Chapter 23 volume twenty

Non-San Gong shall not be called public "Gongyang Zhuan" says: "The three princes of the emperor are called the princes, and the queen is called the prince." The three princes of the emperor are the princes, Zhou Gong, Zhao Gong, Bi Gong, Mao Gong, and Su Gong are also the same.After the king is called the public, so is Song Gong.Du's "Tong Dian" said: "The Zhou system is not after the two kings. The princes of the countries have no princes. In the Spring and Autumn Period, there are Yu Gong and Zhou Gong. The ear is not the canonical system of the Zhou Dynasty. After moving to the East, the princes of all countries have assumed the title of Gong." The master wrote "Spring and Autumn" and wrote it in a book, whether it was Gong or not.If birth is unfair, burial will be public; if other countries are unfair, Lu will be public. Therefore, the affairs of the emperor and the rituals of people and ministers are written in the book, and the great law of the world is revealed.In the west of the Han Dynasty, there are seven princes and five princes, while Guangwu has three princes, such as Deng Gongyu, Wu Gonghan, Fu Gongzhan, Song Gonghong, Fifth Gonglun, Mou Gongrong, Yuan Gongan, Li Gonggu, Chen Gongchong, Qiao Gongxuan, Liu Gongchong, Cui Gonglie, Hu Gongguang, Wang Gong, Yang Gongbiao, Gou Gongshuang, Huangfu Gongsong, Dong Gongzhuo, and Cao Gongcao, if they were not among the three princes, there would be no writers: Zhuge Gongliang of Han Dynasty, Sima Gongyi of Wei Dynasty in "Three Kingdoms" Wu Zhi Zhang Gongzhao, Gu Gongyong, Lu Gongxun, "Book of Jin" if Wei Gong, Zhang Gonghua, Wang Gongdao, Yu Gongliang, Tao Gongkan, Xie Gongan, Huan Gongwen, Liu Gongyu, etc., are not among the three princes, then There is no one who has a book.As far as the Tang Dynasty is concerned, it is not necessary for all officials to respect officials.Almost today, everyone can call the essay of ambition.Wow, how indiscriminate!How hypocritical!

"Da Ya Gu Gong Zhi Fu" notes: "The ministers of the princes call the king the king." Bihou Yudong. "The public is called the people of Lu; the marquis is the lord of the Zhou family. "Qin's Oath": "The Lord said: I will not listen to my scholars." Husband's "Qin's Oath" book "Gong" is not different from the "Spring and Autumn" book "Qin Bo"?Said: "Spring and Autumn" is based on the name of Taoism, and the son of heaven in the fifth-class title book is not allowed to be wrong.If "Qin Oath" is a book of his own country, Confucius is only because of his old writing. "The charming son of the public follows the public and hunts." It is also a poem of the Qin people.

After King Ping, the feudal lords were collectively referred to as the public, but there were those who did not need to specialize in their own country. The poem "Shuoren" said: "Tan Gong protects the private." The words of Zheng Zhuanggong in "Zuo Zhuan" said: "No Ning, Xu Gong, and return to his community. " In the heyday of the Zhou Dynasty, there was also the title of Qungong, which can be seen in King Kang Zhihao and the poem "Yun Han". "Zuo Zhuan" has no books from Wang Qing to outsiders, but Chu has them. The king has already become the king, and the ministers are also potential to be the king. "Xuan Eleven Years" said that "all princes and counties celebrate widows" .Legend has it that Jigong, Xigong, Shengong, Yungong, Caigong, Xigong, Shanggong, and Qisigong merged with China, and Baigong bordered Wu. Gai respected his name and emphasized Bianyi.However, Qin had Gong Ji, and the official lost his name. "During the Chu and Han Dynasties, there were Duke Xi, Duke Qi, Duke Zhe, Duke Xue, Duke Tan, Duke Xiao, Duke Chen, Duke Wei, Duke Liu, and Duke Fang Yu. Gaozu was called Peigong at the beginning, and Taishang Emperor's father was called Fenggong. They were all Chu. The name of the legacy. The county is also the public.

Those who lose their names and are public, "Historical Records of Qin Shihuang" Hou Gong, "Xiang Yu Ji" Cong Gong and Hou Gong, "Gaozu Ji" Shanfu Lu Gong, Xincheng Sanlao Dong Gong, "Xiaowen Ji" Taicang Ling Chunyu Gong, "Tianguan Shu" Gan Gong, "Feng Chan Shu" Shen Gong, Qi Ren Ding Gong, "Cao Xiangguo Family" Jiaoxi Gai Gong, "Liuhou Family" Dongyuan Gong, Xia Huang Gong, "Ranghou Biography" His guest Song Gong, Mao Gong and Xue Gong in "Xinling Jun Biography", Henan Shou Wu Gong in "Jia Sheng Biography", Xie Gong, a doctor in "Zhang Ao Biography", Yin Xue Gong, the former Chu Ling in "Tattoo Biography", and "Ji Bu Biography" "Mother and younger brother Ding Gong, "Chao Cuo Zhuan" the servant She Deng Gong, "Zheng Shi Biography" Xia わ Zhai Gong, "The Cool Official Biography" Dong Shousheng Tu Gong, "Huo Zhi Biography" Zhu Gong, Ren Gong, "Han Shu Gao Di Ji" Zhong Gong, "Yi Wen Zhi" Cai Gong, Mao Gong, Yue Ren Dou Gong, Huang Gong, Mao Gong, Huang Gong, "Zhang Er Chen Yu Biography", Fan Yangling Xu Gong, Gan Gong, "Liu Yu Biography" Lu Guohuan Duke, Zhao Guoguan Duke, "Zhou Chang Biography" Zhao Ren Fang Yugong, "Wu Five Sons Biography" Xiaqiu Jianggong, "Wang Bao Biography" Jiujiang Beigong, "Yu Dingguo Biography" his father Yu Gong, "Zhai Fangjin Biography" Fang Jin Father Zhai Gong, Xu Gong, Dr. Jiang Gong, Shi Zigong, Zichuan Ren Gong, Hao Xinggong in "The Legend of the Scholars", the late Lu Gong and Maoling Shouling Yin Gong in "The Legend of You Xia" all lost their names. And the public is like Zheng Jun and Lu Sheng.In the "Records" of this dynasty, the father of Empress Xiaoci Gao also didn't know his name, so he called Ma Gong, which is a queer text in history, not an authentic book.

As the great historian, Sima Qian called his father Tan, so he respects and publicizes him. There is someone who respects the old and is a man. In "Warring States Policy", Meng Changjun asked: "Does Feng Gong have any relatives?" "Hanshu Gouwei Zhi" "Zhaozhong Dafu Baigong", Shi Gu said: "Gai Xiang is called the old man." "Xiang Ji Zhuan" "Nan Gongfu", piously said "the old man in the south." "Sui Hong Zhuan ""Dongping Yinggong", Shigu said: "The name of the elder." Everyone calls Chenggong." "Dialect": "Everyone respects the old, Zhou, Jin, Qin, and Long are called the Duke." "Jin Shu Le Zhi": "Xiang Bo said in Xiangzhuang: 'Grand Mo, the ancients call each other Said Gong.'"

"Han Shu He Wu Chuan": "The name is Fan Sui, not a virtuous man." As a Situ, he told the guests: "I am now a public servant, and I am Cao Chang's servant." "Wei Zhi Wang Can Biography": Cai Yong heard that Can was at the door, and greeted him with his clogs, saying: "This king is also a grandson." "Book Chen Qian Biography": He said to his father: "The lord is a sage, the adults and ministers, if you don't agree with me today, you just don't want to be a public ear." "Shu knew that he should be a public servant. "Biography of Lu Ye": Every time my brother called me: "My family has no shortage of lords." , Suddenly there were hundreds of riders, and when they saw their ancestors dismounted, they said: "Here is the Lord." Is it public?" Answer: "This is a member of the Sansi." Knowing the human language before the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Sangong must be called the public. "Zhou Shu Yao Sengyuan Biography": Emperor Xuan calmly called Sengyuan and said: "I heard that the first emperor called the public Yao Gong, is there such a thing?" "This is a speech that honors the teeth, not the title of a noble. I will build a family for the public and build a family for my descendants." He was granted the title of Changshou County Duke, with a thousand households in the town.

Kong Rong told Gaomi County to set up a township for Zhengxuan, called Zhenggong Township.Those who think of the public, the name of benevolence and virtue, do not need to be a doctor of three things.This is the song said.According to his citations, all history has lost its name, and Tai Shigong is also the speech of father and son. "Warring States Policy": "Chen Zhen generaled Wei, and his son Chen Ying stopped his father's trip." "Historical Records Liuhou Family": "I am only a son who is not enough to send, and the father is his own ear." This all means that the father is the father. "Song Shu Yan Yanzhi Biography": "He Yan Road Zhongyao Hu Yanzhi said: "Yan Gongyanzhi. "Answered: "The body is not the position of the three lords, nor the lord of the farmhouse, nor the grandfather of the monarch's family. Why do you see him as a lord? " "Northern Qi Book Xu Zhicai Biography": Zheng Daoyu tasted the talent of opera as a teacher, and the talent said: "As both your teacher and your father, in the meaning of the three, he is the second." "

Lu Yun's "Grandfather's Biography" said "Wu Prime Minister Lu Gong", and the biography said "In February of the eighth year of Wei Chiwu, Yueyimao, Wu's envoy Chijie Yingzhou Muzuodu protects the prime minister Jiangling County Hou Lugong"; Sanqi often served Lord Lu Fu", and Yi said "in the fifth year of Weitaikang, in the summer and April of Bingshen, old Sanqi often served Lu Jun of Wu County and died".Wang Shen sacrificed to his father and said, "Be filial to Shen Ganzhao and tell Lie Kao Dongjun Jun".Zhang Shuo made his father's "Gift to Danzhou Governor's Epitaph of the Xianfu Lord", and every title must be "Jun".However, although one's own ancestors are not all called public, the ancients were cautious about dividing them.

"Historical Records Chao Cuo Biography": Cuo's father came from Yingchuan, saying that Cuo said: "At the beginning of the reign, the public was in charge of politics, invaded and exploited the princes, and most people complained about the public." It is the father who calls the son the public.Xu Fuyuan said: "The imperial censor is also the third lord. The wrong father called the wrong lord, so he called him an official." There are also those who call the public in the Samana, and they must be crowned with their names.Shen Gong, Fa Shen Ye; Lin Gong, Daolin Ye; Yuan Gong, Hui Yuan Ye; Sheng Gong, Dao Sheng Ye; You Gong, Dao You Ye; Long Gong, Hui Long Ye; Zhi Gong, Bao Zhi Ye; Cheng Gong, Fotucheng Ye; An Gong, Dao An Ye; Shi Gong, Kumarajiva.People at that time hated to denounce his name directly, so they added the word "Gong". The monks below Liang and Chen had characters, but the characters of people and characters were no longer public.

"Song History" Feng Ji refuted Song Yongchen's "Posthumous Discussion" and said: "Anyone who is called a public must be a senior minister and a virtuous person from the township party. The ancients were not named after Jiazi "Erya" said: "From Jia to Gui is ten days, and the sun is Yang; from Yin to Chou, it is twelve days. Chen is Yin." These twenty-two names were used by the ancients to record the day, not the age.Sui has its own name from Yanfeng to Zhaoyang, which is ten years old, and from Shetige to Chifenruo, which is twelve years old.Later generations call Jiazi year and Guihai year old, which is not ancient.Before the Han Dynasty, there was no false borrowing at the beginning.

"Historical Records" is the first year of Taichu, and the name of the year is Yanfeng Shetige.The name of the month is gathered.The sun is good.Midnight, Shuo Dan, Winter Solstice.It is so clear.If "Lu's Spring and Autumn Preface": "In the eighth year of Wei Qin, the year is in the beach, and the autumn is in Jiazi." Gather your homes." Xu's "Shuowen" later narrated: "Yue was in the year of Yongyuan Gudun, the moon of Yuzuo, and Shuori Jiazi." It is also evidence that they all use the names of Suiyang and Suiyang, which are not the same as the sun. "Song of Sacrifice in the Suburbs of the Han Dynasty": "Tianma Lai, hold Xu Shi." It is said that in the fourth year of Emperor Wu Taichu, at the age of Gengchen, he also killed Dawan.Since the study of Confucian classics has been declining, people have become more and more simple, so they replaced it from Jiazi to Guihai. The Master said: "The goblet is not the goblet." Song Liushu's "Tongjian Waiji Catalogue Preface" said: "Before and after Paoxi caught King Li of Zhou, he suspected that his age was ignorant, so he borrowed the name Jiazi from the day to remember him."When did it begin?Since the death of a new beginning also.Wang Mang wrote a letter saying that the first five years of the founding of the country, the age of the birthday, filled in the Mingtang, Canglong Guiyou, virtue in the palace.It is also said that Tianfeng was seven years old, aged in Daliang, and Canglong Gengchen.Jue next year, the age is really heavy, and Canglong Xin has already. "Sui Shu Lv Li Zhi": "Wang Mang's "Bronze Quan Ming" said: "The age is in Daliang, and the dragon gathers Wuchen. "He also said: "The dragon is already there, and the age is really heavy." Gou Yue's "Han Ji" said "the first year of the Han Dynasty, Shiyi has not yet", "Cao'e Stele" also said "the first year of Yuanjia, Qinglong was in Xinmao", "Shu County Bridge Building Stele" said: "Weiyan Xilong In Jiachen", and Zhang Jiao falsely said, "The sky is dead, and the yellow sky should be established. The age is Jiazi, and the world will be auspicious". Jiazi is used as the name of the year. Although it has been used since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the imperial edicts and talismans of that time have not been used properly. The name of the year must be the first year and the second year. Haige, Gengxu system, Wang Wubing and the like are all Japanese.However, Wang Shangshu said in "Book of Jin": "The minister regards Wang Shensui as the internal history of Poyang".According to Emperor Huai, Xin Wei was ruled by Liu Cong in the fifth year of Yongjia, and Emperor Min ascended the throne in Guiyou, the first year of Jianxing.The people of later generations followed suit for no great reason, no. Since the Three Kingdoms came to power, the sky was divided into two parts, and then the literati gave up their year titles and called them Jiazi.Wei Chengxiao presented a poem to Fu Xiuyi: "The dragon gathers in the armor, and grows old at four o'clock." Jin Zhanghua's "Ode to Marriage": "Fang is now in Jisi, and he will be the next fourth." Lu Ji's "Min Huai Prince诔": "Dragon sets Gengxu, the sun and the moon change." Tao Qian's "Jie Congdi Jingyuan Wen": "The year is in Xinhai, and the moon is only Zhongqiu." "Later Zhou Gengxin's "Ode to the South of the Yangtze River": "Yue is the year of Wuchen, the month of Jianhai." Liang Tao lived in seclusion, and "Zhengao" also wrote "Jimao".As far as Du Yu's "Zuo Zhuan Collection and Interpretation Post-Preface", it is traced that Wei Ai Wang was twenty years old, and Wang Xu was the eldest. During the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin Dynasty, Du Song of Lujiang wrote "Prince Spring and Autumn".Renzi, in the second year of Yuankang, the year when Empress Jia killed Empress Dowager Yang in Jintang City. In the Tang Dynasty, there were people who used Yushu instead of titles.Menri Tang Book Etiquette Records said: "Please take the April day of Jimao in the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan, the day of October in the year of Xinji, the day of April in the year of Jiashen, and the day of October in the year of Bingxu; In the fourth month of the Chou year, it will be Di, and in the October of the Xinmao year, it will be again." Qi Xin has not spoken about a certain year in Kaiyuan.Also "Bo Gu Tu" contains "Tang Jianming" which says: "Wu De five years, the year of Wang Wu, August 15th, Jia Zi, Yangzhou General Manager's Mansion built a bronze mirror, as a tribute to Yuanzheng in the year of Gui Wei." It is also not to mention that those who have been in the sixth year of Wude have changed their year names many times at that time.This lesson has the difference between the official script and the Yu script, and it is also a variation. The essays of historians must use the sun as the month and the month as the year.Zhong Ding's essays are not always the case, there are many who have the moon but not the year, and the sun but not the moon. The text of "Shang Mu Yi You" says: "Bing Yin, Wang Xibei Peng used as Mu Yi Yi." "Bo Gu Tu" says that the founding of the Shang Dynasty began in Gengxu, and there was Bingyin in the 16th year, and it was chiseled in the third year of Zhongren's accession to the throne.Isn't it the ancients who are fascinated by later generations who name their years with Jiazi and want to add them? In the world of "Spring and Autumn", all countries record their own years.It is said in words, or it is not easy to understand when it is involved in each other, and there are those who cite the major events of their years as words.If it is said that "you will be born in Sha, you will be old", "Uncle Zhong Huibo will become a son at the age of Chengkuang", "the age when you cast the punishment book", "the age when Jin and Han Xuanyu became a government, and was hired by the princes" are also true.In terms of age stars, if you say "Sui Wu and Quail Fire", "Sui and Daliang", "Sui and Na Zi's mouth".From the words of later generations, why not call it Jiaziye and Guihaiye, knowing that the ancients did not use it to measure the age. "Great Ancestor Records" has been written on Ganzhi since the first year of Wu, which does not conform to the ancient law.At that time, the great ancestor was actually named King Xiaoming of Song Dynasty, so it is said that he should be a dragon and a phoenix.According to the "Historical Records", the beginning of Gaodi is not called the first year of King Huai of Chu, but the second year and third year of Qin Dynasty.In addition, the text of the "Chuzhou Longtan Monument" made by the Taizu said: "The emperor of the late Yuan Dynasty has been in Zhengzheng for four years", which means that the world at that time was still the world of Yuan Dynasty, and the book was upright, just in line with the example of "Historical Records" writing Qin.There is also a concurrent book, "Han Shu Gongchen Hou Biao Preface": "Han Xing, since the autumn of the first year of Qin II, the age of Chu and Chen" is also true. The historian's method of tracing the moon and the sun Or say: "'The age of casting the "Book of Criminal Justice" is true, and it says: "Qi Yanping's moon" is also called "Qi Mingyue", so why don't you just say the first month and the second month?" Said: This The writing of official historians is meticulous; there are official records and follow-up records in historical writing.It said: "The first month of the king of spring, cum Qiping." "February Wuwu, allied with Confucianism."This is called "Qi Yanping's moon. Wang Yin, Gongsun Duan died. In the bright moon, the son gave birth to Gongsun Xie and Liangzhi to caress him." Chasing records also.Chasing the record and then talking about the first month and the second month, it seems that there are two first months and the second month in one year old, so I changed the text and said it.The secrets of ancient history and law. "Zuo Zhuan" has more than this, such as "The Six Years of Xiang Gong": Zheng Ziguo's coming to hire.In April, Yan weakened the city of Dongyang and surrounded Lai.Jiayin, Miaozhi, around the city, Fu Yuspy.And the month of Duke Huan's death.In Yiwei, Wang Qiu's commander-in-chief and Zhengyu Zitang's army led Qi's army, and Qi's army was defeated.Ding Wei entered Lai, and Lai Gonggong Furou ran to Tang, Zheng Yuzi, Wang Shu ran to Ju, and the Ju people killed him.In April, Chen Wuzi presented Lai Zong artifacts to Xiang Palace.Yan Ruo surrounds Tang.In November Bingchen, it will be destroyed. "Seven Years Biography": Zheng Xigong is also the prince, and he was promoted to Zihan in the 16th year of Chengzhi, so he was not polite.It is also impolite to be suitable for Chu with Zifeng.In the first year of his reign, when the dynasty was in Jin, Zifeng wanted to resort to Jin and abolish it, but Yu Han stopped it. "Nineteen Years Biography": In April Dingwei, Zheng Gongsun died.Went to the doctor of Jin, "Twenty-five Years Biography": I will meet at the age of Yiyi, and the people of Qi will be in the city.In May, Qin and Jin became successful. "Twenty-six Years Biography": The year of Qi people's city Jia, its summer, Qi Wuyu rushed to Jin Dynasty with Linqiu. "Thirty-one Year Biography": The month of the public's death, Zheng Bo, the production minister, was like Jin. "Biography of the Seventh Year of Zhaogong": Master Qi returned from the month of Yan, and Hanshuo killed Han.Also Jin Hanxuanzi was in charge of politics and was hired by the princes at the age of 2. Zhou and Zhou conjoined and gave birth to a son named Yen.All chasing records.Another example is "Shu Jin": "Since the two years of conquering Shang, the king has a disease, and Fu Yu." It is also chasing records. Historians don't have to order the month and day Occupying people to make history, taking the affiliation of the matter, regardless of the month and day, so there are chasing books and competing books. "The Sixteen Years of Zuo Zhuan Chenggong" The Battle of Yanling, the first book is Jiawu Hui, and the second book is Guiji.Jiawu is the official book, while Guiji is the follow-up book because of future events. "The Thirteenth Year of Zhaogong" Pingqiu's alliance, first sweep Jiaxu, and then write Guiyou.Jia became the official book, while Guiyou chased the book because of the funeral. "The Thirteenth Year of Zhaogong" The murder of King Ling of Chu, the first book is May Guihai, and the second book is Yimao and Bingchen.Yimao and Bingchen are official books, while Guihai in May is written because of previous events. Gai Shijia's writings are often read by the moon and the sun, and things cannot be linked together, so the ancients established this variation. There are those who write first to start an incident. "Tongjian" in November of the ninth year of Emperor Wenzong of Tang Dynasty, the first book is Wuchen of the month, and Wang Shoucheng was buried in Hushui, before Renxu and Guihai. heavy book day "The Twelve Years of Duke Huan of the Spring and Autumn Period" book: "Bingxu, Zheng Bo of the guild, allied with Father Wu." "Bingxu, Marquis of Wei and Jin died."Those who write to the public first, first internally and then externally.Later generations write history, and if they write again every day, they say "it's the day". The ancients must use the sun and the moon to link the year From the Spring and Autumn Annals onwards, the recorded texts must use the sun to refer to the month, the moon to refer to the time, and the time to refer to the year. This is also the common law of historians. "Historical Records Wu Zixu Biography": "Jimao, King Chu Zhao fled." "Gengchen, King Wu came from Ying." "Assassin's Biography": "Bingzi in April, the soldiers of the photovoltaic army are in the cave." It is not the year but the month, and the historians have also changed.Gai Er's incident has been seen in Wu and Chu's "Aristocratic Family", so his writing follows the province. "Songs of the Chu" "She mentioned Zhen in Meng Zousi, and Wei Geng Yin Wu descended." She Ti, Sui Ye; Meng Zou, Yue Ye; Geng Yin, Sun Ye.Qu Zi was born on the Yin day of the Yin month and the Geng Yin day in the Yin year.Wang Yi's "Zhangju" said: "Tai Sui took Tige on Yin Day. Meng, Shiye. The first month is Zou. It is said that Tai Sui was born on the day of Geng Yin, the day of Geng Yin, the first month of Yin and the beginning of spring." That's right.Or it is called Sheti, the name of a star. The so-called straight dipper in "Tianguan Shu" refers to those who build seasons, which is not true.How can anyone who tells himself the birth date of his lineage does not say the year but the month and day. There is no day in ancient times divided into twelve o'clock In ancient times, there was no such thing as dividing a day into twelve hours. "Hong Fan" talks about the years and days, not the time. "Zhou Li Feng Xiangshi" Zhang Shi has two years old, ten has two months, ten has two hours, ten days and twenty have eight star positions, not to mention the time.Qu Zi prefaced his birth date, which was not timely.Lu Cai's "Book of Lu Ming" also only stated the year, month and day, which was not timely. The past doesn't matter when.When it comes to time, it is like the "four seasons" in "Yao Dian", and the "three seasons" in "Zuo Shi Zhuan" are spring, summer, autumn and winter.Therefore, Shi Wenbo, to the Marquis of Jin, referred to the six things as year, hour, sun, moon, star, and chen. "Xunzi" said: "Accumulation is small, the moon cannot surpass the sun, the time cannot surpass the moon, and the years cannot surpass the time." It is also called spring, summer, autumn and winter.Since the Han Dynasty, the calendar has become more and more dense, so a day is divided into twelve o'clock.I don't know who started it, but it is still in use today. Those who divide the time in a day are called Rizhong, Dayri, and Riji, which can be seen in "Yi"; "Hun", said "Xi", said "Xiao", found in "Poetry"; "Xi Shi", said "chicken crowing", said "Dan", said "Zhengming", said "Da Ting", said "Yan Chao", said "Hun", said "Sunrise", said "Sunrise". ", said "see the sun", said "catch the sun", found in "Li"; "Day enters", it is called "night", and it is called "in the night".Seen in "Chunqiu Zhuan", it is called "Chao", the day is "Twilight", and it is called "Twilight", and it is found in "Chu Ci".Ji Zhou used the day, "Historical Records Xiang Yu Jiren Xiang Wangnai attacked the Han army from Xiaochen in the west, and went as far as Pengcheng in the east, and defeated the Han army in Japan and China. "Lv Hou Ji": In August, Geng Shendan, Pingyang Hou met the Prime Minister to make plans for domestic affairs, and when the sun fell, he gave birth. "Huainan Wang'an Biography": Once the marsh is received, the solar eclipse will go up, "Hanshu Wuxing Zhiren will eclipse at noon, from the northeast, and return when half-feeding; when feeding, the eclipse will come from the northwest, and return at sunset. "Wu Wuzi Changyi King Biography": Before the end of the night leak, the book was issued with fire.Hefa in the middle of the day, and Dingtao in the evening, "Dongfang Shuo Zhuan": Traveling slightly, it will come out after ten quarters of the night, once Mingren is at the foot of the mountain, and Ji Ye uses stars. "Heaven", "Three stars are in the corner", "Three stars are in the house", and "Chunqiu Zhuan" said "Down in Louzhong and Dan".If you don't distinguish the stars, then you can say that the night is "in the middle of the night" or "midnight", and it is also called "the morning of the night".It is not clear to divide the nights, so there are five parts of the nights, namely A, B, C, D, and E. Note on "Zhou Ye Shi" in "Zhou Li Si Mei Shi": "Night time means early night, if today A B to E." We also wrote "The Biography of the Western Regions" Du Yin said: "The scouts are five points, and the night is attacked by Diao Dou." , Yi Ye; June 1898, Jia Ye." "Three Kingdoms Cao Shuang Biography": "From Jiaye to Wugu, Shuang threw his sword to the ground." "Book of Jin Zhao Shanglun Biography": "On April 3rd, Bingye will be raised, and the sound of drums will be the answer." Yes, five points The night is unknown, so some people missed a few moments. "Five Elements": "The morning leak is not finished for three quarters, and we will see it again in two months." It is also said: "The four and a half quarters of the leak are quite bright." "Etiquette": "The night leak is not finished for seven quarters, and the clock Congratulations." "Dongfang Shuo Zhuan": "Traveling lightly at night, the leak goes out to the west ten times." It collapsed in a moment." He also said: "In the fifth moment of Yelou, Chi'er and Shun met at the east gate of Yemen." This is true from the "History of the North and the South" and above.Therefore, "Su Wen" said: "One day and one night, five-tenths." Eyes too." Only the "Almanac" says: "Chicken No. 3 died in Ming, and the 12th Festival died in Chou", but the following says: "Shuo Dan Winter Solstice is Zhengbei", and it says "Zhengbei Zhengxi Zhengnan Zhengdong ", don't speak bluntly about Zixi Wumao. "Han Shu Wu Xing Zhi" says "the day adds to the time", and also says "the time adds to the end", and "Yi Feng Zhuan" says "the day adds Shen", and also says "the time adds Mao". "Wang Mang Biography": "Tian Wenlang presses ┉ in front, adds a certain day and time, and sits on the Mangxuan seat with the handle." And "Wuyue Spring and Autumn" also says: "Today's Jiazi, the time is added to Si." "Gu Tiao Jing" "There are also words about Jiamao and Jiaxi.If it is a chronicle, it is useless. "Zuo Shi Zhuan": "Bu Chuqiu said: 'There are tens of days, so there are ten o'clock.'" Du Yuankai's annotation thinks that at twelve o'clock, although there are no eyes for the twelve branches, but the middle of the day and night are the so-called sons today. Yeh, cock crowing is Chou Ye, Ping Dan is Yin Ye, sunrise is Mao Ye, eating time is Chen Ye, corner is Si Ye, noon is noon, sun is missing, Wei Ye is late, evening is Shen Ye, and day is The one who enters is Baiye, the one who enters is Xuye, and the one who is settled is Haiye.A day is divided into twelve, and it was first seen here. The "Historical Records of Tianguan Shu" said: "When you eat at dawn, you eat when you eat, when you eat, you lose, when you eat, you lose, when you eat, when you eat, when you eat, when you eat, when you eat, when you eat, when you eat, when you eat, when you eat, when you eat, when you eat, when you eat, when you eat, when you eat, when you eat, when you eat, when you eat." In Su Wen’s Theory on the Method of Tibetan Qi, it is said that it is "Midnight", "Pingdan", "Sunrise", "Sunzhong", and "Sunshi". It is called "Xiafu". "Wuyue Chunqiu" has a "Time plus sunrise", "time plus cock crowing", "time plus sun loss", "time plus Yuzhong", these twelve names have existed in ancient times. "Historical Records Xiaojing Ji": "May Bingxu, Earthquake.When the fleas eat, they move again. ""Han Shu Wu Wuzi Guangling King Jin Biography": "Play the wine until the cock crows." "The Biography of Wang Mang": "The crowing of the rooster is the time." " "The Biography of Kui Xiao in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty": "When it was dark, it collapsed." "The Biography of King Wu of Qi": "When it's time to eat, give Chen Kui." "The Biography of Geng Sheng": "People are scheduled, and Buguo leads away." ""Laishe Biography": "After the minister and the night were settled, why were they injured by thieves?" " "Biography of Dou Wu": "From Dan to Shishi, the soldiers are almost exhausted." " "Huangfu Song Biography": "At night, the soldiers are reined in, the cock crows, and they gallop to Chen."When the war came to feed, it was broken. "" Jin Shu Dai Yang Biography": "In April of the first year of Yongchang, Gengchen, in Yuzhong, there was a strong wind from the southeast, breaking the wood. "Song Shu Fu Ruizhi": "On September 10, the first year of Yankang, at dusk, there was a lunar eclipse, and Ying was confused."When people are scheduled, Yinghuo leaves the barracks and stays in Yulin. "All use these twelve o'clock. "Huainanzi" "When the sun rises from Yanggu, bathes in Xianchi, and blows on Fusang, it is called dawn. When it climbs on Fusang, love begins to go, it is called Fuming. As for Qu'a, it is called Chaoming. Come to Zeng Quan is called breakfast food. Second to Sangye is called banquet. When reaching Hengyang, it is called Yuzhong. For Kunwu, it is called Zhongzhong. When it is in the middle of Niaoci, it is called Xiaoqian. As for the Valley of Sadness, it is called Xiaoqian. Late time. Going back to Nuji, it’s called Daqian. Passing through Quanyu, it’s called Gaochun. Stopping at Lianshi, it’s called Xiachun. Love stops envy and peace, and rests on Liuchi, it’s called Xuanche. Thin in Yu Yuquan is dusk. Yu in Menggu is called Dinghun." According to this, the time from dawn to Dingdu is fifteen o'clock, and Bu Chubu thinks it is ten o'clock.I don't know who decided the so-called twelve o'clock today. In "Su Wen", there are those who say that the year is Jiazi, and those who say that it is Yinshi, both of which were forged by later generations. New Year's Day Today people call it the day, and many people call it the day.The Japanese, the first and second grades of junior high school and so on.Sons, such as Jiazi and Yichou. "Zhou Li Zhi Nei" notes: "If you talk about a certain month and a certain day, a certain Jia's edict, or talk about Jia, or talk about son, one." "Selected Works.In Chen Linxi Wu Jiang's School Quwen "Nianyueshuo Days", Li Zhouhan's note: "Days are also when the Xiexi is issued." The Han people did not call the middle of the night as Zishi, and it was a mistake. , must talk about the first few days of Shuo, and it is related to the stems and branches, so it is called the day of Shuo.For example, Lu Xiangying's "Confucius Temple Stele" says: "Bingzishuo in March of the third year of Yuanjia, Wang Yin on the seventh day of Gansu", and "Jiachenshuo in June of the first year of Yongxing, Xinyou on the 18th".Shi Chen's "Confucius Temple Stele" says "Guimaoshuo in March of the second year of Jianning, Jiyou on the seventh day".Fan Yi's "Min Ren Rent Monument under Fuhua" says "Gengwushuo in December of the second year of Guanghe, and Renwu on the 13th. "Spring and Autumn" is also in Shuo Yan Shuo, in Hui Yan Hui, and the texts of "Pang Shi Po" and "Zai Sheng Ming" can be seen in "Shang Shu", and there are some people who write both at the same time. "Song Shuli Zhi" "Jiazi on the first day of the new year, and the Minister orders a certain Jiaxia", this is also a style of transferring the ancient text, Chen Lin's prose but saves the word "Jia". "Southern History": "Liu Zhilin, Zhang Yan and others participated in the school's ancient book "Hanshu", which said that May 21st in the 16th year of Yongping was unitary, Lang Bangu, but there is no date, month, and date in the current book." "Book" Yuan Chong said in the above table: "The Yuan of Baoli was changed to Yuan Renshou, and the years and days are still at the time of Christmas." There are twelve at that time, but they are called "Zi", and there are sixty stems and branches, but they are called "Jiazi". The writings of the Han people are those who have to rewrite the book for a day after the first day of the new moon.According to the "Mianzhu River Weir Monument", Shen Zi, the prefect of Guanghan, said: "Xinyoushuo in May in the fifth year of Jiaping, and Xinyou on a day." One day Bingyin." This is complicated and useless, not as simple as later generations. The year number should be a factual book The theory of orthodoxy began with Xi chiseled teeth, but it was only the ears of the emperor Han and the pseudo-Wei and Wu countries.Since the publication of the chronicle book, it is suspected that there is no way to know the year name, and the theory is divided.The husband's year name is not related to Zhengshuo, so the forty-ninth year of King Ping of Zhou, and Confucius wrote it as the first year of Duke Yin of Lu. Therefore, it is also the first year.If Jin's "Cheng" exists, it must be regarded as the second year of Ehou.Chu's "Jian 杌" exists, so it must be regarded as the nineteenth year of King Wu.Look at "Zuo Zhuan Wengong Seventeen Years": Zheng Zijia and Jin Han Xuanzi wrote: "The widow has been on the throne for three years", and the following words are "twelve years", "fourteen years" and "fifteen years". It is also the year of the country. In "The Twenty-Two Years of Duke Xiang", Shaozheng Gongsun Qiao said to Jin's speech: "In the ninth year of Jin's ancestor's mourning, my widow ascended the throne." , then the two are called the year of the country, so like "Three Kingdoms", the biography of the Han people uses the name of the Han Dynasty, the biography of the Wei people uses the name of the Wei Dynasty, and the biography of the Wu people uses the name of the Wu Dynasty.Push the Northern and Southern Dynasties.The Five Dynasties, the Liao Dynasty, and the Jin Dynasty each used their own year names, which is called being honest.Moreover, Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, and Ban Gu wrote the biography. The titles of Yushi Jianguo, Tianfeng, and Dihuang were all used to record the years, and Gai had to use them to record the years.When later generations wrote books, they took chronology as a major event, and the study of the world was sparse. "Chunqiu Zhuan" is also useful for those who lived in other countries.In the second year of Duke Xiang of Qi, Sou Yan concealed his attack on Qi, and wrote the note: "The sixteenth year of Duke Huan of Lu." In the fourth year of Xi Zhi, Zi Ran died; year, the sixth year of Lu Xiang, the first year of Zheng Jian, and the eighth year of Lu Xiang." In the Han Dynasty, the princes and kings claimed to be the first year. "Han Shu Wang Biao": "Chu Wangwu twenty-one years, Xiaojing three years", "Chu Wang extended his life for thirty-two years, the first year of Dijie" and so on. "Huainan Tianwen Xun": "In the winter of the first year of Huainan, Taiyi was in Bingzi." It is also called the year when Huainan Wang An was first established.Those who didn't know the note, it was the first year when the king of Huainan wrote the book, and it was also called the name of the Huainan worker.Zhao Mingcheng's "Jinshilu" has the theory in "Chu Zhongming" that "only the king has fifty-six sacrifices", which is exactly the same. In addition, during the examination of the Han Dynasty, it was not only the king, that is, the princes in their country also had to call themselves the first year. "Historical Records Gaozu Gongchen Hou Chronicle": "The sixth year of Gaozu, the first year of Pingyang Yihou Cao Can"; "The sixth year of Xiaohui, the first year of Jinghou ";Lu's "Archaeological Map of Zhou Yanghou 钅 Fu Ming" said: "Zhou Yanghou's family has three copper 钅 complexes, which can hold five buckets and weigh eighteen catties and six liang. In May of the fifth year of Hou Zhi's reign, the country cast the fourth." " Selected Works of Wei Du Fu "Liu Liang said: "There is a bell in front of Wenchang Hall. Its inscription reads: In the fourth year of Wei Dynasty, Bingshen was the year, the fire was the dragon time, Bingyin was in May, and it was the bell of Ruibin." In the fourth year of Wei Dynasty, Cao Cao was the fourth year of Wei Gong, and Han Xiandi was the 21st year of Jian'an. "Yuan History Shundi Ji": The twenty-eighth year of Zhengzheng is the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty.The twenty-eightth year of Zhishu". From then on, the date of the book is "the next year", and it is said "another year, April Bingxu, the emperor died in Yingchang". It is called "Emperor", and it is not added with the year name of the Ming Dynasty, so it has won the historical law. It is suspected that this is due to the holy order, and it is not only the Song Dynasty and the king who are equally able to abide by the ancient law. Yingzong ordered Confucian officials to compile "Continued Tongjian Compendium", and also wrote "Yuan Shundi to the twenty-seventh year of Zhengzheng".Do not write "Wu Yuannian". History Book Year Two In ancient times, the rulers changed the yuan, and it started from the day when the imperial edict was issued, and they did not change the previous months and days. "Wei Zhi San Shao Di Ji" first letter "Gengyin in October of the sixth year of Jiaping", second letter "Zhengyuan Yuanzi October Renchen", "Wu Zhi Sansi Master Biography" first letter "'Taiping Three Years October Jimao", second letter " Renwu in October of the first year of Yong'an". "Book of Jin Wudi Ji" first wrote "November of the third year of Wei Xianxi", and second wrote "Jing Yin in December of the first year of Taishi". "Song Book "Wu Di Ji" first wrote "Jiazi in June of the second year of Jin Yuanxi", and the second book "Dingmao in June of the first year of Yongchu". "Dingyou in August of the first year of Yuanjia". "Ming Emperor Ji" wrote "Geng Shenshuo in December of the first year of Yongguang" and "Bingyin in December of the first year of Taishi". "Yiwei in February of the year", the next book is "Bingshenshuo in March of the first year of Longshuo". "Zhongzong Ji" wrote "Gengzi in September of the third year of Shenlong", and the next book "Jiachen in September of the first year of Jinglong". " In Ruizong Ji, the first letter is "Jisi in July of the fourth year of Jinglong", the second letter is "Jisi in July of the first year of Jingyun", the first letter of "Xuanzong Ji" is "Gengyinshuo in December of the second year of Xiantian", and the second letter is "Kaiyuan Yuan". Jihai in December of the year". Han Wengong's "Shunzong Shilu" wrote "Gengzi in August of the 21st year of Zhenyuan" and wrote "Xin Chou in August of the first year of Yongzhen". If this is the case, it is not based on Facts and books. As far as Sima Wengong wrote "Tongjian", it was a new example because of his mistakes. It must be the last one. "Spring and Autumn Dinggong Year" does not write the first month. Du said: "The Duke's accession to the throne is in June, so justice says that the Duke will not change the Yuan before he ascends the throne. And those who are called the first year in spring and summer, the date that has not been changed must inherit the year of the previous king. , so Chunxia was named this year as the 33rd year of Zhaogong. And June, after the change, the first year will be used. And the official historian must make a unified policy, not half a year from the past, half a year from the future, even if the beginning of the year is also unified. Years, so the first year is called the first year." Since the Han and Wei dynasties, although it was changed to the Yuan in autumn and winter, the history in the spring and summer is crowned with the first year, which is due to ancient times.According to Wen Gong's "Tong Jian", this example is used, but there are those who cannot understand it. "Spring and Autumn" was written in the spring of the 33rd year of Zhaogong, and the book "Dinggong Year" was written, and Zhaogong had passed away in December of the previous year.If Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty began Zen in Wei in October of the first year of Yankang, and at the beginning of the first lunar month, Emperor Han still survived, and he was given the title of Weiwen Huangchu, it would not be the meaning of "Spring and Autumn".Is there any old king still alive, people at that time all admired his Zhengshuo, and then Gu Nai, who became the history, pursued it! The year of the historian's rebellion begins with "Sui Shu": Jingchen in November of the twelfth year of Daye, the capital of Tang Gongren, Xinyou, respected the emperor as the Supreme Emperor, established Wang You as the emperor, and changed the Yuan to Yining.And the following is the book cloud: "In March of the second year, General Youtunwei's character culture and others caused chaos and collapsed in the greenhouse." for unreasonable.Tang Chen, the historian, has to.然于《炀帝纪》书十三年，于《恭帝纪》书二年，两从其实，似亦未害。 明朝《太宗实录》上书“四年六月己巳”，下书“洪武三十五年六月庚午”， 正是史臣实书，与前代合，但不明书建文年号，后人因谓之革除耳。 《英宗实录》上书“景泰八年正月辛巳”，下书“天顺元年正月壬午旬有六日”，而不没其实。且如万历四十八年八月以后为泰昌元年，若依温公例取泰昌之号，冠于四十八年春正月之前，则诏令文移一一皆当追改，且上诬先皇矣。故纪年之法，从古为正，不以一年两号、三号为嫌。 年号古今相同 《水经注水下》“千金曷”前云“太和五年”，曹魏明帝之太和也； 俊云“朝廷太和中”，元魏孝文帝之太和也。 割并年号 唐朝一帝改年号者十余，其见于文必全书，无割取一字用之者。至宋始有“熙丰”、“政宣”、“建绍”、“干淳”之语，已是不敬，然犹一帝之号自相连属，无合两帝而称之者。又必用上一字，惟“元丰”以“元”字与“元枉无别，故用下字，本朝文人有称“永宣”、“成宏”、“嘉隆”，合两帝之号而为一称。疏称正统、正德为“二正”，奉旨“列圣年号昭然，如何说二正？”近又有去上字而称“庆历”、“启祯”，更为不通矣。 地名割用一字，如“登莱”、如“温台”，则可；如“真顺“、“广大”， 则不通矣。然汉人己有之。《史记大官书》：“勃碣海岱之间，气皆黑。” 《货殖传》：“夫燕亦勃褐之间一都会也。”注云：”勃海、碣石。”《汉书王莽传》：“成命于巴宕。”注云：“巴郡宕渠县。”魏晋以下始多此语。常琚《华阳国志》：“分巴割蜀，以成健广。”是键为、广汉二郡，左思《蜀都赋》： “跨蹑犍。”是键为、二郡。《魏都赋》：恒山，碣石二山。 人名割用一字者，《左传》以太、济水为“济”，《史记》以黄帝，老子为“黄老”，以王乔、赤松子为“乔松”，以伊尹、管仲为“伊管”，以绛侯、 灌婴为“绛灌”。 孙氏西斋录 唐人作书无所回避。孙樵所作《西斋录》，乃是私史。至于起王氏已废之魂， 上配天皇；条高后擅政之年，下系中宗，大义凛然。视孔子之沟昭墓道，不书定正，而抑且过之矣。 此说本之沈既济《驳吴兢史议》，谓当并天后于《孝和纪》，每岁书某年春正月，皇帝在房陵，太后行某事，改某制，则纪称孝和而事述太后，名礼两得。 至於姓氏名讳，人宫之由，历位之资，及才艺智略，年辰崩葬，别纂人《皇后传》， 列于废后上庶人之下，题其篇曰《则天顺圣武皇后》云。事虽不行，而史氏称之。 通鉴书改元 《晋书载记》：十六国时，嗣位改元者皆在本年，此史家取便序事，连属书之，其实皆改明年元也，不容十六国之中，数十王皆不逾年而改元者也。亦必有逾年而称元者，直史家不考耳。 《金石录》据赵横山《李君神碑》石虎建武六年，岁在庚子，与《载记》合。 若从帝纪，则建武六年当是己亥，今此碑与《西门豹词殿基记》皆是庚子，以此知帝纪之失，此是差一年之证。然《载记》亦不尽合，昔人作史，但存其年号而已，初不屑屑于岁月也。 《续纲目》景炎三年五月以后为帝祥兴元年，非也。黄氵晋《番禺客语》： “改元在明年正月己酉朔。”盖亦是即位之初改明年元耳，史家省文，即系于前年月日之下，日“改元祥兴”。以此推十六国事，必当同此。 后元年 汉文帝后元年，景帝中元年、后元年，当时只是改为元年，后人追纪之为中为后耳。若武帝之后元元年则自名之为“后”；光武之中元元年，梁武帝之中大通元年，中大同元年，则自名之为“中”，不可一例论也。 元顺帝至元元年，重用世祖之号，后人追纪之，则曰“后至元元年”。 李茂贞称秦王用天年号 《通鉴》后唐庄宗同光二年，封岐王李茂贞为秦王，比得薛昌序所撰《凤翔法门寺碑》，天十九年建，而其文已称秦王，则前乎同光之二年矣，盖必茂贞所自称。又史言茂贞奉天年号，此碑之未亦书“天十九年”，而篇中历述前事，则并以天复纪年，至天复二十年止，亦与史不合。 《五代史李彦威传》：“是时昭宗改元天，迁于东都，为梁所迫。而晋人、蜀人以为天之号非唐所建，不复称之，但称天复”。《前蜀世家》则云“建与唐隔绝而不知，故仍称天复”。其说不同。按此碑则歧人亦称天复，史失之也。 又今阳城县有后周显德二年徐纶撰《龙泉禅院记》内述天十九年。按此地本属梁，此记乃追削梁号，而改称天者。 通鉴书葬 《通鉴》书外国之葬，如《晋纪》义熙六年九月下云：“甲寅，葬魏主外于盛乐金陵。”不言“魏葬”，而言“葬魏”。或以为仿《春秋》之文，愚以为非也。《春秋》书“葬宋穆公”、“葬卫桓公”之类，皆鲁遣其臣会葬，故为此文。 若南北朝时，本国自葬，则当书“魏葬”，如《宋纪》：“景平元年十二月庚子， 魏葬明元帝于金陵。”“元嘉二十九年三月辛卯，魏葬太武皇帝于金陵。”则得之矣。 通鉴书闰月 《通鉴》书闰月而不着其为何月，谓仿《春秋》之法，非也。春秋时，间未有不在岁终者。自《太初历》行，每月皆可置闰，若不着其为何月，或上月无事， 则后之读者必费于追寻矣。《新唐书》亦然，惟高宗显庆二年正月无事，乃书曰： “闰正月壬寅，如洛阳宫。” 史书人君未即位 史书人君未即位之例，《左传》晋文公未入国，称“公子”。己人国称“公”； 《史记》汉高帝未帝称“汉王”，未王称“沛公”。五年，将战垓下，而曰“皇帝在后，绛侯、柴将军在皇帝后”，至其下文乃曰“诸侯及将相相与共请，尊汉王为皇帝”，于言为不顺矣。 沈约作《宋书》，于本纪第十卷，顺帝升明三年四月壬申，始书“进齐公爵为齐王”，而前第八卷明帝泰始四年七月庚申，已书“以骁骑将军齐王为南充州刺史”，自此以下，齐王之号累见于篇，此言之不顺也。 史书一人先后历官 《汉书沟恤志》先称“博士许商”，次称“将作大匠许商”，后称“河堤都尉许商”，此书一人而先径历官不同之法。《书君》：“我闻在昔，成汤既受命，时则有若伊尹格于皇天；在太甲，时则有若保衡。”伊尹、保衡，一人也，汤时未为保衡，至太甲时始为此官，故变文以称之也。 史书郡县同名 汉时，县有同名者，大抵加“东”、“西”、“南”、“北”、“上”、 “下”字以为别。盖本于《春秋》之法。燕国有二，则一称北燕；邾国有二，则一称小邾，是其例也，若郡县同名而不同地，则于县必加一“小”字，沛郡不治沛，治相，故书沛县为“小沛”；广阳国不治广阳，治蓟，故书广阳县为“小广阳”；丹阳郡不治丹阳，治宛陵，故书丹阳县为“小丹阳”。后人作史多混书之， 而无别矣。 郡国改名 《后汉书光武纪》“建武六年春正月丙辰，改春陵乡为章陵县。”“十六年冬十月甲申，幸章陵，修园庙，词旧宅。”又云：“乃悉为春陵宗室起词堂。” 上言“章陵”，见名也；下言“春陵”，本春陵候之宗室，不可因县名而追改之也。此史家用字之密也。 《史记》“南越王尉佗者，真定人也。”此未当，当日东垣人。《卢绾传》 “高帝十一年冬，更东垣为真定。”《儒林传》“汉兴，田何以齐田徙杜陵。” 师古曰：“初徙时未为杜陵，盖史家追言之也。” 《汉书，夏侯胜传》“夏侯胜，字长公。初，鲁共王分鲁西宁乡以封子节侯， 别属大河，大河后更名东平，故胜为东平人。”《赵广汉传》“赵广汉，字子部， 涿郡蠡吾人也，故属河间。”《后汉书党锢传》：刘YY，中山安国人也，安国后别属博陵。”夏候湛《东方朔画像赞》“大夫讳朔，字曼倩，平原厌次人也。 魏建安中，分厌次以为乐陵郡，故又为郡人焉。”此郡国改名之例。 史书人同姓名 《史记》汉高帝时有两韩信，则别之曰“韩王信”。《汉书》王莽时有两刘歆，则别之曰“国师刘歆”。此其法本于《春秋左氏传》：襄公二十五年，齐崔杼弑其君光事，中有两贾举，则别之曰“侍人贾举”。 《金史》有二讹可，日草火讹可、日板子讹可；有三娄室，日大娄室、曰中娄室、曰小娄室。 述古 凡述古人之言，必当引其立言之人。古人又述古人之言，则两引之，不可袭以为己说也。《诗》曰：“自古在昔，先民有作。”程正叔传《易未济》三阳皆失位，而曰：“斯义也，闻之成都隐者。”是则时人之言，而亦不敢没其人， 君子之谦也，然后可与进于学。 引古必用原文 凡引前人之言必用原文。《水经注》引盛宏之《荆州记》曰：“江中有九十九洲，楚谚云：'洲不百，故不出王者。'桓玄有问鼎之志，乃增一洲，以充百数。僭号数旬，宗灭身屠。及其倾败、洲亦消毁，今上在西，忽有一洲自生，沙流回薄，成不淹时。其后未几，龙飞江汉矣。”注乃北魏郦道元作，而记中所指今上则南宋文帝，以宜都王即帝位之事，古人不以为嫌。 引书用意 《书泰誓》：“受有亿兆夷人，离心离德；予有乱臣十人，同心同德。” 《左传》引之则曰：“《太誓》所谓商兆民离，周十人同者，众也。”《淮南子》： “舜钓于河滨，期年而渔者争处湍濑，以曲隈深潭相予。”《尔雅》注引之，则曰：“渔者不争喂。”此皆略其文而用其意也。 文章推服古人 韩退之文起八代之衰，于骈偶声律之文宜不屑为。而其《滕王阁记》推许王勃所为序，且曰：“窃喜载名其上，词列三王之次，有荣耀焉。”李大白《黄鹤楼诗》曰：“眼前有景道不得，崔颢题诗在上头。”所谓自古在昔，先民有作者也。今之好讥河古人，翻驳旧作者，其人之宅心可知矣。宋洪迈从孙倬丞宣城， 自作题名记：“迈告之曰：他文尚可随力工拙下笔，如此记岂宜犯不韪哉？”盖以韩文公有《蓝田县丞厅壁记》故也。夫以题目之同于文公，而以为犯不韪，昔人之谨厚何如哉。 史书下两曰字 注疏家凡引书，下一“曰”字；引书之中又引书，则下一“云”字。云、曰一义，变文以便读也，此出于“牢曰”，“子云”是也。若史家记载之辞，可下两“曰”字，《尚书多方》“周公曰”，“王若曰”是也。 书家凡例 古人著书，凡例即随事载之书中。《左传》中言“凡”者，皆凡例也，《易》 干、坤二卦用九、用六者，亦凡例也。 分题 古人作书，于一篇之中有分题，则标篇题于首而列分题于下。如《尔雅》 “释天”一篇，下列四时、祥灾、岁阳、岁名、月阳、月名、风雨、星名、祭名、 讲武、旌旗。《吕氏春秋》“孟春纪第一”下，列正月纪、本生、重己、贵公、 去私是也。疏家谓之题上事，谓标题上文之事。若《周公践昨》及《诗》篇章句， 皆篇末题之，故此亦尔。今按《礼记文王世子篇》有曰：“文王之为世子也”， 有曰“教世子”，有曰“周公践阼”；《乐记篇》有曰“子贡问乐”，亦同此例， 后人误连于本文也。又如《汉书礼乐志郊祀歌》：“练时日一”、“帝临二”， 凡十九首，皆著其名于本章之末。《安世房中歌》“桂华”、“美芳”二题，传写之误，遂以冠后。 《尔雅释亲》一篇，石经本“宗族”二字在“弟兄也”之后“母党”二字在“从母姊妹”之后，“妻党”二字在“为姒妇”之后，“昏姻”二字在“吾谓之甥也”之后，今国子监刻本皆改之。