Chapter 24 Volume 21

The purpose of writing poems Shun said: ""Poetry Expresses Zhi"." This is also the foundation of this poem. "Wangzhi": "Order the grand master Chen Shi to observe the customs of the people." The use of this poem is also, Xunzi said in "Xiaoya": "Those who think about the past in the current politics, their words are full of words, and their voices are sad. .” This poem also expresses the emotion.Therefore, the trace of the poet king is also.Below Jian'an, Qi and Liang are stuck together, and the so-called prose of the poets is obscene, but it is far from the purpose of poetry.

Tang Zijuyi's "Book of Yu Wuwei" said: "As you grow older, you read more and more things. Every time you talk to others, you ask more about current affairs. Every time you read history, you ask more about the truth. It is only when you know that the articles are written for the time. Songs Poems are made for things." He also described his poems, and compared them to Liang Hong's "Five Songs", he said: "Those who love their poems, Deng Bram, Tang Quju, etc. Death, I and my feet are trapped again, how can it be that the wind of the six principles and the four beginnings, the heaven will destroy and cannot support the evil? And you don't know the carelessness and don't want to make the subordinates sick and bitter to hear the evil from the upper evil?" Alas, it can be said that he knows the purpose of establishing words.

Jin Gehong's "Baopuzi" said: "Ancient poems are injurious, so they are beneficial and expensive; modern poems are purely false, so they are detrimental and cheap." Poetry does not require everyone to be friends of the ancients, and it is not necessary for everyone to write poetry.Everyone is capable or not, so what's the harm if you don't write poetry?If one person advocates first and has exhausted his ideas, there is no need to continue.It is above Yu Ting.Gao Tao Gengge, but Yu and Yi are unknown, and the ancient sages refused to write similar words or parallel thumbs.The banquet of Bailiang and the collection of Jingu must make everyone sing with poetry, but there are more and more words in the world.

Yao ordered the calendar but had no songs, King Wen played the "Yi" but did not compose poems, and people of later generations did not hear that it was inferior to Shun and the Duke of Zhou.Confucian self-appointment, following the rule of King Wen, is in the "Six Classics", and his own songs stop at "Guishan" and "The Wife", so few of them.Its not compatible with ?My husband and I are too busy? Song Shaobo's "Hearing and Seeing Records" said: "Li Xizhi, Han Tuizhi, and Meng Dongye are good. They learn from literature, and those who retire are respected. When they retire, they sing with Dongye for a while, and they have no poems for Xi. Discuss. Yin Shilu, Ouyang Yongshu, Meisheng Yushan, and Lu Yuwen are teachers, and Yongshu respects them; Yongshu and Shengyu sing for a while, and Shilu alone has no poems, so Yongshu doesn't discuss it."

"Song of the Five Sons" is suitable for five chapters, and it is thought that each person has one chapter, which will be seen and heard by later generations. "Stomach Yang", Qin Shizi sent his uncle to his uncle, but Jin Gongzi didn't say a word.Yin Jifu wrote the poem "Song Gao" as a gift to Shen Bo, the poem "The Min" as a gift to Zhong Shanfu, and the poem "Han Yi" as a gift to Han Hou; It is suspected that there is no answer. The poets with 300 poem titles completed their poems at a high rate, and selected one, two, three or four characters as their famous poems. Therefore, there is no one title in the fifteen countries, and there is one in the Yasong.If it is "Chang Wu", it is the king of Meixuan, if it is "Spoon", if it is "Lai", if it is "Pan", it is all the music of the temple.Later generations took the one named after it and called it "Xiang Bo".From then on there is nothing else.The rise of five characters began in the Han and Wei dynasties, and the nineteen poems have no titles.Another example is that both Wang and Cao have "Seven Sorrows", but they don't have to share their feelings; the six sons all have "Miscellaneous Poems", but they don't have to agree with their meanings. The method of dividing rhyme, but poetics is declining.

Most of Du Zimei's poems are named after the characters in the chapters. For example, "I don't see Li Shengjiu" is named after "Not Seen"; The famous article is "Wang Zai"; the famous article "Li Li Kaiyuan Events" is the famous article "Li Li"; the famous article "Lu Taiyi in Ziping Palace" is the famous article "Ziping"; "Ke Cong" famous article.Both take the first two characters as the title, which is completely meaningless, which is quite like the ancients. The poems of the ancients have poems and then there are titles; the poems of today's people have titles and then poems.Those who have poems and then have titles, their poems are based on emotion; those who have titles and then have poems, their poems are based on things.

The ancients used the rhyme without crossing the poems of "Three Hundred Chapters", and if there are many sentences, they must turn to rhyme.The same is true for Wei, Jin and above.After the Song and Qi Dynasties, the study of rhymes gradually flourished, and the humanities became more ingenious, so those who used one rhyme to the end were not as natural as the ancients.The ancients used rhymes without crossing the cross. Only the four chapters of "Ban Gong" use twelve characters, so that this rhyme can be drawn and extended. .It is known that those who follow me with rhyme are the poems of the ancients; those who follow rhyme with me are the poems of modern people.Since Du Shiyi and Han Libu, this disease is unavoidable.

Ye Shaoyun's "Stone Forest Poetry Talk" said: "Long stories are the most difficult. Before the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were no poems with more than ten rhymes, which made people go against their will. At the beginning, it was not the preface. The chapters of "Bei Zheng" are extremely poor in writing, such as Taishi Gongji and Zhuan, which are solid ancient and modern masterpieces. However, the eight chapters of "Eight Sorrows" are not concentrated masterpieces, but many people in the world respect them and dare not discuss them, such as Li Yong and Su Yuanming There are so many redundant sentences in the poem, I tried to publish them painstakingly, and only took half of each to make it perfect. However, this should not be said for those who don’t know.”

The poet's temperament is not expensive.People below the Tang Dynasty used a lot of Chinese characters in one rhyme, some used dangerous rhymes, and some other people's rhymes. And just like Confucius wrote "Yi Xiangxiang Zhuan", there are more or less rhymes in it, and it is not uniform, and there are also those without rhyme.It can be seen that the ancients' composition method is that if one rhyme has no words, it will match other rhymes, and if other rhymes are not coordinated, it will be a single line.There is no need for a sage to be solid, as you can see in the text.

There are sentences without rhyme in the poem. The meaning of the poem is mainly followed by the sound.If there is no usable word for one rhyme, and then bypass other rhymes, if you can't use other rhymes, then you would rather have no rhyme.If its meaning is appropriate, but if it is not easy to use other words, it will have no rhyme and no harm.It is often found in Chinese and above. "In the village of Tou Shihao in the evening, there are officials who catch people at night", the two rhymes are also very difficult.The next sentence says: "The old man walks over the wall, and the old woman goes out to watch," it has no rhyme, and it is extremely difficult.In the ancient poem "Zi Liu Ma Ge", there are two sentences without rhyme: "Spring is used to cook rice, and sunflowers are picked to make soup".In Li Dabai's "Tianma Song", there are two lines without rhyme: "The clouds are in the blue sky, the hills are far away from Cuiwei". The first two sentences of "Yellow Birds in the Field" have no rhyme: "You don't chase Yanzhou green, and you don't live near Wu Gongyan". The first two sentences of "Walking and Hunting" have no rhyme.

Many of the Five Classics use rhyme, which is the cultural work of the ancients. It naturally fits the sound, so even if there is no rhyme in the text, it often has rhyme. The meaning is that the poems in "Three Hundred Chapters" have rhymes, and there are two or three sentences in a chapter that don't use rhymes, such as "Zhan Bi Luo Yi, Wei Shui Yang Yang" and the like.There are whole chapters without rhyme in one article, such as the fourth and fifth chapters of "Si Qi", and the fourth chapter of "Zhao Yu".There are also those without rhyme in the whole article, such as "Zhou Song·Qing Temple", "Wei Tian Zhi Ming", "Wu Tian You Cheng Ming", "Shi Mai", "Wu" and so on.The speaker thinks that there should be lingering voices; however, the lingering voices are used to coordinate and not enter the text. This is the so-called one who does not use rhyme to harm the meaning.Among the ten chapters of Confucius' Zanyi, five of his "Zhuan Xiang Zhuan" and "Miscellaneous Gua" use rhyme, but one of the ten has no rhyme. "Classical Chinese", "Xi Ci", "Shuo Gua", and "Xu Gua" do not use rhyme, but there are one or two in between, such as "thunder is used to drum, and wind and rain are used to moisten it. The sun and the moon move, one cold and one hot The way of doing is a man, and the way of being a woman is a woman." "A gentleman knows the subtlety and reveals, knows softness and strength, and is the hope of all men." This so-called chemical engineering text, which is natural and harmonious, does not have to be intentional in rhyme. The style of "Shangshu" does not use rhyme at all, but "Da Yumo": "Emperor's virtue is great, he is holy and god, he is martial and literary, the emperor's destiny, he is the king of the world, and he is the king of the world." "Yi Xun": " The holy desert is full of words, but God is not always. Doing good will bring a lot of good fortune; ""Tai Oath": "I only promote martial arts, and invade the frontiers. Take that fierce, I cut down and use Zhang, and there is light in Tang." ; Do no evil, follow the king's way; without bias and no party, the king's way is swaying; without party and without bias, the jade way is flat; without opposition and no side, the king's way is upright." All use rhymes.Another example is "Qu Li": "Before the trip, the red bird is followed by the Xuanwu, the green dragon is on the left and the white tiger is on the right, swaggering above, rushing to express its anger." In the hall, Chengjiu is at the bottom. Chen Qi sacrifices, prepares his tripods, lists his qin and se, and manages the pan bell and drum. Repairs his blessings to descend to the gods. With his ancestors, he is to upright the monarch and ministers, to be faithful to father and son, to be good to brothers, and to be in harmony with each other. Up and down, the husband and wife have something to do, which is called the Hu of Chengda." "Le Ji": "For the ancients, the heaven and the earth are in harmony with the four seasons, the people are virtuous and the world is prosperous, and the disease is not done and there is no demon auspiciousness. This is Wei Da Then the sages do it, for father and son, monarch and minister, and regard it as discipline." "The Doctrine of the Mean": "Therefore, a gentleman must not cultivate his body, he must not cultivate himself if he thinks about self-cultivation, he must not ignore his relatives, he must not be ignorant of people if he is concerned about his relatives, and he must not be ignorant of heaven if he is thinking about others." "Mencius": "Teachers get food, those who are hungry don't eat, those who work don't rest, they are slanderous, and the people are slanderous. Fang orders to abuse the people, if they eat and drink, they linger and perish, worrying for the princes." All these and the like existed in the books of all scholars before the Qin and Han Dynasties.Tai Shigong also used rhyme from time to time in his praises, but some Han Yuefu poems did not use rhyme. Yi Yun The rhyme in "Yi" started from King Wen, and rhymes were used when the hexagrams were complicated. "Du" and "Gao" in "Meng", "Fu" and "Su" in "Xie", "" and "dumb" in "Zhen", and "body" and "person" in "Gen".As far as the Duke of Zhou is concerned, the words become more complicated, and more rhymes are used.When doubting ancient inscriptions, rhymes should be used, such as "Qiang", "Jiang", "Qing", and "Jing" of Yi's family in "Chunqiu Zhuan", "Yu", "yu", "莸", "Skunk" of Liji ", Bo Ji's "", "贶", "compensation", "xiang", "Ji", "flag", "teacher", "qiu", "solitary", "arc", "gu", " Bu", "jia", "xu", Yanling's "cu"', "mu", Sun Wenzi's "ling", "xiong", Weihou's "sheep", "death", "dou", "over ".Another example is the "bone", "cunning", and "ㄏ" of Duke Xian of Jin in "Guoyu", "Geng", "Wang" and "Guang" of Emperor Wen of Han in "Historical Records", and "Han Shu Biography of Yuan Hou" The "Xiong", "Cheng", "Beng" and "Xing" in the history of Jin Dynasty all rhyme.Therefore, Confucius used rhymes in the "Zhuan Xiang Zhuan", because the scriptures have rhymes and the transmission also has rhymes. This is because he sees the sages and writes them down without writing them, and he takes the ancients as his teachers and does not follow them. "Zhuan Xiang Zhuan" is like the modern commentary, which analyzes the words and sentences as training; the following "Xi Ci" and "Wen Yan" are still the modern commentary after the words and sentences are understood, taking the meaning of a chapter and a whole book and generalizing it. So its body is different.There are about three methods of using rhyme in ancient poetry: the first sentence and the second sentence use rhyme consecutively, and those who use rhyme in the fourth sentence after the third sentence are also used in the first chapter of "Guan Ju". The rhyme in the first sentence of the regulated poems comes from this; the ones that use rhyme every other sentence together, the first chapter of "Juan Er", and the rhyme in the first sentence of the poems below the Han Dynasty and the regulated poems of the Tang Dynasty do not use rhyme; from the beginning to the end, Those who use rhyme in sentences, such as "Kaoyu", "Qingren", "Huan", "Zhu", "Ten Mu Between", "Moonrise", "Suguan", and "Juan Er" The second, third, and fourth chapters, the first, second, third, and seventh chapters of "Che Gong", and the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth chapters of "Long Hair" are also true. Poems below the Han Dynasty, such as Wei Wendi's "Yan Ge Xing", originated from this.If you change from what you are, you will change to rhyme.At the beginning of turning rhyme, there is also the difference between continuous use and intermittent use, and the intricate changes cannot be constrained as a whole.Therefore, there are upper and lower rhymes, such as the first chapters of "Tuyu" and "Caiwei", the first three chapters of "Yu Li", and the first chapter of "Juan A".There is a rhyme at the beginning and the end, and a rhyme in the middle, just like the five chapters of "Che Gong".There is a rhyme every half a chapter, just like the death chapter of "Shengmin".There are two rhymes mentioned at the beginning, and the next two sections are inherited, just like the chapters of "Youwei".These are all poetic changes, but it is not out of nature, not intentional. The preface of Mr. "Five Books of Phonetics" says: "Ji" says: "Sounds are written and called sounds." Husbands have texts and sounds, and poetry is made by comparing sounds, and poems are salty and then enjoyed. What people can do.During the three dynasties, their writings were all based on the Six Books, their characters were all based on the order of the clan and party treasury, their natures were all domesticated in Zhonghe, and they were pronounced as sounds, all in harmony with the righteousness.However, in "Zhou Li", the duty of a great traveler states that "nine years old belongs to the blind history, the title of the book is given, and the voice is heard", so those who have morality and customs do not dare to ignore it.Therefore, there are three hundred and five chapters in the "Poetry", from the top to the Shang Dynasty, and the bottom to the arrest of Chen Ling, and the fifteen countries are far away, thousands of hundreds of years, but the sound is not different.The song of Emperor Shun, the Geng of Gao Tao, the Chen of Jizi, and the lineage of King Wen and Duke Zhou are inseparable.Therefore, the three hundred and five chapters are also the audio books of the ancients.After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, far away from ancient times, Ci Fu became more and more complex, and then it was called rhyme, and it was written by Zhou Rong and Liang Chenyue in the Song Dynasty, and "The Spectrum of Four Tones".However, since the prose of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the sound has gradually become harsher than the ancient ones, and it has become even more pronounced in Tokyo. However, the composition of the style prose cannot be based on Ya, Nan, and Sao and Zi, so as to form a classic that will not be published, but only according to the class. The Fu of people below Zhang and Zhang, and the sounds used in the poems of people below Cao and Liu were compiled as the final version.Therefore, the current sound is promoted and the ancient sound is lost, which is a change in phonetics.Down to the Tang Dynasty, scholars were selected by poetry and prose, and the rhyme was based on Lu Fayan's "Qie Yun". Although there were notes of "single use" and "common use", its divisions have not been changed.By the time of Song Jing, it was slightly easier. In the last years of Lizong, Pingshui Liu Yuan began to combine two hundred and six rhymes into one hundred and seven rhymes.Huang Gongshao of the Yuan Dynasty wrote "Yunhui" because of it, so far.So Song Yun went and Tang Yun died, because of the further change of phonetics, the world is far away and it is spread day by day, and the death of this way will take about two thousand years.Yan Wu has devoted himself for many years, and since he obtained the book "Guangyun", he first realized it in it and bypassed its theory. Therefore, according to the people of the Tang Dynasty, he corrected the mistakes of the people of the Song Dynasty, and according to the ancient scriptures, he corrected the mistakes of the Shen family and the people of the Tang Dynasty. The sounds of more than three generations, some of them are in the same rank, and they can't be messed up to the bottom.It is the second volume of "Yin Lun" to list the changes of ancient and modern sounds and investigate why they are not popular; to examine and correct the sounds of more than three generations, and to annotate three hundred and five chapters, which is ten volumes of "Shiben Yin"; to note "Yi" as "Yi Yin" Three volumes; distinguishing Shen's partial errors, and determining them one by one based on ancient sounds, it is "Tang Yunzheng" 20 volumes; integrating ancient sounds into ten volumes, it is "Gu Yin Biao" two volumes.Naturally, the texts of the "Six Classics" are readable, and the books of other philosophers are separated and combined, not too far away.Before the heaven loses its gentleness, there must be a sage who will rise up and give back the sound of today and return it to the ancient ones. The ancients were not afraid of heavy rhymes. Du Zimei's "Song of the Eight Immortals in Drinking" uses three "fronts", two "boats", two "sleeping" and two "heaven".Song people suspected that there was no such style in ancient times, so they wanted to divide it into eight meanings, thinking that it must be divided into eight and then it can be re-rhymed without harm. The two "times", the two "comes" and the two "talents" have come before. "There are rhododendrons in Dongchuan, no rhododendrons in Xichuan, no rhododendrons in Fu and Wan, and rhododendrons in Yun'an", if you ask for it but can't find it, then you doubt it and place your bets. I don't know that the ancients did not avoid heavy rhymes.Therefore, there are four rhymes that only use two characters, "Hu is about Zhulin, from Xianan; bandit is suitable for Zhulin, from Xianan".There are two rhymes that form a chapter but use only one word, "Adults account for it, Weixiong Weiwei, a man's auspiciousness; Weifu and snake, a woman's auspiciousness" is also true.There are three rhymes that form a chapter but only use one word, "Gou Rixin, Day by Day, and Day by Day" is also true. For example, the first chapter of "Caiwei" uses two sentences of "猃狁之旅" in succession, the first chapter of "Zhengyue" uses the word "Zikou" in succession, the first chapter of "October Zhijiao" uses the word "erwei" in succession, and "Che Luo" The three chapters use the word "shuji" twice, the first chapter of "Wen Wang Yousheng" uses the word "yousheng" twice, and the chapter of "Zhao " uses the word "baili" twice.Another example is that the first chapter of "Xing Lu" uses the word "Lu" instead of "Lu", and "Jian Xi" uses three "person" characters consecutively in the last chapter, and "Na" uses three "voice" characters consecutively.Its emphasis on one word is indescribable.The same is true for Han and below.For example, in "Moshang Sang Poetry", there are three characters for "tou", two characters for "Yu", two characters for "Yu", two characters for "husband", and two characters for "xu". "Jiao Zhongqing's Wife Works" has three characters of "language", three characters of "yan", two characters of "you", two characters of "mother", two characters of "qu", two characters of "zi", two characters of "return", and two characters of "zhi". ", two "jun" characters, two "door" characters, and two "word" characters.Su Wu's "Bones and Flesh Bound Branches and Leaves" has a poem with two characters of "person", and "Making Hair as a Couple" has a poem with two characters of "time".In Chen Siwang's "Abandoned Women Ci", there are two characters for "Ting", two characters for "Ling", two characters for "Ming", two characters for "Cheng", and two characters for "Ning".Ruan Ji's "Ode to Huai Poems: Burning Sunshine in the West" has one poem, two with the word "return".Zhang Xie's "Miscellaneous Poems Heiyu Liyue Chongyuan" has two "sheng" characters in one poem.Xie Lingyun's "Gentleman Thinks and Actions" two "return".Emperor Wu of Liang wrote the word "anti" in "Confucius Zhengyan Competingly Describes Huai Poems".Ren 's "Crying Fan Pushe Poems" has two characters of "birth" and three characters of "love".The word "foot" in Shen Yue's "Zhongshan Poetry".However, there is a taboo for heavy rhymes, was it in the Sui and Tang dynasties? Zhuge Kongming's "Yin of the Father of Liang" said: "Whose tomb is in the room, Tian Jiang Gu Yezi." It also said: "Who can plan for this? The country is the same as Yanzi." Use the word "son".The ancients just took the literary and reasonable, and did not avoid heavy words at the beginning.The current version may be changed to "Tianjiang Guye Clan", which is lost. Pan Yue's "Qiu Xing Fu": "I am sleepless at night, and I am alone in Hua Province. When I realize that I am at the end of my age, I bow my head and reflect on myself." Two "provinces" are used. The poems of the early Tang Dynasty are the most rigorous, and Lu Zhaolin: "Don't have a luxurious title, and you will not give up in the next day. The source of the spirit is to drain the husband, and the exclusive power is not allowed to be Xiao Xiang." Using the two words "xiang", people today say that they must have the same meaning. Those who are different can be reused, if the two "phases" in this poem have no different meanings.And the "Poetry" said: "The king ordered Nanzhong to go to the city in the direction." The following text also said: "The emperor ordered me, and the city is on the other side of the city." What a difference! Li Taibai's "Gaoyang Song" two "cup" characters, "Lushan Ballad" two "long" characters; Du Zimei's "Weaver Girl Poems" two "zhong" characters, "Fengxian County Yonghuai" two "death" characters, There are two characters of "white" in "Ten Attendants Yu Jiang Shangzhai", two characters of "province" and two characters of "Jing" in Zhang Jiuling's "Eight Ai Poems", two characters of "grass" in "Garden Man Sending Melons", and "Send to Diming Mansion" Two characters of "Ji", two characters of "Xi" in "Su Chiu Shipu"; two characters of "Guang", two characters of "Ming", two characters of "Geng", and two characters of "City" in Han Tui's "It's a pity for this day" , two "kuang" characters, two "jiang" characters.Poetry has meaning and rhyme must be emphasized, such as "tonight and what night, I saw this beloved man. Son, son, what is such a beloved man!" Ask for a friend's voice." "There is a tree with a stick, and its leaves are luxuriant. The king is a prisoner, and my heart is sad. When the flowers and trees stop, your heart is sad." On drums and bells, on music.On drums and bells, and on music. "And if "the public does not cross the river, the public actually crosses the river!" "This is all inherited from the above, and it is not allowed to change a word. At the beginning of the seven-character poem, people said that "Dazhao" removes the "some" and "only", which is the seven-character poem. Before the Han Dynasty, there were many of them." "Lingshu Jing: The True and Evil Chapter of Assassination Festival", "Every stabbing a small evil will make it bigger, and it is harmless to make up for its deficiency. It depends on where it is. Warm, slow to slow to show its spirit, the door has been grouped, and the virtual and the real have to be adjusted." Song Yu's "Ode to the Goddess": "Luo Wanqi paints rich articles, which is extremely convincing and wonderfully colorful." These are all seven words. ancestor. "Suwen·Bazhengshenminglun": "The gods are gods, the ears do not hear, the eyes are clear and the heart is open, the mind is open, the wisdom is alone, the mouth can't speak, the outstanding vision is only seen, and it is like a faint, and it is clear and clear, like the wind blows. Yun, so it is called God, and the three divisions and nine lords are the origin, and the theory of nine needles does not need to exist." Its writing is absolutely similar to Xunzi's "Cheng Xiang Pian". In one sentence, there are three chapters in "Ziyi", four sentences in the chapter, no, one sentence for "感", and one sentence for "return".If you say "I will return it to you", then the words are not going well, and why should a word not be a poem? "Wu Zhi": Liyang Mountain Stone Inscription: "Chu, Kyushu Zhu. Wu, Kyushu Capital." A sentence of "Chu" and a sentence of "Wu" are also a poem of one word.In addition to the help of phrasal language that the ancients did not have, only four characters are used to form poems, and the four characters all rhyme.Three chapters, two sentences in each chapter, combined into one rhyme, which did not exist in ancient times. It was first seen in "Mengchangjun Biography" I don’t think I’m home” is true. The ancients didn't need long sentences to make an ancient poem with eight words. It is true that "Hu Zhanerting has a hanging  Xi"."Book": "Lu Qun sang at Wu Shaocheng's banquet and said: "Auspiciousness is not in the phoenix unicorn, and peace requires loyal ministers.But to get the courage of the commanders of the Bailiao, there is no need to collect gold and silver from the three armies. '" This is the first eight words. Another example is Li Changji's "the wine did not reach the soil on Liu Ling's tomb", which is only one or two sentences. There are nine words, "the six horses are as cold as rotten cables" However, if uselessness is the whole chapter, it is not only because it is inconvenient to sing, but because it is too long, the meaning will be redundant and the words will be too slack, and it is also difficult to write. Therefore, knowing that the ancients' writing can be stopped, stop it, and refuse to use it The redundancy of one meaning and the slackness of one word make me tired of the original meaning of my poems. Those who know this meaning do not know the syntax, but the rules and regulations. Therefore, the seven-character arrangement is rarely done, and it does not work. Why? The meaning is too redundant. Also, the words are too sloppy. For the seven-word writer, he must make it impossible to cut and then work. This is why it is difficult for the Han people. It is the most difficult to use reduplication in poetry. "Wei Poetry": "The river is full of water, and the north flows alive. Shi filthy, filthy, tuna hair, reeds are exposed, and the sins of the common Jiang." The repeated use of six-fold characters can be said to be repeated and endless, and it is not chaotic. "Ancient Poetry": "The grass by the green river, the willows in the lush garden, the girl in the Yingying upstairs, the bright and bright window. E'e's red makeup, slender and plain hands." It is also very natural to use six folds of characters. . Qu Yuan's "Nine Chapters Sad Returning Wind": "There is no scripture in the diverse appearance, and there is no discipline in the awning. There is no way to move, and there is no end to the movement. Floating up and down, the wings are far away from the left and right. .汜Its front and back, accompanied by the confidence period of Zhang Chi.”Use six characters in succession.Song Yu's "Nine Debates": "Using the essence and energy to knead, and the gods to be superb. The beauty of the horse and the white neon, the abundance of the spirits. On the left is the scorpion, and on the right is Qu Qu. It belongs to Lei Shi's Tiantianxi, and the government office of Tongfei Lian. The Qiangqiang Xi who is light in the capital in the front, and the follower of the luggage and rides in the back. The entrusted snake Xi who carries the cloud flag, and the appearance of Hutun riding." Duplicated characters are rarely matched by later generations. The second rhyme makes people compose poems without the second rhyme, which makes it difficult and clever.I call it easy and clumsy.And in terms of rhythmic poetry, the flat tone can be used among the thirty rhymes, and if one rhyme is used, there must be no other rhyme to change; among hundreds of words in a rhyme, any five characters must be rhymed, but there must be no other words to change.It is called easy, but it is actually difficult.First determine the five characters, and make up the above text. If the text is not smooth, it will be tied to the rhyme ear, and if the meaning is not satisfied, it will be tied to the rhyme ear.You can be good at the field if you use things to say words and see new tricks.The name is difficult, but it is actually easy.Those who are skillful at making peace with others have no poems in their chests, and those who are clumsy at talking to themselves.Therefore, the theory of difficulty, ease, ingenuity and clumsiness is broken, and the wind of sub-rhyme can be less and less fading. Yan Canglang's "Shi Hua" said: "He Yun is the most harmful poem, and the ancients paid for singing without sub-rhyme. All the sages of this dynasty fought with this, until there were eight or nine peacemakers." According to Tang Yuanzhen's "Shanglinghu Xianggong", it said: "Zhen and Bai Juyi, a fellow student, are friendly. Juyi can make poems, and he can drive words with love, with poor sound and rhyme, either for a thousand words or for five hundred words. Ji, Xiaosheng's self-examination cannot be overdone. He often plays old rhymes and innovates new words, which are called sub-rhymes, so as to make it difficult to pick ears. Poets in the rivers and lakes may imitate each other, or if they are not strong enough, they will reverse the language , repeating the beginning and the end, rhyme agreement, etc., the same as the previous chapter, but also the style of Yuanhe poetry. And the reason why the writers try to change the elegance is often attributed to Zhen." It was the beginning of knowing Yuan and Bai's poems with rhymes. Play, but at that time it was ridiculed by others.People today are never tired of it, and it is also despised by Yuan and Bai. Ouyang Gong's "Jigulu" discusses Tang Xueping's advocacy of peace poetry: he asked Feng Su, Feng Ding and Li Shen were all prominent people in Tang Dynasty, and Lingche was famous for his poems, but none of them are as good as Ping. Those who lead by force. "It can be said to know words. Zhu Zi's "Book of Thanking Cheng" said: "Yuanming's poems are so high that they are not waiting to be arranged, and they flow naturally from his chest. Dongpo's sentences are in harmony with the rhyme. It is laborious, but it has lost its natural interest. "Any poem that is not bound by rhyme but can express its meaning is better than being bound by rhyme with endless meaning, and it may have no meaning but draw other people's meaning to satisfy its rhyme. Therefore, the way of rhythm is to be moderate in density and density. , otherwise, it is better to be sparse but not dense. If the text can express the meaning, the rhyme will not be harmful even though it is sparse. The Poems of Bailiangtai in Han Dynasty and Wu "Poems of Bailiangtai" were originally published in "Sanqin Ji", which says that it was written in the third year of Yuanfeng, but the examination of it in history is often inconsistent. According to "Historical Records" and "Hanshu·Xiaojingji" : "In the summer and April of the sixth year of the middle school, Liang Wang died." "Princes and Kings Biao": "Liang Xiaowang Wuli, thirty-five years, passed away. In the first year after Xiaojing, the king bought heirs, seven years, passed away. Jianyuan In five years, Ping Wang Xiangsi, forty years, died." "Wen Sanwang Biography" is the same.According to "Xiaowu Ji": "In the spring of the second year of Yuanding, Bailiangtai was raised." It was the 22nd year of King Liang Ping, and it has been 29 years since the death of King Xiao, and the third year of Yuanfeng began in another seven years.According to Ping Wangxiang, in Yuanshuo, he competed with the mother-in-law for a bottle, and the minister asked him to abolish him as a commoner.The emperor said: "Liang Wangxiang has no good master, so he fell into injustice, so he cut down eight cities in Liang, and there are still ten cities in Liangyu. According to the ten years of Ping Wangxiang, he came to the court in the second year of Yuanshuo; his thirty-sixth year was the fourth year of Taichu, and he came to the court. , all of which were not in the Yuan Dynasty. According to the "Bill of Officials and Ministers": "Lang Zhongling, Emperor Wu was renamed Guangluxun in the first year of Taichu.Dianke was renamed Daxingling in the sixth year of Emperor Jingdi, and Dahonglu in the first year of Emperor Wudi.In the internal history of governing millet, it was renamed Da Nongling in the first year after Emperor Jing, and was renamed Dasinong in the first year of Emperor Wu Taichu.Lieutenant, changed his name to Zhijinwu in the first year of Emperor Wu Taichu.Internal history, in the second year of Emperor Jing, it was divided into Zuo Internal History and Right Internal History. In the first year of Emperor Wu Taichu, it was renamed Jing Zhaoyin, and Zuo Internal History was renamed Zuo Fengyi.Lord Lieutenant, changed his name to Duwei in the sixth year of Emperor Jing's middle school, and changed his name to You Fufeng in the first year of Emperor Wu's reign.All these six officials are all the names of the past in the early days, and should not be written in advance at the time of Yuanfeng, and according to "Xiaowu Ji": "In the first year of the first year of Taichu, in the winter of November, Yiyou, Bailiangtai disaster." Xia Wuyue, Zheng The calendar uses the first month as the beginning of the year, and the name of the official is determined after the Boliang disaster, and the official name was changed at half a year old. The great Sima and the great general Qing died in the fifth year of Yuanfeng, two years ago. .Repeated textual research, no one agrees.Gai was drafted by later generations, plagiarizing the official names since Emperor Wu and the story of riding a horse in "The Family of King Liang Xiao" to combine it, without realizing the perversity of the times.According to "Aristocratic Family", "King Liang Xiao entered the court in October of the 29th year, and Emperor Jing's envoys held the festival and rode on a four-horse horse to welcome King Liang under the que." Must have this?" The three hundred poems of the generation can not but descend to the Chu Ci, the Chu Ci cannot but descend to the Han and Wei, the Han and Wei cannot but descend to the Six Dynasties, the Six Dynasties cannot but descend to the Tang Dynasty, and the situation also.If you use the style of one generation, it must be like the text of one generation, and then it will be qualified. The reason why poetry changes from generation to generation, there are those who have to change.The text of a generation has been followed for a long time, and it is not allowed for everyone to say this.It has been thousands of years now, but I still take the old sayings and imitate them one by one, thinking that they are poems, is it possible?Therefore, if it is not like, it will lose its reason for being a poem, and if it is similar, it will lose its reason for being me.The reason why Li and Du's poems are uniquely superior to those of the Tang Dynasty is that they are not similar, but not similar.Those who know this can talk about poetry. Calligraphy and poetry Before the Southern and Northern Dynasties, all the writings of gold and stone were eight-point calligraphy, and today's authentic books are not enough for words.Yao Xuanzhi's "Tang Wencui", Lu Zuqian's "Dynasty Wenjian", Zhendexiu's "Articles Authentic", all poems in a similar style are not accepted. Is today's rhythmic poems not enough to be poetry?People today will get a glimpse of eight points from the real book.It is not difficult to learn the ancient style from the regulated poems, and to seek the best work of those who were despised by the ancients! Xue Qianrengang from Yin said: "Since the rise of modern style in the Tang Dynasty, poetry has changed a lot. Scholars who come later can do both and not specialize in it. The recent disadvantages are that no one does not do poetry. Without poetry, there is no discipline. Without discipline, there is no Seven words." He also said: "The seven-character law is the most important and strict law, the antithesis is expensive, and the syllables are expensive, and it is not easy to make. Nowadays, all the students who are beginners are the seven-character law. It seems that this is the way of people. There is nothing strange about this barrier." The poet changed the old story and wrote to King Chen Si: "The minister who has stolen the horse, pardoned Chu and Zhao to relieve his difficulties." Also." Zhao Zhi's "Book of Qi with Ji Mao": "Liang was born in Yue, and he ascended to Yue and Changyao." Liang Hong originally adapted to Wu, but those who thought Yue would be destroyed by Wu.Xie Lingyun's poem: "Xian Gao rewarded the Jin division, but Zhonglian rejected the Qin army." The Qin division that Xian Gao rewarded was changed to Jin to avoid the word "Qin", which is awkward and ugly.Li Dazi's poem "Difficulty on the Road": "The cranes in Huating can be heard, and the goshawks in Shangcai are safe." "" is "Goshawk", and "Jade Bowl" is changed to "Golden Bowl", which is also the same disease. Since the Han Dynasty, writers have had a way of avoiding false borrowing.Tai Shigong's "Biography of Boyi": "Bo Yi, although Shu Qi is a virtuous man, he is famous for his master. Although Yan Yuan is dedicated to learning, he will be more prominent when he attaches himself to his tail." .Wouldn't it be ridiculed to make future generations do it?It is also called Gaozu. Yuzishan's Fu misunderstood Yuzishan's "Dead Tree Fu" said: "Jianzhang is on fire in March." According to "Historical Records": "In November of the first year of the first year of Emperor Wu Taichu, Yiyou, Bailiangtai disaster. In February of spring, the Zhang Palace was built." "Xijing Fu": "Boliang is a disaster, Yue Wu Chen Fang, the establishment of the chapter is the scriptures, and the usage of the fire is auspicious." The disaster is Bailiang, not the Jianzhang, but the fire in March; and Qin's A Fang, not the Han . "Ai Jiangnan Fu" says: "Xuyang Pavilion has a farewell poem." "Ying Ting Dao Yi Song" says: "Xuyang's farewell poem." According to "Hanshu Yiwenzhi": "Five poems about Farewell to Xuyang." Detailed context example, when it is a person's name, surname, first name Xuyang also.I thought it was "farewell", but it was not. Yu Zhongwen's poem misunderstood the Sui Yu Zhongwen's poem: "Jing Chai came from Chu, and Le Yi began to travel to Yan." Qi Tian's five surnames are Guanzhong, and Li Tianzhai." Wang Yi's "Chu Ci Zhang Ju": "The three surnames of the royal family are in charge of the three surnames of the royal family, Ri Zhao, Qu, and Jing." However, Jing Chai also has the same surname of Chu.And Zhongwen thought that people from Chu were not from Liang and Chen, but they were based on rhetoric and ominous allusions? In the first year of Tianjian, Emperor Wu of Liang, the edict said: "The pheasant and rabbit will be punished, and Jiang Xuan will be demoted." This uses Mencius "killing his elk is like a crime of murder", but he doesn't know that the king of Xuan is Tian's family, not Jiang's queen, and this category. Li Taibai's poem misunderstood Li Dabai's poem: "Qin Diyue of the Han family, Liuying illuminates the concubine. Once you go up the Yuguan Road, you will never return to the end of the world." According to "Historical Records", the king on the left of the Xiongnu will go straight to the east of the valley, and the king on the right will go straight to the east of the valley. Go straight to the west of Shangjun, and Shanyu Zhiting goes straight to Daiyunzhong. "Hanshu" said that Hu Hanxie Shanyu invited himself to stay under Guanglu Fortress, and also said that the emperor sent an envoy to send Shanyu out of Shuofang Jilusai, and then Shanyu returned to Jingbei.It is known that the way of communication between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu generally came from Yunzhong, Wuyuan, and Shuofang, and the journey of the Ming concubine must also come from here.Therefore, in Jiang Yanzhi's inscription on Li Ling, Dan said, "Love goes to Shangjun, and heart stays in Yanmen".However, Yuguan is connected with the Western Regions, so it is the story of the princess marrying Wusun, which is a big mistake. "Yan's Family Instructions" said: "The geography of the article must be comfortable." In his discussion of Liang Jianwen's "Yanmen Taishou Xing", it is said that "the day is chasing Kangju, Dawan, Yueshi", Xiao Zihui's "Longtou Water", and the cloud " Into the yellow dragon in the north, and the white horse in the east".Shen Cunzhong commented on Bai Letian's "few people walk under Mount Emei", saying that Emei is in Jiazhou, and it is not a lucky road to Shu.The disease of literati has the same person. Liang Xuxuan's poem "Denglangxie City": "Ganquan police Fenghou, Shanggu arrived at Loulan." Shanggu is in the north of Juyong, and Loulan is a country in the Western Regions, outside Yumen Pass.That is to say, in this sentence, the arts and sciences are already incomprehensible, and it doesn't matter if it doesn't cut into the city of Langye. Guo Pu's Fu misunderstood Guo Pu's "Jiang Fu": "Including Han and Si, as well as Huai and Hunan." Huai and Si do not enter the river. Lu Ji's article misunderstood Lu Ji's "Ode to Emperor Han Gao's Heroes" "Hou Gongfu Shi, the emperor's wife is back." It is a mistake that does not examine history books. "Han Yi Zhu" "Emperor Gao, when the army rose, died Xiao Huang, and later built a mausoleum temple in Xiao Huang." It is known that he died first.However, the death of the Empress Dowager within ten years was due to the death of the Empress Dowager, and the text was written heavily but not deleted.Hou Gong said Yu, and Yu made an appointment with Han to divide the world.In September, it was returned to the Grand Duke and Empress Lu, and there was no emperor Wen. Words above the Spring and Autumn Period do not speak words, such as "Zuo Zhuan" "Using text to stop fighting is martial arts", "Old texts are exhausted anyway", "Using literary dish insects to be gu".And "Shi Quewen", "The Doctrine of the Mean", "Book Tongwen" and so on, without words. "Yi": "A woman's chastity is not written, ten years is the word," "Poetry": "Beef and mutton chops are written." "Book·Kang Hao": "Yu father can't use the word Juezi." "Zuo Zhuan": "The King of Music, the word is respectful, the small matter is big, and the big word is small." "Li", "Bin Zizhi", "Book of Rites."Jiao Te Sacrifice" "Crown the characters and respect their names", which is a little closer to the meaning of the characters, and it does not mean that the characters are for the sake of the characters. The use of characters as characters began in "Historical Records".The stone inscription in Langyetai of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty said: "The characters are written in the same book." The preface of "Shuowen" says: "According to pictograms, we call it Wen; when shapes and sounds complement each other, we call them characters. Letters are the foundation of objects and images, and characters are born from milk. "Zhou Li": "The name of the book in the palm of the foreign history is in the Quartet." Note cloud: "In ancient times it was called name, today it is called character." "The name of this character was established from the Qin Dynasty, and it was obvious from the Han Dynasty?" Xu's "Shuowen" preface: "These fourteen chapters, five hundred and forty parts, nine thousand three hundred and fifty-three texts, explain all one hundred and thirty-three thousand four hundred and forty-one characters." The text is called seal script, Official script is called the word.Zhang Yi's "Shang Boya Biao" "every eight thousand one hundred and fifty texts." The preface of Tang Xuandu's "Nine Classics": "All seventy-six parts, four hundred counts and one text." For more than three generations, the words and the words are not spoken.Li Si and Cheng Miao came out, and the text was reduced to characters.二汉以上，言音不言韵，周容、沈约出，音降而为韵矣。 古文古时文字不一。如汉汾阴宫鼎其盖铭曰：“汾阴供官铜鼎盖二十枚。”二十字作“十十”。鼎铭曰：“汾阴供官铜鼎二十枚。”二十字作“亍”。其未曰：“第二十三。”二十字作“廿”。一器之铭三见而三不同。自唐以往，文字日繁，不得不归一律，而古书之不复通者多矣。 说文自隶书以来，其能发明六书之指，使三代之文尚存于今日，而得以识古人制作之本者，许叔重《说文》之功为大，后之学者一点一画莫不奉之为规矩。而愚以为亦有不尽然者。且以《六经》之文，左氏、公羊、梁之传，毛苌、孔安国、郑众、马融诸儒之训，而未必尽合；况叔重生于东京之中世，所本者不过刘欲、贾逵，杜林，徐巡等十惊人之说，而以为尽得古人之意，然与否与？一也，《五经》未遇蔡邕等正定之先，传写人人各异，今其书所收率多异字，而以今经校之，则《说文》为短，又一书之中有两引而其文各异者，后之读者将何所从？二也。流传既久。岂无脱漏？即徐铉亦谓篆书湮替日久，错乱遗脱，不可悉究。今谓此书所阙者必古人所无，别指一字以当之，改经典而就《说文》，支离回互，三也。今举其一二评之。如秦、宋、薛皆国名也。“秦”从禾，以地宜禾，亦已迂矣，“宋”从木为居，“薛”从辛为罪，此何理也？《费誓》之费改为“{北米}”，训为恶米。武王“载旆”之旆改为“”，训为土。“威”为姑，也为女阴。“”为击声。“困”为故庐。“普”为日无色。此何理也？“貉”之为言恶也，视“犬”之字如画狗，“狗，叩也”，岂孔子之言乎？训“有”则曰“不宜有也”，《春秋书》“曰有食之”。训“郭”则曰“齐之郭氏善善不能迸，恶恶不能退，是以亡国”，不几于剿说而失其本指乎？“居”为法古，“用”为卜中，“童”为男有罪，“襄”为解衣耕，“吊”为人持弓会《区支》禽，“辱”为失耕时，“臾”为束缚ㄏ扌世，“罚”为持刀骂詈，“劳”为火烧门，“宰”为罪人在屋下执事，“冥”为十六日月始亏，“刑”为刀守井，不几于穿凿而远于理情乎！武空师之而制字，荆公广之而作书，不可谓非滥觞于许氏者矣，若夫训“参”为商星，此天文之不合者也；训“毫”为京兆社陵亭，此地理之不合者也。书中所引乐浪事数十条，而他经籍反多阙略，此采摭之失其当者也，今之学者能取其大而弃其小，择其是而违其非，乃可谓善学《说文》者与？《王莽传》：“'刘'之为字卯、金，刀也，正月刚卯，金刀之利，皆不得行。”又曰：“受命之日丁卯。丁，火，汉氏之德也。卯，刘姓所以为字也。”光武告天祝文引《谶记》曰：“卯金修德，为天子。”公孙述引《援神契》曰：“西太守乙卯金。”谓西方太守而乙绝卯金也。是古未尝无刘字也。魏明帝太和初，公卿奏言：“夫歌以咏德，舞以象事，于文文武为'斌'，臣等谨制乐舞名曰《章斌之舞》。”魏去叔重未远，是古未尝无“斌”字也。 《说文》原本次第不可见，今以四声列者，徐铉等所定也。切字，铉等所加也。 旁引后儒之言，如杜预、裴光远、李阳冰之类，亦铉等加也，又云：“诸家不收，今附之字韵末”者，亦铉等加也。“始”字《说文》以为“女之初”也，已不必然，而徐铉释之以“至哉坤元，万物资始”，不知经文乃是“大哉乾元，万物资始”，若用此解，必从男乃合耳。 说文长笺万历末，吴中赵凡夫宦光作《说文长笺》，将自古相传之《五经》肆意刊改，好行小慧，以求异于先儒。乃以“青青子衤今”为淫奔之诗，而谓“衤今”即“衾”字，如此类者非一。其实《四书》尚未能成诵，而引“虎兕出于柙”，误作《孟子》“虎豹出亏”然其于《六书》之指不无管窥，而适当喜新尚异之时，此书乃盛行于世。及今不辩，恐他日习非胜是，为后学之害不浅矣，故举其尤刺谬者十余条正之。 《旧唐书·文宗纪》：“开成二年，宰臣判国子监祭酒郑覃进石壁《九经》一百六十卷。”九经者，《易》、《诗》、、《三礼》、《春秋》三传，又有《孝经》、、《尔雅》、其实乃十二经。又有张参《五经文字》，唐玄度《九经字样》，皆刻之于石，今见在西安府学，凡夫乃指此为“蜀本石经”。又云：“张参《五经文字》、唐彦升《九经字样》亦附蜀本之后，但可作蜀经字法。”今此石经末有年月一行，诸臣姓名十行，大书“开成二年丁巳岁”。凡夫岂未之见而妄指为孟蜀邪？ 又云：“孙忄面《唐韵》文、殷二韵三声皆分，独上声合一；咸严、洽业二韵平入则分，上去则合。”按今《广韵》即孙忄面之遗文，殷上声之合则有之，咸严、洽业则四声并分，无并合者。 切者，两字相摩以得其音，取其切近。今改为盗窃之“窃”。于古未闻，岂凡夫所以自名其学者邪？ “瓜分”字见《史记·虞卿传》、《汉书·贾谊传》。“灶突”字见《汉书·霍光传》。今云瓜当作“瓜”，突当作“突”，然则鲍昭《芜城赋》所谓“竟瓜剖而豆分”，魏玄同疏所谓“瓜分、瓦裂者”，古人皆不识字邪？按张参《五经文字》云：“突，徒兀反。作{穴┧}者讹，” 顾野王，陈人也，而以为晋之虎头，陆龟蒙，唐人也，而以为宋之象山。王筠，梁人也，而以为晋。王禹，宋人也，而以为南朝。此真所谓不学墙面者与？“晋献帝醉，虞侍中命扶之。”按《晋书·虞啸父传》：“为孝武帝所亲爱，侍饮大醉，拜不能起。帝顾曰：'扶虞侍中。'啸父曰：'臣位未及扶，醉不及乱，非分之赐，所不敢当。'帝甚悦。”传首明有孝武帝字，引书者未曾全读，但见中间有贡献之“献”，适与“帝”字相接，遂以为献帝，而不悟晋之无献帝也。万历间人看书，不看首尾，只看中间两三行，凡夫著书之人乃犹如此！“恂”字笺：“汉宣帝讳。”而不知宣帝讳“询”，非询也。“衍”字笺：“汉平帝讳。”而不知平帝讳“衍”非衍也。 《后汉书·刘虞传》：“故吏尾敦，于路劫虞首归葬之。”引之云：“后汉尾敦路，劫刘虞首归之莽。”若以敦路为人名，而又以“葬”为“莽”，是刘幽州之首竟归之于王莽也。 《左氏成六年传》：“韩献子曰：'易觏则民愁，民愁则垫隘。'”。《说文》{执}、垫二字两引之，而一作厄者，古隘、厄二字通用也。笺乃云：“未详何出。”“野”下引《左传》“身横九野”，不知其当为“九亩”；又《梁传》之文，而非左氏也。 “鹊臭，其飞也。”此《尔雅·释鸟》文，笺乃曰：“训词未详，然非后人语。”“燕马，白州也。”本之《尔雅·释畜》“白州，燕。”注：“州，窍也。谓马之白尻者。”笺乃云：“未详，疑误。” 中国之称夏尚矣，今以为起于唐之夏州，地邻于夷，故华夷对称曰华夏。然则言“蛮夷猾夏”，《语》云“夷狄之有君，不如诸夏之亡也”，其时已有夏州乎？又按夏州本朔方郡、赫连勃勃建都于此，自号曰夏，后魏灭之，而置夏州，亦不始于唐也。 云：“唐中晚诗文始见'簿'字，前此无之。”不知孟子言“孔子先簿止祭器”，《史记·李广传》“急责广之莫府对簿”，《张汤传》“使使八辈簿责汤”，《孙宝传》“御史大夫张忠署宝主簿”，《续汉·舆服志》“每出，太仆奉驾上卤簿”，《冯异传》“光武署异为主簿”，而刘公诗已云“沈迷簿领书，回回目昏乱” “”字云：“字不见经。”若言《五经》则不载者多矣，何独字。若传记史书则此字亦非隐僻，《晋语》“被羽先升”注：“系于背，若今将军负矣。”《魏略》：“刘备性好结。”《吴志·甘宁传》：“负带铃。”梁刘孝仪《和昭明太子诗》：“山风乱采，初景丽文辕。”“祢衡为鼓吏，作《渔阳挝掺》。掺乃'操'字。”按《后汉书》：“衡方为《渔阳参挝》，蹀而前。”注引《文士传》作“渔阳参槌”。王僧孺诗云：“散度广陵音，参写渔阳曲。”自注云：“参，音七绀反。乃曲奏之名，后人添手作'掺'。”后周庚信诗：“玉阶风转急，长城雪应暗，新缓始欲缝，细锦行须，声烦，杵急《渔阳掺》。”隋炀帝诗：“今夜长城下，云昏月应暗。谁见倡楼前，心悲不成掺。”唐李颀诗：“忽然更作《渔阳掺》，黄云萧条白日暗。”正音七绀反。今以为“操”字，而又倒其文，不知汉人书操固有借作“掺”者，而非此也。“叩，京兆蓝田乡。”笺云：“地近京口，故从口。”夫蓝田乃今之西安府属，而京口则今之镇江府，此所谓风马牛不相及者。凡此书中会意之解，皆“京口”之类也。 寸，十分也。《汉书·律历志》：“一黍为一分，十分为一寸。”本无可疑，而增其文曰：“析寸为分，当言十分尺之一。”夫古人之书，岂可意为增改哉？五经古文赵古则《六书本义》序曰：“魏晋及唐能书者辈出，但点画波折，逞其姿媚，而文字破碎，然犹赖《六经》之篆未易。至天宝间，诏以隶法写《六经》，于是其道尽废。”以愚考之，其说殆不然。按《汉书·艺文志》曰：“《尚书》古文经四十六卷。”又曰：“《孝经》古孔氏一篇，皆出孔氏壁中。”又曰：“有中古文。”而不言其所出。又曰：“《礼》古经五十六卷，《春秋》古经十二篇，古二十一篇。”但言古，不言文。而赤眉之乱，则已焚烧无遗，《后汉书·杜林传》曰：“林前于西州得漆书古文《尚书》一卷，常宝爱之，虽遭艰困，握持不离身。出以示卫宏、徐巡曰：'林流离兵乱，常恐斯经将绝，何意东海卫子，济南徐生复能传之，是道竟不坠于地也，古文虽不合时务。然愿诸生无悔所学。'宏、巡益重之，于是古文遂行。”是东京古文之传惟《尚书》而已。《晋书·卫恒传》言：“魏初传古文者，出于邯郸淳。至正始中，立三字石经，转失淳法，因科斗之名，遂效其形。”未知所立几经。而唐初魏徵等作《隋书·经籍志》，但有三字石经《尚书》五卷，三字石经《春秋》三卷，则他经亦不存矣。《册府元龟》：“唐玄宗天宝三载，诏曰：'朕钦惟载籍，讨论坟典，以为先王令范，莫越于唐虞；上古遗书，实称于训诰。虽百篇奥义，前代或亡；而六体奇文，旧规犹在。但以古先所制，有异于当今；传写浸讹，有疑于后学，永言刊革，必在从宜，'”《尚书》应是古体文字，并依今字缮写施行，其旧本乃藏之书府。是玄宗所改亦止于古文《尚书》，而不闻有他经也。夫诸经古文之亡，其已久矣。今谓《五经》皆有古文，而玄宗改之以今，岂其然乎？ 孔安国序曰：“科斗书废已久，时人无能知者。以所闻伏生之书考论文义，定其可知者为隶古定，更以竹简写之。”是则西汉之时所云古文者，不过隶书之近古，而共王所得科斗文字久已不传；玄宗所谓六体奇文，盖正始之书法也。 宋晁公武《古文尚书》序曰：“余抵少城，作《石经考异》之余，因得此古文全篇于学宫，乃延士张{卣火}，仿吕氏所镂本书，丹刻诸石。方将配《孝经》、《周易》经文之古者，附于石经之列。”今