi, what is wrong?" Officials outside the staff are originally redundant ranks. "Old Tang Book Li Qiao Biography": "When Qiao was in the Ministry of Officials, he wanted to pursue personal benefits, hoping to return to the position, and played thousands of officials and foreign officials. As a result, the number of official offices doubled, and the treasury was reduced." The matter is in the middle The second year of Zong Shenlong.There are also so-called members who are replaced with regular members.As far as Xuanzong is concerned, he still can't completely reform.Therefore, in September of the second year of Emperor Suzong's Qianyuan year, the imperial edict said: "Yingzhou County sees any officials and foreign officials, and let them do what they want. Among them, there are talents and knowledge, and those who have served as state capitals and counties are also listened to. Shangzhou No more than five people, no more than four people in Zhongzhou, no more than three people in Xiazhou, and no more than one person in Shangxian County." Now the assistant minister is named a member, where does Yu Yi live?At the beginning of Dangyou's customization, the lords and officials did not examine the origin and flow, and they had good names and realities.It's not like saying: "The name must also be rectified." Then the dynasty of Mo Chi was obliquely sealed, and its legacy name cannot be followed.After the master's affairs, Guang Luxun of the Han Dynasty had the masters of the South and North Lu, and the affairs of the three departments. Among the lords, those who inspected the majestic talents did it, but their duties were no more than that of the history of the rafters.Therefore, when Fan Pang moved to Guanglu to be in charge, Chen Fan was Guanglu Xun, and Pang was in charge of the public and honored Fan, and there were no more than Fan.Holding a grudge, he voted for the board and abandoned his official position.Later, because of Guo Tai's words, Fan thanked him.But Zhang Ba, Dai Feng, Dai Jiu, and Gong Shamu all took Xiaolian as the head of Guanglu, and other temples were not known to have this name. "Song Shu Baiguan Zhi": "Zhongshu Tongshisheren" said: "There are masters under it, originally military officers, Song changed to civil servants." In the later Wei Dynasty, the ministers of Shangshu set up the history of master orders.Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty went to order Shi's name, but said he was in charge.In the Tang Dynasty, it was spread out.There are six ministers in charge of Shangshu Province, from the ninth rank, four in charge of the lower door, and four in charge of Zhongshu Province, from the eighth rank.And Liu Xiangdao said in a sparse way: "The twenty-four divisions of the Shangshu Province, the capital of the provincial government, the chief secretary and the chief secretary, etc., have recently selected supplements from people who have a knife and a pen outside the old post. If you want to participate in the scholar stream, you will I am ashamed of my companions. The succession of the past and the end makes the story. I hope there will be a change, and I will clarify my choice." It didn't work. 《宋史职官志》：“门下省吏四十有九，录事、主事各三人，令史六人，书令史十有八人，守当官十有九人。”是在前代皆椽史之任也，明初设六部主事意亦仿此。永乐十四年，永新伯许成以擅杖工部主事王景亮被勘。 主簿《周礼司会》注：“主计会之簿书。”疏云：“簿书者，古有简策以记事，若在君前，以笏记事。后代用簿，簿，今手版。故云吏当持簿，簿则簿书也。” 汉御史台有此官，御史大夫张忠署孙宝为主簿。而魏晋以下，则寺监以及州郡并多有之。杜氏《通典》“州佐”条下云：“主簿一人，录门下众事，省署文书，汉制也。历代至隋，皆有。”又引晋习凿齿为桓温荆州主簿，亲遇深密，时人语曰：“徒三十年看儒书，不如一诣习主簿。”在当时为要职，郎中待诏北人谓医生为大夫，南人谓之郎中，镊工为待诏，木工、金工、石工之属皆为司务。其名盖起于宋时。《老学庵笔记》：“北人谓医为衙推，卜相为巡官。巡官，唐五代郡僚之名，或以其巡游卖术，故有此称，亦莫详其所始也。”《实录》：“洪武二十六年十二月丙戌，命礼部申禁，军民人等不得用太孙、太师、太保、待诏、大官、郎中等字为名称。” 外郎今人以吏员为外郎。按《史记秦始皇纪》：“近官三郎”，索隐曰：“三郎谓中郎、外郎、散郎。”《通典》：“汉中郎将分掌三署，郎有议郎、中郎、侍郎、郎中，凡四等，皆无员，多至千人，掌门户，出充车骑，其散郎谓之外郎。”今以之称吏员，乃世俗相褒之辞。 门子门子者，守门之人，《旧唐书李德裕传》：“吐蕃潜将妇人嫁与此州门子”是也。今之门子乃是南朝时所谓县僮，《梁书沈璃传》：“为馀姚令，县南有豪族数百家，子弟纵横递相庇荫，厚自封殖，百姓甚患之，召其老者为石头仓监，少者补县僮。”《唐志》：“二品以下有白直执衣，皆中男为之。”快手快手之名，起自《宋书玉镇恶传》：“东从旧将犹有六队千馀人，西将及能细直吏快手复有二千馀人。”《建平王景素传》：“左右勇士数十人，并荆楚快手。”《黄回传》：“募江西楚人，得快射手八百。”亦有称精手者。沈约自序：“收集得二千精手。”《南史齐高帝纪》：“王蕴将数百精手，带甲赴粲。”《梁书武帝纪》：“航南大路悉配精手利器，尚十馀万人。” 火长今人谓兵为户长，亦曰火长。崔豹《古今注》：“伍伯，一伍之伯也。五人为伍，五长为伯，故称伍伯。一曰户伯。汉制：兵五人一户灶，置一伯，故曰户伯。亦曰火伯，以为一灶之主也。”《通典》：“五人为列，二列为火，五火为队。”《唐书兵志》：“五十人为队，队有正；十人为火，大有长。”又云：“十人为人，五火为团。”则直谓之火矣。《宋书卜天与传》：“少为队将，十人同火。”《木兰诗》：“出门看火伴。”柳子厚《段太尉逸事状》：“叱左右皆解甲，散还火伍中。”或作”伙”，误。 楼罗《唐书回纥传》：“加册可汗为登里颉咄登密施含俱录英义建功毗伽可汗。含俱录，华言娄罗也，盖聪明才敏之意。”《酉阳杂俎》引梁元帝《风人辞》云：“城头网雀，楼罗人著。”《南齐书》顾欢论云：“蹲夷之仪，娄罗之辩。”《北史王听传》：“尝有鲜卑聚语，崔昂戏问听曰：'颇解此不？'听曰：'楼罗楼罗，实自难解。时唱染干，似道我辈。'”《五代史刘铢传》：“诸君可谓楼罗儿矣。”《宋史》：“'张思钧起行伍，征伐稍有功。质状小而精悍，太宗尝称其楼罗；自是人目为小楼罗焉。” 自衣白衣者，庶人之服，然有以处士而称之者。《风俗通》：“舜禹本以白衣砥行显名，升为天子”；《史记儒林传》：“公孙宏以《春秋》，白衣为天子三公”；《后汉书崔る传》：“宪谏以为不宜与白衣会”；《孔融传》：“与白衣称衡跌荡放言”；《晋书阎缵传》：“荐白衣南安朱冲，可为太孙师傅”；《胡奋传》：“宣帝之伐辽东，以白衣侍从左右”是也。有以庶人在官而称之者。《汉书两龚传》：“闻之白衣，”师古曰：“白衣，给官府趋走贱人，若今诸司亭长掌固之属”；苏伯玉妻《盘中诗》：“吏人妇，会夫希，出门望，见白衣。谓当是，而更非”；《续晋阳秋》：“陶潜九月九日无酒，于宅边菊丛中坐．望见白衣人，乃王弘送酒”是也，人主左右亦有白衣。《南史幸传》：“宋孝武选白衣左右百八十人。”《魏书恩幸传》：“赵修给事东宫，为白衣左右。”“茹皓充高祖白衣左右。 唐李泌，在肃宗时不受官，帝每与泌出，军人环指之曰：“衣黄者，圣人也。衣白者，山人也。”则天于前不禁白。《清波杂志》言：“前此仕族子弟，未受官者皆衣白，今非跨马及吊慰不敢用。” 白衣但官府之役耳，若侍卫则不然。《史记赵世家》：“愿得补黑衣之缺，以卫王宫。”《汉书谷永传》：“摧之皂衣之吏。” 《诗》：“麻衣如雪，”郑氏曰：“麻衣，深衣也，古时未有棉布，凡布皆麻为之。《记》曰'治其麻丝，以为布帛'是也。”然则深衣亦用白。 郎郎者，奴仆称其主人之辞。唐张易之、昌宗有宠，武承嗣、三思、懿宗，宗楚客、晋卿等，候其门庭，争执鞭辔，呼易之为“五郎”，昌宗为“六郎”，郑果谓宋憬曰：“中丞奈何卿五郎”？曰：“以官言之，正当为卿，足下非张卿家奴，何郎之有？”安禄山德李林甫，呼“十郎”。王繇谓王钅共为“七郎”；李辅国用事，中贵人不敢呼其官，但呼“五郎”；程元振，军中呼为“十郎”；陈少游谒中官董秀，称“七郎”是也。其名起自秦汉郎官。《三国志》：“周瑜至吴，时年二十四，吴中皆呼为周郎。”《江表传》：“孙策年少，虽有位号，而士民皆呼为孙郎。”《世说》：“桓石虔小字镇恶，年十六八，未被举，而僮隶已呼为镇恶郎。”《后周书》：“独孤信少年，好自修饰，服章有殊于众，军中呼为独孤郎，”《隋书》：“滕王瓒，周世以贵公子，又尚公主，时人号曰杨三郎。”温大雅《大唐创业起居注》：“时文武官人并未署置，军中呼太子、秦王为大郎，二郎。”自唐以后，僮仆称主人通谓之郎，今则舆台厮养无不利；之矣。 又按，北朝人子呼其父亦谓之郎。《北史节义传》：“李宪为汲固长育，至十余岁，恒呼固夫妇为郎、婆。” 门主《后汉书贾逢传》：“皆拜逵所选弟子及门生为千乘王国郎。”是弟子与门生为二。欧阳公《孔宙碑阴题名跋》曰：“汉世公卿多自教授，聚徒常数百人，其亲受业者为弟子，转相传授者为门生。今宙碑残缺，其姓名邑里仅可见者才六十二人，其称弟子者十人，门生者四十三人，故吏者八人，故民者一人。愚谓汉人以受学者为弟子，其依附名势者为门生。”《那寿传》：“时大将军窦宪，以外戚之宠威倾天下。宪常使门生赍书诣寿，有所请托。”《杨彪传》：“黄门令王甫，使门生于京兆界辜榷官财物七千余万。”宪，外戚；甫，奄人也。安得有传授之门生乎！ 《南史》所称门生，今之门下人也。《宋书徐湛之传》：“门生千余人，皆三吴富人之子，姿质端妍，衣服鲜而。每出人行游，涂巷盈满。泥雨日，悉以后车载之。”《谢灵运传》：“奴僮既众，义故门生数百。”《南齐书刘怀珍传》：“怀珍北州旧姓，门附殷积。启上，门生千人充宿卫，孝武大惊。”其人所执者奔走仆隶之役，《晋书刘魄传》：“周嵩嫁女，门生断道，斫伤二人，建康左尉赴变，又被斫”；《南史齐东昏侯纪》：“丹阳尹王志被驱急，狼狈步走，唯将二门生自随”；《后妃传》：“门生王清与墓工始下插”；《刘传》：“游诣故人，惟一门生持胡床随后是也。其初至，皆入钱为之，《宋书颜竣传》：“多假资礼解为门生，充朝满野，殆将千计”；《梁书顾协传》：“有门生始来事协，知其廉洁，不敢厚响，止送钱二千，协怒杖之二十”；《南史姚察传》：“有门生送南布一端，花练一疋，察厉声驱出”是也。故《南齐书谢超宗传》云：“白从王永先。”又云：“门生王永先。”谓之自从，以其异于在官之人。而《宋书顾琛传》：“尚书寺门有制，八座以下。门生随人者各有差，不得杂以人士。”其冗贱可知矣。梁傅昭不蓄私门生，盖所以矫时人之弊乎？ 守门之人亦有称门人者。《春秋襄公二十九年》：“阍弑吴子馀祭。”《公羊传》：“间者何？门人也。”《韩非子》：“门人捐水而夷射诛。”府君府君者，汉时太守之称。《三国志》：“孙坚袭荆州刺史王。见坚，惊曰：'兵自求赏，孙府君何以在其中？'”“孙策进军豫章，华欲为太守，葛中迎策。策谓歆曰： '府君年德名望，远近所归。'” 官人南人称士人为官人。《昌黎集王适墓志铭》：“一女怜之，必嫁官人，不以与凡子。”是唐时有官者方得称官人也。杜子美《逢唐兴刘主簿诗》：“剑外官人冷。” 明制：郡王府自镇国将军而下，称呼止曰官人。 对人称臣汉初，人对人多称臣，乃战国之馀习。《史记高祖纪》：“吕公曰：'臣少好相人。'”张晏曰：“古人相与言，多自称臣，犹今人相与言自称仆也。”至天下已定，则稍有差等，而臣之称惟施之诸侯王，故韩信过樊将军哙，哙趋拜送迎，言称臣，曰：“大王乃肯临臣。”至文、景以后，则此风渐衰。而贾谊《新书》有尊天子，避嫌疑，不敢称臣之说。《王子侯表》有利侯钉，坐遗淮南王书称臣弃市。《功臣侯表》安平侯鄂但，坐与淮南王女陵通，遗淮南王书称“臣尽力”，弃市。平棘侯薛穰，坐受淮南王赂，称臣，在赦前，免。皆在元狩元年。而《严助传》天于令助谕意淮南王，一则曰“臣助”，再则曰“臣助”，史因而书之，未尝以为罪，则知钉等三人所坐者交通之罪。而自此以往，廷臣之于诸侯王遂不复有称臣者尔。时有自称民者，《世说》：“陆太尉对王丞相曰：'公长民短。'”然王官之于国君，属吏之于府主，其称臣如故。《宋书人孝武孝建元年十月己未，大司马江夏王义恭等奏：“郡县内史及封内官长于其封君，既非在三罢官，则不复追敬，不合称臣。”诏可。齐、梁以往，王官仍复称臣，而属吏则不复称矣。 诸侯王有自称臣者，齐哀王遗诸侯王书曰：“惠帝使留侯张良立臣为齐王”是也。天子有自称臣者，高祖奉玉卮起为太上皇寿曰：“始大人常以臣无赖，不能治产业”；景帝对窦太后言：“始南