Chapter 16 Volume 15

For three generations, the system of power and quantity has changed since Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty.Du's Tongdian, it is said that in the Six Dynasties, the volume was three liters and one liter is now one liter, three liang is now one liang, and a ruler is one foot and two inches is now one foot.This is called instant.In the eighth year of Duke Ding of Zuo Zhuan, justice said that Wei Qidou was known as the ancients, and the two became one.Zhou Sui Dou was known in ancient times, three into one.Sui Shu Lv Li Zhi said that Liang and Chen followed the ancient fighting, Qi used the ancient promotion of five liters to make one dou, Zhou used the king's promotion to one liter, and the official dou had one liter and three combined four spoons.Open?????The emperor used the ancient bucket three liters to one liter.The great cause first relied on the ancient struggle.Liang Chen Yi ancient name.Qi used the ancient name of one catty eight taels as one catty.The king of Zhou called it four liang, and it was called four and a half in ancient times.Kaihuang used the ancient name of three catties as one catty.The great cause of the beginning of the ancient name.The biographies tested today, such as Mencius, said that lifting a hundred jun is a powerful person, thirty jin is a jun, and a hundred jun is three thousand jin.The book of Jin Chengdi Ji ordered the counties to lift men who could lift more than 1,500 catties.According to the historical records of Qin Shihuang, there were twelve golden men, each weighing a thousand stones, and placed them in the court.A hundred and twenty catties is a stone, and a thousand stones are 120,000 catties.Han Jiuyi, offering sacrifices to heaven and raising cattle, aged five to two thousand catties.Jin Shu Nanyang Wang Baozhuan claimed to weigh 800 catties, which should not be so heavy.According to Kaogong Ji, the jue is one liter, the goblet is three liters, and the ritual note of special sacrifices and food is given, and the goblet is two liters.If you offer a noble, you will be rewarded with a goblet, and if you offer one and three rewards, you will get one bean.One bean is regarded as one? It was originally wrong.According to the Book of Rites, in the sacrifices of the ancestral temple, the honorable ones offer the jue, and the lowly ones offer the goblet.The honor of the five offerings, the pot outside the door, the pot inside the door, and the tile pot of the emperor.Note, for all cups, the first liter is called jue, the second liter is called gu, the third liter is called gu, the fourth liter is called horn, the pot is one stone, and the tile is five buckets.The poem says, my aunt drinks that golden scorpion.Mao said, the king is decorated with gold, and he is big and big, and he eats four gui every time.Justice, a gui pottery, can hold two liters of beans, it should not be so huge.Zhou Lishe people have a meal together at the funeral.Note, the rice is so solid, the king uses Liang, the doctor uses millet, and the scholar uses rice, all four liters.Pipe, where the amount of salt is, five liters is less than half for a husband in one month, three liters is less than half for a woman, and two liters is less than half for a baby.According to the historical records of Lian Po, one meal is a bucket of rice.According to the records of food and goods in the Han Dynasty, a person is half a stone for a month.According to the biography of Zhao Chongguo, with a horse from Tuo, a negative thirty solar eclipse would be two bushels of rice, four bushels of rice, and eight bushels of wheat.According to the legend of the Huns, it is estimated that one person will use 18 hu for 300 solar eclipses, which should not be so many.The Shiji Hequ book can make ten stones per mu.According to Ji Kang's theory of health preservation, husband fields are planted with ten dendrobiums per mu, which is called good fields.According to the biography of Fu Xuan in the Jin Dynasty, more than ten dendrobiums were harvested in white fields, and dozens of dendrobiums in paddy fields.Today's harvest is at most not as good as this.The Lingshu Jing?????, human food is five liters a day, and even at the evening ceremony, rice is overflowed once in the morning, and rice is overflowed once.Note, twenty-two means overflow, which is one quarter of a liter of rice.Jinshu Xuandi Ji, asked Zhuge Gongshi how much?Say three or four liters.According to the biography of Kuaiji Wang Daozi, the national use was exhausted. From Situ down, the daily granary rose seven times.This is all about saying less and more.It is the amount of power to know the ancients, compared to the present, it is roughly three and one.According to historical records, the family of Confucius, Confucius lived in Lu, and received 60,000 millet.Suo Yin said, it should be 60,000 dou.Justice said, 60,000 small buckets, today's 2,000 stones are also.This is the proof of what the Tang people said that three should be one.After three generations, the people have no system, and the amount of power increases with each generation.In the nineteenth year of Wei Xiaowen Taihe, the imperial edict was changed to a long ruler, and according to the Zhou ritual system, the class ruled the world.According to Zhang Xihui's biography in Wei Shu, the god tortoise is sparse, saying that Gaozu abolished the big fight, removed the long ruler, and changed the weight, so he loved the people.From the thin Fu, people in the country sing and dance for their Fu, and run around to serve their diligence.The son of heaven believes in the top, and Yizhao is happy to go down.From here, it gradually grows wider, and the people complain and hear it in the court and the public.In April Renchen, the third year of Emperor Yangdi's great cause, he changed the weight and balance, and followed the ancient style.Although there is such a system, it cannot be repeated.In the Tang Dynasty, there was still the name of "big fight, small fight, big two, small two", but later generations no longer say it.

The mountain hall is researched and searched, and it is made of dendrobium, with a square foot and a deep foot.Ban Zhinai said that there are ten buckets in it, and the buckets used in ancient times are small. The ancient records of Ouyang Gongji include Taniguchi Tongyong.In the fourth year of the first Yuan Dynasty, Zuo Fengyi made it.Its inscription says, Taniguchi Tongyong has a capacity of ten buckets and weighs forty catties.Based on the current weight and taboo, it can accommodate three buckets and weighs fifteen catties.There are more than three in a fight, and three but not enough in a catty.The archaeological map of Lu's family, engraved on a tripod by the official kitchen of Han Hao, said it weighs nine catties and one tael.It weighs three catties and six taels today, and today six taels is equivalent to one catty of Han.It is also said that the Zhi family's cauldron is weak against three buckets.There are three buckets and one liter in the Zhejia steamer.One of the stones of the Han Dynasty.Probably three and one.

In ancient times, twenty-four baht was used as tael, and ten pieces of five baht coins weighed two taels.Today, it is said to be one of ten and two weak today.Also in the biography of Wang Mang in the Han Dynasty, it is said that in the first year of Tianfeng, it was changed into a cargo cloth, which was two inches five inches long and one inch wide. Two points, the text on the right is called goods, and the left is called cloth, weighing twenty-five baht.The rich and the common people occupy the land, and they get a poppy of goods.The so-called length of two inches and five cents is strange to be six cents of an inch in today's banknotes. The width of one inch is six and a half cents today, and eight cents is five cents today, and twenty-five baht is called a hundred cents today. Forty-two of two.As the saying goes, four cents and two cents.Therefore, the current generation is greater than the ancient ones, the quantity is the most, the power is the second, and the speed is the second.

According to the biography of Zhiyu in the Jin Dynasty, Chen Xie, a great craftsman, will dig the ground to get the ancient ruler.Shangshu said that the current ruler is longer than the ancient ruler, so it is appropriate to take the ancient as the correct.Pan Yue thought that it had been used for a long time and it was not appropriate to change it again.Yu retorted, the ancient sages used to see the world's shackles, and imitated their descriptions, made utensils like objects, and kept them for future use.There are rules for its use, so there are signs for its use.If you test the two steps, the heaven and the earth will have nothing to hide, and if you are accurate for three hours, the suspended image will have nothing to tolerate.If you give gold and stone, the sound and rhyme will be harmonious, and if you use the rules, the utensils will be used properly.One book is not bad, and everything is right.It's too bad, everything is the opposite.The current ruler is longer than the ancient ruler, less than half an inch. The rhythm used by the Yuefu is inconsistent, the historical image used by the historian is out of order, and the holes used by the medical office are wrong. I can't get through.Therefore, it is advisable to change from the present to the past.The system of Tang and Yu is the same as the law of weights and measures.Zhongni's training, I will review it carefully.Now two feet are used together, it is not the same.It is not prudent to know what is wrong and do it.To be different and not to be cautious is to call fallacies, not to follow the rules of things, and to show the extreme of humanism.There are many things that are easy to change, and there are few things that are difficult to change. Some things are changed and cause trouble, and some things are changed to make them simple.Measurement is commonly used by people, but length is not cherished by people. It is too many and easy to change.Righteousness and loss are combined with gains, and evil is opposed to righteousness. Changes in a moment will never be the same.The charter is formalized without losing old things.At the end of the season, the system of promiscuity, heresy and disorderly use, should be changed according to the time, even if there is only one husband.The minister thought it was appropriate to play as he said.

The book of the Han Dynasty is passed on, and millet millet fights a thousand times.The old master said that a big fight is different from a fight that measures rice and millet.In the Han Dynasty, there was a big fight, but it was used to measure the goods. In the Liudians of the Tang Dynasty, the standard of measurement is based on the breadth of one millet in the northern part of the millet. A tenth is an inch, ten inches is a chi, one chi and two inches are a large chi, and ten chi is a zhang.For those who measure millet, one thousand and two hundred millets are considered to be grains, two grains are combined, ten grains are liters, ten liters are buckets, three buckets are big buckets, and ten buckets are dendrobium.Where the balance is based on millet and millet, the weight of a hundred millet is baht. Ying Shao said that ten millet is corn and ten millet is baht.Twenty-four baht is tael, three tael is big tael, and sixteen tael is catty.Where the accumulation of millet and millet is used for measuring and weighing, it is used to adjust the rhythm of clocks, measure sundials and scenery, combine decoctions and medicines, and make crowns. It is used for internal and external lawsuits.According to the power of the Tang Dynasty, the ancient and the modern are small and large. one.According to the records of Dai Zongji in the old Tang Dynasty, in August of the tenth year of the Dali calendar, the Taichang Temple was played.The general code contains the tribute from various counties, Shangdang County tributes 300 liang of ginseng, Gaoping County tributes 50 liang of white quartz, Jiyang County tributes 200 jin of donkey-hide gelatin, 30 jin of antler glue, and Linfeng County tributes dendrobium Ten small catties, ten small catties of tribute Dendrobium in Nanling County, twenty small catties of Tribute Dendrobium in Tongling County.In this tribute, there are also small catties and small ones, but they are all used for decoction.All his divisions use the present, but for a long time, the present will prevail, while the ancients will become obsolete.

Shen Kuo wrote in the Song Dynasty that he was ordered to examine the law of the clock and to cast the armillary sphere. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, he has measured it, counted six buckets, one bucket, seven liters, and nine together, and weighed three catties. Today, it is thirteen taels. According to the history of the Yuan Dynasty, in the 20th year of the Yuan Dynasty, Xiaokou Dendrobium of the Song Wensi Academy was promulgated.It is also said that the ancestors of the ancestors took the south of the Yangtze River, and ordered the rice exporter to stop using Song Dou Hu, because Song Yishi is now seven Dou.Therefore, the Dou Dendrobium of the Yuan Dynasty was greater than that of the Song Dynasty.

In ancient times, Dou Dendrobium was used to make the number of salaries.It is rumored from the left that there are four kettle bells in the Dou District, each of which has four to climb on the kettle.The Analects of Confucius and the kettle and the thin.Mencius raised his disciples with ten thousand bells, all of which were measured.The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, and began to use stone as its name.Han Feizi, Wang Yin received official seals, and he followed them from more than three hundred stones.When the time is right for the son, the salary is made of stone.According to historical records, the family of Yan family is the same.Therefore, there are two thousand stones, two thousand stones, two thousand stones, one thousand stones, one thousand stones, six hundred stones, six hundred stones, four hundred stones, four hundred stones, three hundred stones, three hundred stones, and two hundred stones. Stones are more than two hundred stones, one hundred stones, and three publics are called ten thousand stones.One hundred and twenty catties is a stone, and it is measured by power.However, according to the records of the official records of the later Han Dynasty, the number of monthly offerings is three hundred and fifty for the general, and eleven for the fighting food.The so-called two thousand stones or even one hundred stones are just the difference in grade.According to the notes of Ji'an, as Chun said, if two thousand stones are real, one hundred and fifty dendrobium will be obtained per month, and one thousand eight hundred dendrobium ears will be obtained at every year.Two thousand stone months get one hundred and twenty dendrobium, and Suifan gets one thousand four hundred and forty dendrobium ears.Today's people use ten buckets as stones, which is based on this.I don't know that in Qin Dynasty, there were twelve golden men, each weighing a thousand stones, a bell that hits ten thousand stones, a bell cast from county stones, weighing stones and Cheng Shu, etc., all of which are rights, not quantities.But the biography of Bai Gui, Gu Changshidou.According to Chunyu Kun's biography, one gets drunk with a fight, and one gets drunk with a stone.To Dou, it is in the name of power transfer.

Ye Mengde said under the rock that fame is born of reality, and everything is the same.Taking dendrobium as a stone, I don't know when it started, but it has been seen since the Han Dynasty.The name of the five powers of the stone is a stone weighing one hundred and twenty catties in the Han Dynasty, and it is not a name for weight.Name it Fulu, like two thousand stones, and take a hundred and twenty catties of grain as dendrobium, which is still possible.If wine speaks of stone, the amount of wine is not the number of grains, but the alcohol is obtained from it.Based on today's standards, for alcoholic wine, only seven or six dou is taken from Dendrobium, and as many as fifteen or six Dou are taken from fermented wine.If one hundred and twenty catties of grain are used as Dendrobium, and the wine is named after its weight, then it should be fifteen or six buckets of wine, and the dendrobium should be one hundred and eighty or ninety catties of grain according to its weight name.There is nothing to advance or retreat.There is no definite number of people who talk about stones in Chinese wine.Xie Zhaozhe said that in the ancient times, the volume of a noble was raised, ten nobles made a fight, and a hundred nobles made a stone.Take Kaogongji's saying that one offers three rewards to be accurate, which is good.The ancients did not specify this meaning.As for the noodles, speaking of dendrobium, the noodles may not be exactly one hundred and twenty catties of wheat, and the reality of wheat can vary in size and reality.However, it has been followed so far, and there is no way to know what is wrong.Competing with bows and crossbows, talking about fighting and talking about stones, this is an ancient method.A quilt is distinguished by a catty, and the world doubts it.But why is it so common to be famous?

According to historical records, there are thousands of skins of fox minks and thousands of furs of lambs.Bianpiyanshi, also intertextual also.Those that are thin and light are measured by skins, and those that are thick and heavy are measured by stones. According to the ancient algorithm, twenty-four baht is two, and the inscription on the cauldron of the Zhi family in Han Dynasty weighs ten catties and nine baht.The inscription on the steamer of the Zhe family weighs four catties and twenty baht.It is very inconvenient to calculate home in modern times, but it is famous for being rich.This character is originally the money borrowed from coins, not the correct name of several families.It is good to use the book.It's ridiculous for people today to enter the text.In the fourth year of Wude in the Tang Dynasty, the Tongyuan treasure was cast and opened, with a diameter of eight cents and a weight of two baht and four 絫.Shen Cunzhong said that ten ginseng is also used as a baht in Shu County today, and ginseng is the ancient word for ginseng.Accumulating ten coins weighs one tael, and among them, the so-called two baht and four pennies weigh as much as one penny today.Later generations are difficult to understand because of its complexity, so it is replaced by the word Qian.

All measures are counted from ten, but the weight is one thousand two hundred millets, and the weight is twelve baht.Two is two, sixteen liang is a jin, thirty jin is a jun, and four jun is a stone.Today people change the baht into money, but if it is more than two, it will be worth a hundred, a thousand, or even ten thousand.And the number of powers also starts from ten.The money made in the Han Dynasty is called baht, and the gold is called Jin, and its name is near ancient times. According to the history of Song Dynasty, in March of the third year of Chunhua, Emperor Taizong, the imperial edict stated that the first day of the month and the first day of the month were measured by the same law, so the founding of the country was established by the Minji.The country is all nations and salty, and the nine endowments are equal.Gu cashier in Yousi is a formula of balance.For example, the system of millet and millet may be slightly different.The hammer and the hook are traitors, harming Li Shu.It is advisable to specify the law in detail and write it as a general rule.There is a department under the matter, Liu Meng and Liu Chenggui, the envoy of Chongyi in the treasury of the prison, said that the old bronze statues of Taifu Temple range from one coin to ten catties, and every fifty-one is not accurate.The gold collected by the foreign government must be calculated from the micrometer, and the style starts from the money, and it will be seriously injured.When it came to Jingdezhong, Chenggui re-attached to the appointment, and the system of balance was better prepared.The method is based on the millet millet of the Han Zhizi Valley, the wide ten millet is an inch, and from the ruler of its great joy, the millet millet is also the black millet, and the music ruler is born from the tube of the yellow bell, which is called the millet millet. The system of size and weight.It becomes the second technique, and the second technique is to use the ruler and millet to find the case.Seeking yak because of the measurement of the ruler, the general name of the zhang ruler is the general name of the zhang ruler, which means that the origin of the music ruler starts from the millet and becomes the inch, and the inch is divided into points, which are divided into yaks, and the yaks are analyzed into cents, and the cents are analyzed into silk , The analysis of silk is neglected.Then ten flicks are one thread, ten threads are one cent, ten cents are one yak, and ten yaks are one cent.From the accumulation of millet to get the silk, and from the accumulation of millet to get the silk, then ten millets make the silk, ten silks make the baht, twenty-four bahts make the tael, and the silk and the baht are all made of copper.Make one-and-a-half cents and one-and-a-half coins with centimetres, hang three cents each, and use the star to align them, and the method of taking one and a half coins.It weighs one foot and two inches, weighs one penny, the hammer weighs six cents, and the plate weighs five cents.At the beginning, the star is accurate and half a coin, and at the end it is a coin and a half.The first penny is equal to half a penny, and it is fifteen yaks, and if fifteen catties is equal to five catties.From the middle penny to the tip of a penny, it is divided into ten cents, which are divided into ten yaks, and from the last penny to the tip of half a penny, analyzed into five cents, which are divided into ten yaks, and one or two are also called one.It weighs one foot and four inches, weighs one and a half cents, the hammer weighs six cents, and the plate weighs four cents.From the first hair to the tip, the cloth is twenty-four baht, and the bottom is one star, and the star is five.Under each baht, one star comes back, and it waits for five 絫, then forty-eight stars are 240 絫, and 2400 絫 is one tael.Five coins from the middle to the tip, twelve bahts for cloth, five stars for the baht, five taels for stars, and twelve bahts for cloth are five qian, then one qian equals ten taels, and all equals one hundred and twenty taels for half taels.There are six baht from the last cent to the tip, and ten stars are listed in the baht. The magnitude of the star is one tau.Use imperial script real grass to perform three body exercises.Chunhua money is more determined to weigh two baht and four jin as one coin, and two thousand four hundred, ten to five jin, is called one. The method is based on Ji millet at the beginning, and then it is divided and neglected. The end of the number.Therefore, each of the yak, millet, rice, and baht is set at one coin.It is said that the rule of one coin is set for all, and then the equivalent name is obtained.Ten thousand is divided, ten thousand is one penny, one hundred thousand is one penny, and those who spin silk are suddenly, and those who divide are from the beginning to the end, and they can be distinguished.A thousand silk is a thousand, a thousand silk is a penny, and ten thousand silk is a coin.A cent is a hundred, a hundred cents is a penny, and a thousand cents is a penny.The yak hair is also a hair, and the three of them are all cut off from the tail.Ten yaks are ten, and ten yaks are one point, and one hundred yaks is determined as one coin.Turn it ten times, and it will be one money.Turn it into ten times, that is, from ten thousand to one hundred thousand and so on, and it is the same.Two thousand four hundred pieces of millet are regarded as one or two, and one piece of one thousand two hundred millet is equal to twelve baht, and two thousand four hundred pieces of millet are regarded as one or two, and two thousand and two hundred pieces of millet are regarded as two.Two hundred and forty 絫 is said to be two hundred and forty 絫, and it is determined as one or two.The baht is twenty-four, and because of the change of phase, it becomes ten baht, so two hundred and forty baht is determined to be twenty-four baht, which is one or two. The baht is different.Then it became its name.It is called the number of combined millet, and if it is one and a half cents, three hundred and sixty millet is counted as five cents, and each cent is counted as twenty-four millet.And every time it is analyzed into ten yaks, then each yak is counted as two and ten quarters of millet, and one yak is divided into twenty-four millets, then each yak first gets two millets, which are divided into forty points, and one yak gets another four points. It is four quarters of two tenths of millet per yak.If there is a difference of one millet for every four cents and one tenth of six, the number of yaks is extremely high.One and two together are twenty-four baht, which is the weight of 2,400 millet. Every hundred millet is baht, two hundred and forty millet is two baht, four is two baht and four is money, two and four are cents, one The second millet weighs five millets, the six millet weighs two cents and five cents, and the third millet weighs one centimeter, two cents and five cents, so the number of millet millets is complete.First, the Tibetan officials received gold coins from the world every year, and the Taifu weighed it. The old style was inaccurate, and it was because of it that they were traitors.And keep the Tibetans and change the generation, school taboos and disputes, it will take several years to move, so that the new system is established, and there is no way to deal with treachery, which is convenient for China and foreign countries.Measures and balances are all made by the Taifu for internal and external lawsuits and folk use.Whenever the yuan is changed, it is ordered to be remade, and each is recognized by the seal of the year. The seal has a square seal, a long seal, an octagonal seal, and a wat head seal.It is true that ten cents are used as money today, and ten coins are used as two. They all began in the early Song Dynasty, and they are also the so-called new system.

In ancient times, fen was the name of degree, not the name of power.Speaking of text, an inch is ten.Sui Shu Lv Li Zhi, cited Yi Weitong hexagram test, ten horsetails are one point.Said Yuan, the measure and balance is based on millet, ten millet is one point, and ten cents is one inch.Huainanzi notes the same.According to Sun Tzu's arithmetic, the silk produced by silkworms is flickers, ten flickers are seconds, ten seconds are milliseconds, ten centimeters are yaks, ten yaks are cents, and tenths are inches.Han Shu Lv Li Zhi is based on the strength of Huang Zhong.Among those who use Zigu millet, the breadth of one millet.Ninety millet is the length of Huangzhong, one millet is one cent, and ten tenths is one inch, all of which are called degrees.Huainanzi, twelve huts are worth one millet, written in Song Shulu Zhi as "He Piao".Twelve grains are worth one cent, twelve cents are worth one baht, twelve baht are half a tael, twenty-four baht are one tael, sixteen taels are one catty, thirty catties are one jun, and four jun are four jun. Stone, this is the name of power.According to the biography of Dawan in the historical records, he was good at selling Jia and competing for baht.However, if 12 baht is divided into 1 baht, and 24 baht is divided into 1 tael, there are more people than today. Tao's secluded famous doctor Bielu said that in ancient times, there was only two baht, but no name.Today, ten baht is one baht, six baht is one cent, four quarters are one tael, and sixteen taels are one catty.Li Gao said, six baht is one cent, which is two and a half cents today.This is divided into two and a half coins, so it follows people's orders and has no definite name. In the Han Dynasty, gold circulated up and down, so Emperor Wen bestowed five thousand catties on Zhou Bo.Emperor Xuan bestowed seven thousand catties on Huo Guang.And Emperor Wu used Luan Da, the wife of the princess, to earn ten thousand catties of gold.Han Shu made one hundred thousand catties.Wei Qing attacked Hu, beheaded the captives, and was rewarded with more than 200,000 catties of gold.The number of rewards in ancient times was not extravagant than that of Yuan Dynasty. Chengzong ascended the throne and gave 76,500 taels of silver to the son-in-law barbarian, 15,450 taels of Kuolijisi, and 30,000 taels of the king of Koryo. Will give, up to a thousand taels of gold and seventy-five thousand taels of silver.King Xiao of Liang died, and there were more than 400,000 catties of gold remaining in the Tibetan mansion. Princess Guantao was very lucky to be Dong Yan, and ordered the Zhongfu to say, Dong Jun issued a day full of a hundred catties of gold, a million coins, and a thousand pieces of silk. Of.Wang Mang banned the princes and below, and he was not allowed to take gold, and lost it to the imperial government, until he was about to be defeated. In the province, there was a shortage of ten thousand catties of gold, and there were still six thousand shortages.In Huangmen Goudun Tibetan Mansion, there are several places in Shangfang, and there are several deficiencies in each place.Then in the Guangwu period of the Han Dynasty, at the end of Wang Mang, there were drought locusts in the world, a catty of gold, and a dendrobium of millet.It is also true that there is no gold among the people.When Dong Zhuo died, there were 20,000 to 30,000 jin of gold and 80,000 to 90,000 jin of silver in the dock.Zhao Lie won Yizhou, and gave Zhuge Liang Fazheng Guan Yu and Zhang Fei five hundred catties each of gold and one thousand catties of silver.According to the biography of Xiao Yingzhou in the book of the Southern Qi Dynasty, the monks in Changsha Temple were rich, and they stole and cast gold for thousands of dragons and buried them in the earth.Passed down from generation to generation, it is called Xiaxia Huangtie, and no one has seen it.Yingzhou raised troops to take this dragon to enrich his army.According to the Biography of the King of Wuling in the Book of Liang, one catty of gold is made into cakes, and a hundred cakes are made into rice cakes, and even a hundred cakes are five times as much as silver.Since then, it has been rare in history.Shang Shushu, Han and Wei atonement, all use gold.In the later Wei Dynasty, gold was hard to come by, and one tael of gold was ordered, and ten bolts of silk were collected. Today, the law is to redeem copper. Song Taizu asked Du Hao, a scholar, saying, "Gold was mostly used when bestowed by the two Han Dynasties, and the descendants are rare goods, why?"Confronted, at that time Buddhist affairs were not flourishing, so the price of gold was very cheap.Today, it can be roughly tested based on what we have seen and recorded, and the price of gold in the early days of the country recorded in the canon.It is said in the Huidian banknote law volume that Hongwu made Daming treasure banknotes in the eighth year of Hongwu.Each banknote is four guan, and Yi Chijin is one tael.One tael of gold is equivalent to four taels of silver.According to the collection volume, in the 18th year of Hongwu, everyone was ordered to discount tax and grain, and the gold was ten stones per two quasi-meters, and the silver was two stones per two quasi-meters. One tael of gold was equivalent to five taels of silver.Thirty years later, it was said that the collection of Fu Fu was intended to impoverish the people of Su.Now that it is so heavy, the people will be more impoverished.It is even more ordered that gold is twenty stones per two quasi-meters, and silver is four stones per two quasi-meters.However, one tael of gold is equivalent to five taels of silver.In the eleventh year of Yongle, every two quasi-meters of gold was ordered to be thirty stones, and it was equivalent to seven taels of silver.He also ordered Jiaozhi to call merchants in Zhongyan for one liang of gold, and thirty citations for the salt, which would be worth ten liang of silver.Isn't it true that after the Taiping period, daily affairs were extravagant, from the palace to the top, and from the bottom to arrest the nobles, for the sake of using more than things?Zhang Xiaojie of the Liao Dynasty was the prime minister of the Beifu. He was greedy for goods. He said that he had a million taels of gold, which was not enough to be a prime minister.When I was young, I saw that red gold was exchanged only seven or eight times in Wanli, ten times in Chongzhen, and in Tianqi, when power was dying, all officials who flattered them all entered the gold scorpion, and the price of gold became more and more expensive.Thirteen changes in Nandu, later it was reduced to six changes, and now it is thirteen changes.When will we meet the wind that throws pearls against the wall? According to the records of Shihuo in the Han Dynasty, one catty of gold is worth ten thousand.Zhu Tiyin is first-class in weight eighty-two, straight to one thousand five hundred and eighty.Its silver is one thousand.The price of gold is also four or five times that of silver.Fang Shaobo's house compiled a cloud, at that time one tael of gold was only six hundred dollars, and one tael of silver by Zhu Ti was only two hundred dollars. In the history of the Yuan Dynasty, the largest silver bill is one tael, the quasi-yuan bill is five guan, silver is one tael, and red gold is one coin, which is ten times the price of gold than silver. Shiji Pingshu, one gold and one catty.In the Han Shu Shihuo Zhi, the square inch of gold weighs a catty.Zhuangzi commented on a hundred gold, Li said, a square inch of gold weighs one catty, and a hundred gold and a hundred catties are also.In the biography of Wei Xian in the Han Dynasty, he gave a hundred catties of gold.Xuancheng's poem said, Jue bestowed on Qiqi, a hundred gold pavilions, that's right.Chen Zan said, Qin regards one yi as one gold, Meng Kang said, twenty-four liang is called yi.Han regards a catty as a piece of gold, which is the gold of Han, which has been reduced to that of Qin.According to the records of Shihuo in the Han Dynasty, one catty of gold is worth ten thousand.In the Notes of Emperor Huidi, the teacher said in ancient times, those who donate gold without saying anything, one catty and ten thousand coins.According to the biography of Wang Mang, the story of hiring a queen is 20,000 catties of gold for 20 million yuan.The five-year biography of Gongyang Yingong, the fish of a hundred gold.Note, a hundred gold is still a million.It is said that a catty of gold is worth ten thousand dollars. In ancient times, the cost of using gold, such as Wu Zhi and Liu Yao's biography, Ruo Rong Da built a floating temple, with copper as a person, gold covering the body, clothing with brocade, and nine copper plates hanging down.He Ji's biography and annotations, cited Jiang Biao's biography, Sun Hao sent Shang Fang to use gold as Huasui steps to shake thousands of false buns, and ordered the palace people to play sumo wrestling.Wei Shu Shi Laozhi, in the first year of Xingguang, ordered Yousi to be in Wudu Temple. As the great ancestor, he had five emperors, and cast five standing statues of Sakyamuni, each one zhang six feet long, all made of red gold with 25,000 catties.In Tiananzhong, a standing statue of Sakyamuni was built in Tiangong Temple, forty-three feet high, with 100,000 red gold and 600 catties of gold.Qi Shudong Hunhou Benji, the harem clothes are extremely rare, the old treasures of the treasury are no longer used, the price of gold and silver treasures in the people of the noble towns are several times that of the capital, and the wine rent is discounted to lose gold, thinking that gold is not enough.In the Tang Dynasty Jingzong Ji, three thousand dendrobium of copper was ordered to support, and the gold book is the foil characters.One hundred thousand, to renovate the new hall of Qingsiyuan and the seal of Shengyang hall.In the Five Dynasties Shimin family, Wang Chang set up the third floor of the Sanqing Terrace, and used thousands of catties of gold to cast the statues of Baohuang, Yuanshi Tianzun, and Dashang Laojun.Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty made the Zhaoying Palace of the Yuqing Dynasty, and the gongs, Luanying couplets, all of which were decorated with gold, costing hundreds of millions, even though the amount of gold was used, it could not be fully calculated.In the Benji of the Jin History Hailing, the decorations of the palace are covered with gold, and then five picks are used in the back, and the gold chips fly into the air like falling snow.In the Yuan Dynasty, the ancestors of the Yuan Dynasty built the Dashengshou Wan'an Temple. The Buddha statues and window walls were all decorated with gold.He also said that when he wrote the scriptures in gold characters, all the lost gold was three thousand two hundred and forty-four taels.In Wu Cheng's biography, he said that powdered gold is mud, and he wrote about Buddhist sutras.Taiding Emperor Ji, in July of the second year of Taiding, at Gengwu, because the country was not enough, the gold-lettered scriptures were discontinued, and a gold-foil regulation office was established in Yunnan.This is all a waste of money.Du Hao's words are quite true.Cao Muziyun, gold is a foil, and it will be returned if there is no recovery.Therefore, it is forbidden to use gold and silver as foil in the book of Emperor Wu of the Southern Qi Dynasty.In the Song Dynasty Zhenzong Ji, in the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu, Bingwu in February, it was stated that gold and silver were not allowed to be used as foil.In the reign of Emperor Renzong, during the Eighth Month of the Eighth Month of the first year of Kangding, it was forbidden to decorate Buddha statues with gold foil.Zhe Zongji, Dingmao in September of the second year of Yuanyou, banned the private manufacture of gold foil.According to Liu Xiangchuan, Li Xun, a foreigner of Renzong, violated the law of selling gold, and Xiang Zuo said that the law should be more expensive.From it.In the reign of Jin Shizong, in the seventh month of the seventh year of Dading, the use of gold thread was banned, and those who weaved and sold it were all punished.In the Renzong period of the Yuan Dynasty, at Xinmao in March of the fourth year, it was forbidden to make gold foil among the people, sell gold and weave gold.However, in Taizu's memorandum, there is an ingot of gold in the words, and the near ministers said that this table is also a piece of dragon gold, and the officials can wash it and sell it.Alas!The wind of frugality is far away! Before the Tang and Song Dynasties, all the goods that passed up and down were all in money, not in silver.According to the records of Shihuo in the Han Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty merged with the world, and the coins were second-class, while the pearls, jade, tortoises, shells, silver and tin belonged to the treasures of utensils and decorations, not coins.Xiaowu started to create the third grade of platinum, and it was impossible to find waste.Xie Zhaozhi said that eight liang of silver in Han Dynasty was worth one thousand dollars. At that time, silver was cheap and money was expensive. Today, one liang of silver is worth one thousand dollars.In the old book of the Tang Dynasty, in June of the third year of Emperor Xianzong's reign, the imperial edict said that if there are mountains of silver in the world, there must be copper mines.Bronze can be used for casting drums, but silver is useless to living people.In the world, from the north of Wuling, there are silver mining pits, which should be banned.Li Deyu was an observation envoy to the west of Zhejiang, and he played a cloud. In the middle of February, he was ordered to enter Kuizi and spent more than 9,400 taels of silver.At that time, there were no two or three hundred taels in reserve.However, the general text of the examination says that the capital of Liang Chuwei and the three Wu Jingying, Jiangxiang and Liang benefited from the money, while the rest of the states and counties were traded with grain and silk.In the area of ​​Jiaoguang, gold and silver are all used as goods.In Tang Hanyu's petition, he also said that Wuling bought and sold one silver.Yuan Zhen played a petition, saying that he was from the south of the mountain and used gold and silver as currency.Outside of Pakistan, salt and silk are traded.In the Wuxi Gorge of Guizhou, mercury and cinnabar silk scarves and hats are used to sell.Du's Tongdian contains the number of Tang Duzhi's years, millet is more than 25 million stones, cloth and silk is more than 27 million Duantu, and money is more than 2 million guan. There is no silver.The land tribute is one hundred taels of silver from Guizhou, fifty taels of silver from each of the three provinces of Exin Party, thirty taels of silver from Hezhou, Shao, Duan, Zhao, Pan, Bian, Gao, Gong, Xun, Yan, Feng, and Chun. , Luo, Lao, Dou, Heng, Xiang, Long, Teng, Ping, Qin, Lian, Yi, Liu, Le, Kang, En, Ya, and Wan'an twenty-seven prefectures, each with 22 taels of silver, is the name of the people of the Tang Dynasty. Silver is a tribute, not a gift.Zhang Ji's poems, riding elephants in Haiguo wars, and using silver in Manzhou City.In the second year of Renzong Ji and Jingyou in the history of Song Dynasty, Zhulu was ordered to lose money every year.Fujian's Erguang Yi used silver, and Jiangdong used silk.So there are those who use silver as money.In the history of Jinshi Shihuo, in the old case, each collar of silver was fifty taels of straight and one hundred guan.According to the old Tang book Ai Di Ji, 2,172 taels of silver came out of the inner treasury, which was used as a rescue by Ren Wenwu, a regular counselor.It is known that the silver of the previous generation was all cast.If there are folks who cut it, the price will be lower.So it was changed to cast silver, named Cheng'an Baohuo.One tael to ten taels are divided into five grades, and every two discounts are two guan, and the money is used for both public and private purposes.It is also said that the Xingding Baoquan was built, and each penetrating was worth fifty Tongbao, and Yuanguangzheng was printed with silk, and it was the same as the copper and silver banknotes and the remaining banknotes.After a short period of time, the price of silver became more and more expensive, money and treasures became more and more cheap, and the people only used silver to discuss the price.In the second year of Yuanguang, Baoquan was almost useless.Ai Zong was in the middle of his life, but the exchange of silver in the market was the beginning of using silver up and down today. Nowadays, all the things that the people lose to officials are in silver, but they are still called money and food.In the name of Gaicheng Song Dynasty, money was used by everyone at that time. At the beginning of the country, the land tax collected from all over the world did not use silver, but there was silver in the course of pitting and smelting.It is recorded at the end of each year to record the number of entries.In the twenty-fourth year of Hongwu, there were twenty-four thousand seven hundred and forty taels of silver.By the fifth year of Xuande, it was three hundred and twenty-two hundred and ninety-seven taels.The year-old office regards this as the rate.According to the accounting records of Song Suzhe and Yuanyou, the annual income of the bank is only 57,000 taels.In the history of Yuan Dynasty Cheng Zongji, Prime Minister You Wanze said that he would only enter the bank at the age of 60,000 taels.In the fifth year of Xuande, Zuowen was in the second government office, five counties including Pingyang and Lishui, and the class quota reached 87,800 taels, and more and more pits were opened for construction.At that time, the country was not enough to rely on silver for its use.In the third year of Zhengtong, the silver class was stopped and the pits were closed to disturb the people by purchasing.And the annual income is only more than five thousand.In the ninth year of leap and July, Wuyinshuo, Fujian Zhejiang Yinchang was reopened. It was adopted in that year, and it was 67,182 taels.It is the warehouse grain that is sold off, all of them are sold in silver, and then they are regarded as regular goods, and there are too many ships to cover the market. According to the records of Taizu, in March of the eighth year of Hongwu in Xinyoushuo, it was forbidden for the people to trade gold and silver as goods. Anyone who violated the law would be punished, and those who reported would be given their goods.If its legislation is strict.In April of the ninth year, Ji Chou, Xu Min used silver banknotes and silk to pay this year's tax.In March of the nineteenth year, Jisi, the year-old tax-clearing banknotes, if there is a way that is dangerous and difficult to get, Xu Yi gold and silver.At the end of May, the Ministry of Household Affairs was ordered to gather the number of this year's autumn grain and the storage in the warehouse. Except for the storage, all the gold, silver, cloth and silk banknotes will be collected and sent to the capital.Although this change method is temporary, the ban on transactions is rarely relaxed. In August of the first year of Zhengtong, Gengchen ordered Jiangnan to rent taxes and collect gold and silk.Hui Dian said that the three chief ministers of Huguang, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Susong and other prefectures in Zhili.First, Zhou Quan, the right deputy capital of the Metropolitan Procuratorate, played the salary and food of the officials of the guards. Those who were in Nanjing sent officials to pay for it, which was originally for convenience.It was time for official salaries in Beijing to be paid in Nanjing.But those who are sent will pay the official salaries, rice, and trade goods, and the expensive ones will be paid for the cheap ones.The imperial court wastes money and salary, and the officials are not able to benefit.Please order the meeting of the Ministry, the number of annual salary, in Zhili, Jiangxi, Huguangnan, Zhejiang, where there is no access to boats, each with the local products, fold the cloth, silk, platinum, and go to Beijing to fill the salary.Zhao Xin, the governor of Jiangxi, also said that Jiangxi is a county, and there are people who live in secluded mountains and do not have access to boats. At the age of year, they exchange gold and silk in the place of Tongjin, and go to Nanjing.If rice is expensive, the fee is not cheap.The salaries of officials in this line are paid in Nanjing, and the round-trip labor expenses are not practical.Please order the counties in Jiangxi to collect cloth, silk or platinum, sell them into ingots, and transport them to the capital for the salaries of quasi-officials.Huang Fu, who is also the Minister of the Ministry of household insurance and the Ministry of household affairs, also has requests.As a result, the Ministry of Household Affairs reapplied for the previous discussion.The above said, did the ancestors try to do it?Shangshu Hu Wei and others said, the Emperor Taizu tried to travel in Shaanxi, and every banknote of five hundred Wen was converted into rice and one stone, gold was converted into twenty stones for one tael, platinum was converted into four stones for one tael, one piece of silk was converted into one stone and two buckets, and one piece of silk was converted into one stone and two buckets. A horse breaks a stone.Each produces according to what is convenient for the people.Later, it traveled to Zhejiang, and it was convenient for the people.So I asked for it.One stone per meter of wheat is equivalent to two cents and five cents of silver.It's convenient to be far and near.Of course, the accumulation of warehouses and granaries is small.The full text of the record has been uploaded. In February of the second year, Jiaxu ordered Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian to export tax and grain to Nanjing, and received platinum, and those who wished to accept cloth and silk would listen.So the governor of Nanzhili lined up with Zhou Chen, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, and he had more than enough reserves in the official warehouse.In October of that year, at Renwu, he was dispatched to Tongzheng Lizhen in the right of the Secretary of General Administration, and went to the three prefectures of Su Changsong. He will keep a warehouse of 729,300 stones, which will be sold in silver to discount the salaries of officials and soldiers.In April of the third year, Jiayin ordered to sell grain in Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Zhejiang, and Chenji warehouses, so that the soldiers and civilians had no work to save the transportation, and Yuyu was spared from Chen Hong's troubles. Since the silver was broken, within two or three years, there were frequent floods and early disasters, and they tried to persuade them to borrow more than a thousand stones to relieve the famine. They were called righteous people and ordered to restore their families.In the Jingtai period, examples of accepting millet came out one after another, and it has been handed down to this day, but the silver collected by the state is no longer known as rice. In the Tang Dynasty, it is said that among the treasures of heaven, there is plenty in the country, and there are thousands of millet and silk in the prefectures and counties.Today, if you go to Taiping, please stay out of the stagnation, become lighter, and get rich in the capital.I also learned that the world's Yicang and Ding Rent the land class, and Yibu silk was used to fill the emperor's forbidden collection.The discussions of the ministers on that day were similar to this.It is unavoidable to go too far.For a long time, the inside is solid and the outside is empty.In the thirteenth year of Chongzhen, the prefecture and state were devastated, there was no millet in the warehouse, and the people's thoughts were in chaos, so the country was subjugated. In Xuande, there are different cases in which border deposits are not given, and it is an order of nanometer atonement.In August of the third year of Zhengtong, at the request of Chen Zhenglun, the procurator from Shaanxi, he changed his office to accept silver and relieve Bian Yimi.Miscellaneous criminals who commit capital crimes will receive thirty-six taels of silver, twenty-four taels of cash, five-class delinquents will be reduced by three taels, five-class rods, one-hundred taels, ninety or more, and five-class floggings, will be reduced by five qian .This is the beginning of today's example of redemption. In September of the 11th year of Zhengtong, Zhou Chen, the governor of the Zhili Ministry of Industry, said that there were disasters everywhere, and he feared that the prepared warehouses would not be enough to provide relief.When the green and yellow are not ready, they will be sold to the people, and the silver they get will be sent to the Beijing treasury.Then the officials will not be harmed, and the people will benefit.From it.This article is an expedient and flexible method, so it is a generation of capable ministers. Taizai, the official of the Zhou Dynasty, collected money and bribed with nine Fus.Note Caiquan ancient coins.Valley also.It is also said that the rate of Fukou comes out of the spring.Fang goes back to ancient and modern studies, otherwise this is the case.Xunzi said that thick swords and cloth are collected in order to seize wealth, but Han law has oral calculations.Xiaohuiji notes, the Han law people made a calculation of one hundred and twenty dollars.This is paid for by money.It has existed since ancient times, and it does not come from the fields.At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the grain was rented out, the silk was sold out, and the silk cloth was transferred out, without using money.Since the implementation of the two tax laws, money has been used as the only offering. Mencius said that when a sage governs the world, there are millet like water and fire.Beans and millets are like water and fire, but how can the people be unkind?From the current way, there is no change to the current customs. Even if the surplus grain is used to live in the mu, and the bucket of rice is three dollars, the loser will not be dealt with.Why?The endowment of the country is to use silver instead of millet, and to give up everything and be responsible for no reason.Husband and field hooligans are not merchants, officials, or thieves, so Yin Xi came here?In the Tang and Song dynasties, every time they lamented the harm of money shortage, it is so serious now.It is not reasonable to let the soil be used to make a fu, and to emphasize the cultivation of the people, but to desire to educate and educate the people, and the beauty of customs. In the collection of Changqing of the Bai family, the policy said, the husband's collection is the foundation, the amount of mulberry land is rented out, and the husband's family is used to get out of mediocrity.Those who rent mediocrity are just grain and silk.Today, besides the grain and silk, money is also responsible for it. The mulberry land of the money does not produce copper, private families dare not cast it, and those who work in farmers, how can they get it?Even when the officials and Xu pursue the conscripts, and the official limits are tight, they will change their possessions and go to the official business.When it is a good year, it will be sold at half price, which is not enough to make money.In a bad year, the interest rate will be doubled, which is not enough to repay the debt.If this is the case, what do farmers expect?是以商贾大族，乘时射利者，日以富豪，田垄罢人，望岁勤力者，日以贫困。劳逸既悬，利病相诱，则农夫之心，尽思释耒而倚市，织妇之手，皆欲投杼而刺文。至使田卒污莱，室如悬磬。人力罕施，而地利多郁。天时虚运，而岁功不成。臣尝反覆思之，实由谷帛轻，而钱刀重也。夫籴甚贵钱甚轻，则伤人，籴甚贱钱甚重，则伤农。农伤则生业不专，人伤则财用不足。故王者平均其贵贱，调节其轻重，使百货通流，四人交利，然后上无乏用，而下亦阜安。方今天下之钱，日以减耗，或积于国府，或滞于私家。若复日月征取，岁时输纳，臣恐谷帛之价转贱，农桑之业转伤。十年以后，其毙必更甚于今日矣。今若量夫家之桑地，计谷帛为租庸，以石斗登降为差，以匹夫多少为等，但书估价，并免税钱，则任土之利载兴，易货之毙自革。毙革则务本者致力，利兴则趋末者回心。游手于道涂市肆者，可易业于西成，托迹于军籍释流者，可返躬于东作。所谓下令如流水之原，系人于苞桑之本者矣。 赠友诗曰，私家无钱垆，平地无铜山。胡为秋夏税，岁岁输铜钱。钱力日已重，民力日已殚。贱粜粟与麦，贱贸丝与绵。岁暮衣食尽，焉得无饥寒？吾闻国之初，有制垂不刊。庸必算丁口，租必计桑田。不求土所无，不强人所难。量入以为出，上足下亦安。兵兴一变法，兵息遂不还。使我农桑人，憔顇畎亩间。谁能革此毙，待君秉利权。复彼租庸法，令如贞观年。 李翱集有疏改税法一篇，言钱者官司所铸，粟帛者农之所出。今乃使农人贱卖粟帛，易钱入官，是岂非颠倒而取其无者邪？由是豪家大商，皆多积钱，以逐轻重。故农人日困，末业日增。请一切不督见钱，皆纳布帛。 宋时岁赋，亦止是谷帛。其入有常物。而一时所需，则变而取之，使其直轻重相当，谓之折变。景祐初，诏户在第九等免折变。熙宁中，张方平上疏，言比年公私上下，并苦乏钱。又缘青苗助役之法，农民皆变转谷帛，输纳见钱。钱既难得，谷帛益贱。人情窘迫，谓之钱荒。司马光亦言，江淮之南，民间乏钱谓之钱荒。苏轼亦言，免役之害，聚敛民财于上，而下有钱荒之患。绍熙元年，臣僚言，古者赋出于民之所有，不强其所无。今之为绢者，一倍折而为钱，再倍折而为银。银愈贵，钱愈难得，谷愈不可售。使民贱粜而贵折，则大熟之岁，反为民害。愿诏州郡，凡多取而多折者，重置于罚。民有粜不售者，令常平就籴。异时岁歉，平价以粜。庶于民无伤，于国有补。From it.而真宗时知袁州何蒙，请以金折本州二税。上曰，若是将尽废耕农矣。不许。是宋时之毙，亦与唐同。而折银之见于史者，自南渡后始也。 解缙太平十策，言及今丰岁，宜于天下要害之处，每岁积粮若干，民虽近输，而国受长久之利，计之善者也。愚以为天下税粮，当一切尽征本色。除漕运京仓之外，其余则储之于通都大邑。而使司计之臣，略仿刘晏之遗意，量其岁之丰凶，稽其价之高下，粜银解京，以资国用。一年计之不足，十年计之有余。而小民免称贷之苦，官府省敲朴之烦，郡国有凶荒之备，一举而三善随之矣。 先生《钱粮论》略曰：古天下之所为富者，菽粟而已。为其交易也，不得已而以钱权之。然自三代以至于唐，所取于民者，粟帛而已。自杨炎两税之法行，始改而征钱，而未有银也。《汉志》言秦币二等，而银锡之属施于器饰，不为币。自梁时始有交广以金银为货之说。宋仁宗景二年，始诏诸路岁收缗钱，福建、二广易以银，江东以帛。所以取之福建、二广者，以坑冶多，而海舶利也。至金章宗，始铸银，名之曰承安宝货，公私同见钱用。哀宗正大间，民但以银市易，而不用铸。至于今日，上下通行，而忘其所自。然而考之《元史》，岁课之数为银至少。然则国赋之用银，盖不过二三百年间耳。今之言赋，必曰钱粮。夫钱，钱也；粮，粮也。亦乌有所谓银哉？且天地间银不益增，而赋则加倍，此必不供之数也。昔者唐穆宗时，物轻钱重，用户部尚书杨于陵之议，令两税等钱皆易以布帛丝纩，而民便之。吴徐知诰从宋齐邱言，以为钱非耕桑所得，使民输钱，是教之弃本逐末也，于是是诸税悉收、帛、细绢。是则昔人之论取民者，且以钱为难得也，以民之求钱为不务本也，而况于银乎？右度土地之宜，权岁入之数，酌转般之法，而通融乎其间，凡州县之不通商者，令尽纳本色，不得已以其什之三征钱。钱自下而上，则监恶无所容，而钱价贵，是一举而两利焉。无蠲赋之亏，而有活民之实；无督责之难，而有完逋之渐。今日之计莫便乎此。夫树谷而征银，是畜羊而求马也；倚银而富国，吴倚酒而充饥也。以此自愚，而其敝至于国与民交尽，是其计出唐、宋之季诸臣之下也。 又曰：自古以来，有国者之取于民为已悉矣，然不闻有火耗之说。火耗之所由名，其起于征银之代乎？原夫耗之所生，以一州县之赋繁矣，户户而收之，铢铢而纳之，不可以琐细而上诸司府，是不得不资于火。有火则必有耗，所谓耗者，特百之一二而已。有贱丈夫焉，以为额外之征，不免干于吏议。择人而食，未足厌其贪?林，于是藉火耗之名，为巧取之术。盖不知起于何年，而此法相传，代增一代，官重一官，以至于今。于是官取其赢十二三，而民以十三输国之十；里胥又取其赢十一二，而民以十五输国之十。其取则薄于两而厚于铢，其征收这数，者，必其地多而豪有力可以持吾之短长者也；铢者，必其穷下户也。虽多取之，不敢言也。于是两之加焉十二三，而铢之加焉十五六矣。薄于正赋而厚于杂赋，正赋耳目之所先也，杂赋其所后也。于是正赋之加焉十二三，而杂赋之加焉十七八矣。解之藩司，谓之羨余；贡诸节使，谓之常例。责之以不得不为，护之以不可破，而生民之困未有甚于此时者矣。愚尝久于山东，山东之民无不疾首蹙额，而诉火耗之为虐者。独德州则不然，问其故，则曰：州之赋二万九千，二为银，八为钱也。钱则无火耗之加，故民力纾于他邑也。非德州之官皆贤，里胥皆善人也，势使之然也。又闻长者言：近代之贪吏倍甚于唐宋之时，所以然者，钱重而难运，银轻而易继，难运则少取之而以为多，易继则多取之而犹以为少。非唐宋之吏多廉而今之吏贪也，势使之然也。然则银之通，钱之滞；吏之宝，民之贼也！在有明之初，尝禁民不得行使金银，犯者准奸恶论。夫用金银，何奸之有？有重为之禁者，盖逆知其弊之必至此也。当时市肆所用皆唐宋钱，而制钱则偶一铸造，以助其不足耳。今也泉货弱而害金兴，市道穷而伪物作，国币夺于上，民力殚于下。使陆贽、白居易、李翱之流而生今日，其咨嗟太息必有甚于唐之中叶者矣。曰：子以火耗为病于民也，使改而征粟米，其无淋尖、踢斛，巧取于民之术乎？曰：吾未见罢任之仓官，宁家这斗级，负米而行者也，必鬻银而后去。有两车行于道，前为钱，后为银，则大盗之所睨常在其后车焉。然则岂独今之贪吏倍甚于唐宋之时；河朔这间所名为响马者，亦当倍甚于唐宋之时矣。 今世所传五铢钱，皆云汉物，非也。南北朝皆铸五铢钱。陈书世祖纪，天嘉三年闰二月甲子，改铸五铢钱。魏书言武定之初，私铸滥恶。齐文襄王以钱文五铢，名须称实，宜称钱一文重五铢者，听入市用。计百钱重一斤四两十二铢。通典注，按此则一千钱重十一斤以上，而隋代五铢钱，一千重四斤二两，当时大小秤之差耳。自余皆准此为数。其京邑二市，天下州镇郡县之市，各置二秤，悬于市门。民间所用之称，皆准市称以定轻重。若重不五铢，或虽重五铢而多杂铅镴，并不听用。然竟未施行。隋书，高祖既受周禅，以天下钱货轻重不等，乃更铸新钱，背面肉好，皆有周郭，文曰五铢，而重如其文。每钱一千，重四斤二两，悉禁古钱及私钱。置样于关，不如样者，没官销毁之。自是钱帛始一，百姓便之。是则改币之议，始于齐文襄，至隋文帝乃行之。而今之五铢，亦大抵皆隋物也。按四斤二两，是六十六两，每一枚当重六分六厘。今五铢钱，正符此数，不知汉制如何。 古钱惟五铢，及开元通宝最多。五铢隋开皇元年铸，开元唐武德四年铸。 自宋以后，皆先有年号，而后有钱文。唐之开元，则先有钱文，而后有年号。旧唐书食货志曰，武德四年，铸开元通宝钱，径八分，重二铢四絫，积十钱重一两。通典云，计一千重六斤四两，每两二十四铢，则一钱重二铢半以下，古称比今称三之一也。则今钱为古称之七铢以上，比古五铢则加重二铢以上。又曰，开元钱之文，给事中欧阳询制词及书，时称其工。其字含八分及隶体，其词先上后下，次左后右，读之自上及左，回环读之，其义亦通。流俗谓之开通元宝钱。马永卿曰，开元通宝，葢唐二百八十九年，独铸此钱，雒并幽桂等处皆置监，故开元钱如此之多。而明皇纪号，偶相合耳。 旧唐书，高宗干封元年四月庚寅，改铸干封泉宝钱。二年正月，罢干封钱，复行开元通宝钱。