Chapter 15 Volume Fourteen

The land ruled by the ancient kings also has no abandoned land, and it is also endless.There is more than enough way to paint nine tracks in the field.Remaining mountains and rivers, there is so much autumn water that one has to rest, and there is more water.It is because meritorious service is easy to establish but hard to destroy, and the annual plan is insufficient, but the world plan is surplus.Those who follow will act with urgency.Shang Yang broke through the rice paddies, and the frontiers of the Central Plains disappeared.After Song Zhenghe, the lake was surrounded and the river was occupied, and the water conservancy in the southeast was also blocked. [1] Biography of Song Shi Liu Wei, Jianhu was invaded and farmed by the people, and the official land was rented by him, and he was 20,000 hu at the age of 20,000.Zhenghejian dried up and thought it was a field, and it expanded to six times.A general examination of the literature shows that polder lakes and fields have mostly originated since Zhenghe.Those in Zhejiang Province belong to Yingfeng Bureau.Those in Jiangdong were successively acquired by Cai Jing and Qin Hui.Probably the fields today and the lakes of the past, only know that the water in the lake can be dried up to cultivate the fields, but they don't know that the fields outside the lake will be turned into water.So in ten years, there was a shortage of six or seven, but compared with his income, he was not as good as his predecessors.Confucius said, don't have haste, don't see small gains.If the husband wants to practice the law of the well, he must start with these two words.

The ancient emperors were in power, and they were in the world at the age of five when they patrolled and rectified.Yu Shu is the same as the law of weights and measures.In the country, it is corrected every year.In the book of rites, the moon decree, day and night are divided, and the weight is the same. [2] At the beginning of Hongwu, it was ordered to compare the Kandhu bucket scale ruler once every three months.Therefore, Guan Shi and Jun, Dayu used it to prosper Xia.Be careful about the amount of power, judge the law, and King Wu used it to build Zhou.The amount in the north today varies from town to town, and there are even those who use five buckets as one bucket.In the city of coaxing, two fights go hand in hand.As far as the land is concerned, there are those who take 240 paces, some who take 360 ​​paces, and some who take 720 paces. [3] In the annals of Daming Prefecture, there are those who take 1,200 steps as a circle.Some of the step bows take five feet, and some take six feet, seven feet, and eight feet. This is what is called unreliable workmanship.If the husband and the law are different, the people will live happily.There is a king who rises up, has the same power and is serious, and the first thing to do.In the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, in the 15th year of Jianwu, Xiazhou County was ordered, Jianhe reclaimed the land, and the age of the household registration.Henan Yin Zhangji and more than ten guards from various counties were imprisoned and died.In the Sui Dynasty, Zhao Yu was the governor of Jizhou, and he was a copper bucket and an iron ruler.The emperor heard that the decree was promulgated to the world, and it was regarded as a common law.Tang is also feasible today.

With the near Guo as the upper land and the outer suburbs as the middle and lower land, it was built from the end of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties.There are few people in the city and hills.Those who plowed first were close to Guo, and they were close to Guo Hongwu's book field.Later settlers in the outer suburbs, and the new divisions in the outer suburbs are also successors.Therefore, the weight is different. According to Guangping Mansion Annals, there are different sizes of land????? For those who take two hundred and forty steps as a plot.Since ancient times, nothing has changed.From the beginning of the country, there were those who followed the order to cultivate and never got up.There are those who have no food due to the thinness of the yak, and now they can be counted as a number, because the amount of yuan is small, but the land obtained by zhang is more.Some officials are afraid that the number of land will increase, and they will be frightened by the superiors and cause harm to the people. They use the large mu to the small mu, and take the amount of the yuan.If you go up to create newspapers, you will use the earth to cast yellow books.For downward levying, use small acres to get the average.Therefore, the land in each county is divided into one mu for one mu of small land, and it is increased to one mu for more than eight mu.The difference is due to the level of the land, and they are all combined with the zhang land of a county, and the yuan of a county is invested to cover the grain department of the county, and the tax and service come from it.From now on, it will be convenient for people for a while.Consider other prefectures, such as the eight prefectures in Henan, but Huaiqing is only small, and the grain is the only one.There are thirty-four prefectures and counties in Kaifeng, but Qidi is the only small one, and the grain is the only one.Gai was not very dilapidated at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, so it was more important than other counties.The world was initially determined, and there was no time to give it. The order of stretching the fields and the law of equalization are not detailed. [4] Xie Jin Da Pao Xi Fengshi, said that the level of the soil and fields is uneven, but the severity of the department is the same, or the fat is rich but the tax is light, or the brine is barren and the tax is heavy.It was the case at the time of Hongwu.But in the land of the Central Plains, there is no way to map it according to the mu.Tang Luzhi said that at the beginning of creation, there is no need to be equal, the supply is different, and the shepherd is different.Where the corvée is, the importance depends on the severity, and the envoys sent have different opinions.The plan must be played, there is nothing to add.This is the cause of the disadvantages, which is the same in ancient and modern times.However, uneven wells and uneven taxation have been fixed for three hundred years.Therefore, in Dongchang Fuzhi, it is said that there are three prefectures and fifteen counties, and the steps are uneven, and the size of the acres is different, so that people can think about the length, width, and narrowness of the time.However, the records of the Daming House say that the land tax must be equal, and it will last for a long time.In addition to the other books of Shamao, please call on the magistrates and officials of various prefectures to draw a picture, use banknotes to measure rulers, measure feet to measure steps, measure feet to measure land, and measure land to use mu. next.All the uneven amounts of the old registries will be removed, and those who have seen the survivors will be shared among the states and counties.All grain, grass, horses and tax posts are passed down to Lijia and the like.For hundreds of miles, the local customs and people live in the same way.Then you know the idea of ​​equal length, the predecessors have tasted it, and now it can be communicated to the world.

According to the history of the Song Dynasty, the land system was not established in the Song Dynasty; [5] According to Wang Zhu's biography, Zhu said that the land taxes in the world are uneven, please use the method of Guo Zisun Lin's thousand steps to award states and counties to equalize their taxes.He also said that in Xuanhe, Li Yan set up a bureau in Ruzhou, and all the beautiful fields among the people made others submit an ultimatum to Chen, saying that it was a waste of time.Lushan and Hexian County are all public land.Burning the old certificates of the people made the landlord lose the rent, and the plaintiff was punished.There is no second tax on the public land, and the transfer envoys are not expelled, all of which are in other states. [6] Biography of eunuchs.If so, the irregularity of the classics and the unevenness of taxation have existed since the Song Dynasty, and it is not only the seasons of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties.

Since ancient times, painting borders and sub-cities must be compared and supplemented, and it is the same all over the world.But in the villages under Zezhou County today, if there are those who go to rule for three or four hundred miles, and those who are neighbors outside the city gate, the size of the village must be changed.Xiagui is located in Weibei and merged with Weinan.Meiyuan was in Beishan and merged in Fuping.If this is the case, it should be reset.However, Daming County is seven miles away from the government, and it can be saved into Yuancheng, so the size must be uneven.There are many places under the jurisdiction, such as Nangong [7], which belongs to Zhending.Wei County [8] belongs to Quang Binh.Among them, Xinhe County [9] belongs to Zhending.land.Qinghe [10] belongs to Guangping.There is Guan County [11] between Wei County and Dongchang County.land.Yuncheng[12] belongs to Yanzhou.Fan County [13] belongs to Dongchang.Between Zou County [14] belongs to Yanzhou.land.Counties such as Yidu in Qingzhou all have Gaoyuan land.Suqian County in Huai'an has Xiangfu County in Kaifeng.Between the two counties of Lingqiu and Guangchang in Datong, there is Wanping County in Shuntian.It may be one or two hundred miles away from the county, or three or four prefectures and counties apart.What's more, it is like Shenqiu [15] belonging to Kaifeng.The county office, land grain is attached to Ruyang [16] belongs to Runing.By.Then the mistakes cannot be corrected.Some of the Weisuo's villages are three or four hundred miles away, and they are in the same place as the people's land. If they have been soaked for a long time and lost their records, the soldiers and the people must not be unclear.Lands by the waterfront do not always grow and decline, like the three miles outside the west gate of Puzhou, which is to make up for the collapse of the dynasty.Let the people of Shaanxi cross the river to live in land, and as for fighting for war and killing people, things must happen. [17] In August Bingxu in the seventeenth year of Hongwu, those with less than 3,000 households in the prefectures were changed to counties, and thirty-seven prefectures were changed.Zhou Lixing Fang's family controlled the territory of the state, and righted its borders, and there was no place for deviation.There is a king who writes that it is appropriate to send envoys to divide them into counties and towns, to describe the topography on the map, to set up mountains and rivers, and to rectify their borders.

Although the later Wei Dynasty started from Shuomo and occupied the Central Plains, its system of cultivating and equalizing the land is enough to be the law of later generations.Prince Jingmu supervised the country, and the order said, Zhou Shuyan, let the farmers do the farming and provide the nine grains.Ren nursery to tree things, tribute vegetation.Workers use spare materials and tribute utensils.Ren businessmen use market affairs, tribute goods and bribes.Ren Mu with livestock, tribute to birds and beasts.Concubine Ren used women's affairs, Gongbu silk.Ren Heng paid tribute to his materials with the mountain affairs.Let Yu Yize do things and pay tribute to his things.It is to order the people in the province to let those who have no cattle borrow human cattle for farming, and they will pay for them with fields of rice.Where twenty-two fields are cultivated, and seven fields are cultivated, it is roughly regarded as the rate.Let the people mark their names on the heads of the fields to know their diligence and laziness.Prohibition of drinking and wandering.As a result, the cultivated land increased greatly.In October of the ninth year of Gaozu Taihe, Dingwei, the imperial edict said, "I have inherited Qian's reign for ten to five years. Every time I read the classics of the ancestors, Jinglun Baishi, savings and accumulation, Li Yuan Yongan.Love and Ji Ye, Si Daoling replaces.The rich and the strong merged with the mountains, and the poor and the weak looked away, leaving the land with a legacy and the people with no money left.Or fight over the land to die, or abandon your career because of famine, and want the world to be peaceful, so that the people can have plenty?Today, envoys are sent to Xunxing Prefecture, County and Mushou to give the fields of the world, to persuade them to teach farming and mulberry, and to prosper and enrich the people.It stipulates that men over fifteen years old receive 40 plots of exposed land, and women receive 20 plots of open land. When they are young and classy, ​​they receive the farmland, and if they are old enough to die, they return the farmland.The absence of Zhu Sangtian is still limited.The male wife gave the field 20 fields, the rest of the planting species, fifty mulberry trees, five jujube plants, and three elms.If the soil is not mulberry, the husband will give a field, plant elms and jujubes according to the law, and the planting will be limited to three years, and the unfinished land will not be seized.So there was a system of dividing the world's karma, which was still followed in the Tang Dynasty.Sigh!The emperor wants to pay attention to civil affairs, and the rule of creating a hundred generations is also in the palm of his hand.Song Linxun wrote the book of the government, and Chen Tongfu thought that there must be a heroic king who would use it after a change. Isn't it a man of knowledge!

After the great chaos at the beginning of the country and the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Shandong and Henan were mostly uninhabited land.In Hongwu, those who are able to develop the land will be their own business, and they will never take up the subject. [18] It was said that Fang Xiaoru was filial to Confucianism at that time, because of his open land, and the ancient well field.In the orthodoxy, the refugees lived together, and the imperial edict occupied the residence.In June of the sixth year of Jingtai, Bingshen, Zhang Feng, Minister of the Ministry of Household Affairs, etc. played, Zhili and Shuntianfu in the north and south of Shandong Province, there is no land, Party A opened up wasteland and cultivated, and Party B immediately sued him for not taxing grain.If you don't have a science, you will end up with a lot of competition, and it will be difficult for Du Sai.In the future, those who sue for contention should follow the instructions in this part and reduce the number of disciplines. For example, each grain of rice will be three liters and three combinations, each grain will be one stone, and each grain will be two bunches of grass.Not only will it never end the competition, but it will also lessen the accumulation of warehouse resources.From it.Hu Ke all made things happen, and impeached Feng and others did not abide by the ancestral system and did not understand the grievances of the people.God does not listen.However, since ancient times, there has been no land that has never been subject to law. At the beginning of the country, it was only to attract people to reclamation, and the legislation was passed, which in turn opened up future disputes.And complained to each other, dedicated to the prince's family, and the Buddha of the West Heaven, [19] see the record in March of the fourth year of Chenghua.It is no wonder that the scriptures are not correct and the endowment is uneven.

Yan Yi of Qiu Jun University added that Han Yu said that Fu came out of the world and Jiangnan lived in nineteen.Looking at it today, the east and west of Zhejiang rank nineteenth in the south of the Yangtze River.And Susong Changjiahu five prefectures occupy the nineteenth place in Zhejiang Province.Kao Hongwuzhong, [20] According to various duties.The summer tax and autumn grain in the world, calculated in stone, totaled more than 29.43 million, while the Chief Secretary of Zhejiang Province was more than 2.752 million, Suzhou was more than 2.809 million, and Songjiang Prefecture was 120,000. There are more than 109,000, and Changzhou is more than 551,000. It is a land of three feudal vassals.Today, the capital of the country is Yan, with more than four million stones in the south of the Cao River at the age of 1, and it is the capital of the capital.And these five prefectures occupy half of Jiangxi, Huguang, and Nanzhili.The minister steals a plan based on Suzhou's prefecture to allow the rest.There are seven counties in one prefecture of Suzhou, [21] Taicang Prefecture was not established at that time.It cultivated more than 96,500 hectares of land, ranking among the number of fields in the world of more than 8,496,000 hectares, and produced 2,809,000 shi of tax and grain, accounting for more than 2,940 hectares in the world. Within the age of ten thousand stones, it can be seen that the scientific conquest is heavy and the people's power is exhausted.

Du Zonghuan wrote to Zhou Chen, the governor's servant, that in the five seasons, the Qian family taxed the fields of two Zhejiang provinces, and each planted three buckets.In the Song Dynasty, there were two Zhejiang fields, each with one bucket. [22] In the first year of Song Chunyou, Bao Lian wrote the Qinchuan Chronicle, saying that at the beginning of the country, the purpose of cutting off the Qian family's white mates was exhausted, and the king Yonggao Xiang was sent to the right to make up for the Que. Each of them rode and delivered horses, and the tax amount was fixed. In a farm in Zhongtian, the summer tax money is four cents, and the autumn rice is eight liters.Shimoda is one farm, money is three cents, and rice is seven or four.Those who take it from the people are nothing more than that.Since Xifeng changed the law, worshiped many things, and Jingyan's army flourished, gaining at any time.However, the forehead in the early Song Dynasty has not yet reached a bucket.When Yuan entered China, the land tax of the whole world was initially determined, with three liters per field for upper fields, two and a half liters for middle fields, two liters for lower fields, and five liters for paddy fields. [23] Biography of Yelu Chucai in Yuan History.As for the beginning of my Taizu Emperor Gao's order, the land tax in the world was only three liters and five liters, and the lowest was the three-in-one and five-in-one, so the people in the world got what they deserved.Many of the people in Dusu and Songfu's prefectures were displaced because of heavy taxation.Today's food is the most important place to go, and about half of each mile has fled.Please tell me why, at the beginning of the country, there was no land rent for local tyrants, some were forfeited because of Zhang's volunteer soldiers, some were forfeited because they abused the people and offended, and some were confiscated in the fields. Douqibadou, to more than one stone.People's diseases have been born since then. [24] Song Shiyan, in the first year of Jianyan, did not belong to Cai Jingwang Fu and other villages, and thought it was an official land, and the rent was reduced by three points.At the beginning of Hongwu, there was no one who spoke this story.Why?Before the fields were submerged, the small people paid back the rent from the local tyrants, and they just returned day and night.Later, it was changed from private rental to official food, and it was delivered in various warehouses, transported across the rivers and lakes, and over time, there were two or three shi for a shi, some for four or five shi for a shi, and some for storms and thieves, so that they were in default for many years. . [25] Wang Shuyingshu also said that the official warehouse of the loser, the road is far away, and the labor cost is a lot. When it is collected, it costs more, which is more expensive than the renter of the rich people.It has been since Hongwu.According to Huating county in Song Dynasty, which is now Songjiang prefecture, when Shaoxi was in power, there were only more than 112,300 stones in autumn seedlings.In Jingdingzhong, Jia Sidao bought people's land as public land, and benefited more than 158,200 stones of grain.At the end of the Song Dynasty, in the land of the officials and the people, the tax and grain amounted to more than 452,800 shi, and the amount was added to the round dendrobium.In the early Yuan Dynasty, the land tax was lighter than that in the Song Dynasty.However, in the Dade Room, after being submerged in Zhu Qing Zhang Xuan's field, in the Yuan Dynasty, he was also submerged in Zhu Guozhen's Guan Ming and other fields.There are up to 800,000 shi in the tax and grain of a government.In the year of Ji, Zhang Shicheng merged all the wealth and taxation houses, and his husband's camp surrounded the sand, and the monks and Taoists stood in the fields.Since Hongwu, a government has taxed and grained more than 1.2 million shi.The rent is too heavy for the people to bear.So the emperor took pity on the poor people, repeatedly lowered the tone of virtue, and reduced the amount of food for the official lands in the world by two-thirds and two-cents. [26] That is, the edict of Guisi in February of the fifth year of Xuande.The tax and grain of the Songjiang prefecture is no less than 129,000 shi.From the perspective of the foolish calendar, since the land tax, there has never been one who is so important.Farmers and silkworm women weave when they are cold, and plow when they are hungry.Not enough, and then had to flee.As a result, the fields are barren, and money and food are in arrears every year.Xiangmeng's pardon, from the 13th year of Yongle to July of the 19th year, the tax-free grain was no less than several million stones.Twenty years from Yongle to three years from Xuande, and another seven years.Arrears are discounted and collected lightly, not less than millions of stones.After the collection, two imperial edicts ordered that since Xuande seven years ago, the collection of grain and grass in arrears, grain supervision, grain tax and silk, and banknotes at door stalls were all stopped.During the 18 years before and after, the collection of juan was exempted from the discount and the collection was suspended to the point where it could not be counted.From this point of view, it is only in the name of heavy taxation, but there is no real taxation.May your Excellency convey to the emperor, review the ancient tax laws, consider the trade-offs, and tax them in order to suit the present.Lighten the amount so that the people can pay as scheduled.This means that the country has the name of light taxation and the reality of taxation.

According to the actual records of Xuanmiao, in the seventh month of the first year of Hongxi, Zhou Qian, the right governor of Guangxi, came back from Suchang Jiahu and other prefectures to inspect and returned, saying that in Suzhou and other places, many people had fled.The elderly people who inquired all said that it was caused by the government's maladministration and poor people.For example, Wujiang, Kunshan, and Mintian farms, the old tax is five liters, and the small people rent the Fushi farms, and the private rent is one stone.Later, because he was not an official, he was reduced by two dou according to the private rent, which is ten and eight.Allocating items to princes and sons-in-law, and renting one stone for each old one, and then returning to the official due to an accident, it is also like private renting.And take eight out of ten, the people are still unbearable, what's more?If you take everything, you can't give it to private people, but you will be starved and starved, and you can't get it if you don't want to escape.Begging for orders, the land without officials, and the princes returning the rent of the official land, will be set up according to the official land where they are located, and the tax will be paid six times.The next meeting.In the second month of the fifth year of Xuande, in Guisi, the old government lands in various places were ordered, and the divisions were different, and the rent was heavy, and the peasants were more successful.From the beginning of this year, each field has one plot, and those who pay grain from one to four buckets from the old amount will be reduced by two tenths each.From four buckets and one to more than one stone, three tenths of each will be reduced, which is a permanent rule.In March of the sixth year, Zhou Chen, the governor's servant, said that in the two counties of Shanghai, Huating, Songjiang Prefecture, there were more than 27,900 shi of official land taxes and grains, all of which were ancient amounts, and the grain was too heavy. Finish.The above orders are held at the official meeting of the Ministry of Households.Impeaching Chen and turning chaos into law, selling fame for reputation, pleading guilty.Not allowed.In March of the seventh year, Gengshenshuo issued an edict, but it was an official farmland pond. Taxes and grains were not divided into ancient and near amounts.Xinyou went up to retreat to the court, and Yuzuo Shunmen, said Shangshu Hu Min said, "Yesterday, I paid more attention to the official land, and the people suffered.I heard that there is a saying in the outside world that every time the imperial court issues an edict, the rent and tax will be removed, but the household department will not allow it. What's more, there is a department for the transfer of texts and precepts, and there are words not to use the edict as a speech.If so, it is abolishing the imperial edict, blocking grace, and not being obscene, what is the blame?Today's order to reduce rent is imperative.The book says that the people are the foundation of the state, and the foundation is solid and the state is peaceful.Youzi said, "If the people are not enough, who is the ruler?"Qing and others are all scholars, don't you know this?I had a poem expressing this idea yesterday, and now I want to show you that I will never Don't forget it.All the others thank you.His poem said that the official rent was quite heavy, and there was a reason for it in the past.And those who serve the fields are all poor people.Farming is hard work, and feeding is also hard work.Then let the food and clothing be meager, so as to support him?Yin Nian sympathizes with me, and the old traces are safe to follow?The decree was issued to reduce ten three, and the four directions were equal.The former kings regarded all surnames as if they were father and son.I only emphasize the country's foundation, how can I say that I am benevolent?Records of the Yingmiao, Dingmao in June of the first orthodox year, traveling in Hubuzuo, Susong, Zhili, Zhejiang, etc., deducting taxes and grains, please order the governors of various places, and the county officials of the same prefecture to verify carefully, their official land Every harvest of autumn grain is four dou and one liter, and if it reaches more than two shi, it will be reduced to two dou and seven liters;If you understand the sparseness, send it to the Ministry for grinding.From it. [27] According to the seventeenth year of Jiajing, there are still more than seven dou in the land of Changzhou County, which is now equal to the people's land, but three dou and seven liters.It is because this decree was not fulfilled that day.

Guantian has existed since the Han Dynasty.In the first year of Jianyan, the history of Song Dynasty, the official villages such as Cai Jing Wang Fu were regarded as official land.In the third year of Kaixi, Han Zhou was punished.Next year, the border office will be set up, and all the officials in the fields that have not been granted access to the fields and other powers, as well as the surrounding fields and lakes, will be attached to Yan.It is strange to lose 721,700 hu of rice, but only 1,315,000 yuan of money.In the fourth year of Jingding, Chen Yaodao, the official censor in the palace, Cao Xiaoqing, the supervisory censor Yu Yu, and Zhang Xiyan, etc., begged for the ancestors to limit the land, and took one-third of the land beyond the limit from the official and private households in the east and west of Zhejiang Province. If you buy confiscated land, you will get 10 million farmland.At the age of six to seven million dendrobium.Prime Minister Jia Sidao advocated his proposals and implemented them.Starting from the six counties in the west of Zhejiang Province, where every field is rented full of stones, 200 guan will be given, and the number will decrease in descending order.Some companies take credit for buying more land, but they all use seven or eight buckets as stones.Afterwards, those who were poor in the field, and Qiao Barren, who lost the rent, and those who ran away with the renter, paid the landlord at a rate.The people of the six counties have broken their homes. [28] Li Zongji, Yan Pingjiang, Jiangyin, Anji, Jiaxing, Changzhou, Zhenjiang six counties, has bought more than 3.5 million mu of public land.But there are many fields in Pingjiang. [29] According to Taoism, Bao Hui knew Pingjiang, supervised the purchase of fields, and used corporal punishment to engage in it.In the Yuan Dynasty, there was the world, and all the fields were not controlled by officials.According to the records of Songjiang Mansion, in the Yuan Dynasty, besides the land of the Miao taxpayer, there was a mansion in charge of the capital of the Jianghuai River and Huaihe River, which took the land of the former concubine of the Song Dynasty for the Empress Dowager.The Fufu Mansion of Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, the residence of Zhu Qing and Zhang Xuantian was not there, for the middle palace. [30] In the second year of Tianli in the history of Yuan Dynasty, in October, Li Pingjiang and other places were appointed to the Department of Tianfu.In the Paddy Field Receiving Office, Zhu [31] Guozhen was in charge of [32] Mingtian, and the registration was not granted to the prime minister.Diaocizhuang, [33] is in the 19th Bao in Shanghai.In June of the fourth year of Zhizheng period in the Yuan Dynasty, Jisi granted Tuotuo Songjiang Field as a pick-up station for rice fields in Songjiang and other places.He led the Prince Song and the new Mingqing Miaoxing Second Temple and other fields, [34] and Wang Guanguanman experienced the fields.To give Yingtang Temple.The kings and ministers were also included in the Baiyun Sect's monk fields. [35] Yuan Shi Chengzong Ji, in July of the seventh year of Dade, stopped the Jiangnan Baiyun Sect's general photo office, and the land was ordered to lose rent according to the law.In the reign of Emperor Renzong, in the fourth year of his junior year, Yushi Taiyan, the head office of Baiyunzong, ruled the south of the Yangtze River. He was a monk who had a fortune. He did not support his parents. membership.From it.None of them are state or county dollars.According to the history of the Yuan Dynasty, the land was given, such as the ministers who worshiped Yan Tie Muer, the kings such as Lu Wang Zhen Abula, the Tan Wang Chechetu, etc., the princesses such as the princess of the State of Lu, and the temples such as Jiqing Wanshou Temple. Everything is flat Jiangtian.And there are many official fields in Pingjiang.As of the day when Zhang Shicheng occupied Wu, all the officials he appointed, such as Pingzhang Taiwei, were out of small businessmen, and all of them had their ambitions for good land and beautiful houses.The property bought and offered at one time was spread all over Pingjiang, and once it entered the territory, it was also confiscated according to its rent book.Now that Shen Wansan and others, who are rich people, are often registered for their affairs, so Pingjiang was changed to Suzhou, and Suzhou has more official land and more benefits.Therefore, in the seventh year of Xuande, in the sixth month of Wuzi, the magistrate Kuang Zhong played the number of autumn grains in seven counties including Changzhou, more than 2,779,000 stones, of which the civilian grains only amounted to 153,170 stones, The official grain is more than 2,625,930 shi.It is the land of a government, and it is all official land without worry, while the private land is only one-fifteenth.Moreover, the people's fields are only divided into five liters, and the stones of the official fields are reduced by three, and they are still seven buckets. This is the folk field, once it enters the official, and the grain of one field is turned into Fourteen years old. [36] Record, Xuande Seventh Year July has not yet been played in the Ministry of Households, Zhili Songjiang Prefecture has no official land, it is appropriate to allow civilian land to set up a department, follow it, and order all official land and food to follow this example.This solidified its accumulated and hard-to-return trend, which began in Jingding and ended in Hongwu.And the amount of recruiting subjects is ten times that of Shaoxi's predecessor.Therefore, the governor Zhou Chen had a method of equal consumption and a method of reassigning Jinhua officials to widen the official tenants.However, the amount of rent must be determined and cannot be changed.Ruofu's agricultural tools, carts and cattle on the official land are all given to the official at the beginning, and the tax is paid every year.Baptism for a long time can not be asked, and its tax reassignment to the field.However, official fields and official fields are owned by the state, and the cultivators are like tenants of other families.The fields owned by the people are also collected by the people in one volume.Youfu, the history of the Song Dynasty called one the Fu of official land and the other the Fu of private land, and the so-called rent of official land in the history of Jin Dynasty, and taxation of private land.For a long time, the editions have been corrupted, and the boundaries cannot be found.Village scoundrels, who have never been seen in the book, often use officials as citizens when they buy and sell.But Li Xu's flying and changing are full of occurrences and cannot be investigated.The so-called official land is not the old official land.There are even endless lawsuits, but Fu ignores them. [37] Gengxu in November of the second year of Jingtai, according to the words of Yang Zan, the right chief envoy of Zhejiang Chief Secretary, re-rented the official land of Huzhou Prefecture, and allocated the households for light lease of private land.In May of the fourth year, Gengshen, Li Min, the governor of Zhili, was ordered to make tenants for officials and people in prefectures and counties such as Yingtian.First of all, in the orthodox tradition, the households will be discussed by the officials, and the small households in the south of the Yangtze River will be changed to private farms, and the large households will be changed to official farms to prepare for the number.Because of Xu Yuzuo, the censor, he ordered all the divisions to be deducted, so that the people's land can be used to bring the official land to handle the grain, so that Su is poor.But Zhou Chen, the governor's assistant, cleaned up.However, most of the people's fields are occupied by officials and tycoons, and there is no way to know what to do, and the situation is still the same.As far as Yu Fu thought, please follow his advice from the Ministry of Households, Ming Minjun will make a decision, and those who dare to block by force will be punished.From it.So in the twenty-sixth year of Jiajing, Zhao Yingyu, the magistrate of Jiaxing, proposed that there should be no distinction between the government and the people in the fields, and that there should be no distinction between taxes.Su Song often made three residences, so as to follow suit.From the seven dou and six dou in the official field to the five sheng in the civilian field, it is all one.As for the amount of state and county, each depends on the severity of all the official land.The most are three buckets and seven liters from Changzhou to Yanke, and the few are two buckets and nine liters from Taicang Wanke.The country has lost its public land for many generations, and the common people have been renting endless rents from the officials. Nothing is more unfair than this.However, those who say this are also helpless because of the situation, and the literati and bureaucrats of the day are all in harmony with each other.It is also to cure like a mess of threads, not to stick to two or three hundred years of false science on paper, so that the harm of the Sri Lankan people is like water getting deeper and deeper, and it is impossible to save it. [38] However, Taichang Hezheng of the Tang Dynasty made Wu Jinzhi, which was extremely regrettable.To put it mildly, since the third generation or less, fields have been bought and sold, and the so-called owners, that is, even across the fields, are nothing more than the straightness of pennies.As for straightness, it depends on time.The abundance and emptiness of the land, the success and decline of personnel, the rate changes for hundreds of years, but how can one enter the official, and it is as immovable as the mountains and rivers?And Jingding's monarchs and ministers, who bought this land, only gave an oath to the congregation, and forced them to take away things that were not for sale in a false name, so that the people's worries came out, and the country perished. [39] Song Shiyan said that if you buy more than 5,000 acres of public land, you will get half of the silver, five points from the official complaint, two points from the degree certificate, and two and a half points from the meeting.Below 5,000 yuan, half of the silver, three points of the official report, three points of the degree, and three and a half points of the meeting.Below Qianji, there will be half and half of the Duyi meeting.From five hundred to three hundred, all of them are Huizi.And Tian Shicheng, each stone official gave only forty guan, and half of them were ultimatums, and the people held them but could not sell them, and the six counties were in a commotion.After more than four hundred years, it is still a disaster to push the original and focus on Fu. [40] The history of the Song Dynasty said that there are so many people, the rent is extremely heavy, and the legacy of the death of the Song Dynasty is still endless, so bright!What's more, in the field of ignorance, there is no such thing as straight?As for today, the tenant is not the tenant of the past, and the owner is not the owner of the past, so the husband and official land will also be sold together with the books, and the carts and cattle will be exhausted.It is no longer feasible to insist on the theory of official rent to seek it. [41] Biography of Li Delin in the Sui Dynasty, Gaozu Yigao Anakhu Weiguo County Shidian Bashi District, Ci Delin.Fortunately, Jinyang was driven by the car, and the shopkeeper made a list, saying that the land was a civilian property, and the Gao family robbed it and built a house inside.The superior ordered the secretary to counter-offer the price directly, which means that the current king will return the land price seized by the previous generation, which has been done by the ancients.In the examination of the Later Han Dynasty, Qiao Xuanziying gave Gongsunshu ten million yuan from his family to redeem his father's death.And Xuanzu, the world is peaceful.Xuan Diqing made a statement to himself.Guangwu ordered to return the Xuan family's money.Then you know that the master of the world has the world as his heart, and it should be so.And if you want to change everything from the people's land to restore the five liters, you will be horrified by the people and damage the country.There are kings who make it, and the salty soil is three soils. It is said that it is advisable to send envoys to go to the middle of Wu, and clear the Zhangs by counties.The level of fertility and barrenness is determined as the third class.Ueda Branch has two buckets, Zhongtian has one bucket and five liters, and Shimoda has one bucket.The smudges of the mountain ponds are attached to the back of the book, and they are called Mintian.But learning fields and farms are called official fields, so that the people will enjoy their work and the endowment will be easy.I regard Shaoxi as five or six times before.Isn't it the one who eliminates the horizontal conquests of generations and establishes eternal profits for thousands of years?In the past, at the end of the Tang Dynasty, where the soldiers in the Central Plains were located, they all set up camp fields to plow the open soil.Later, high-end households were recruited, so that they could lose class and rent them.The Ministry of Households is not set up as the chief of the lawsuit, not under the prefecture and county.Liang Taizu attacked Huainan, looted tens of millions of cattle, and gave them to farmers in the southeastern states, making them lose rent every year.For decades, the cattle died and the rent was not removed, and the people suffered a lot.Zhou Taizu knew its disadvantages, and in the words of Zhang Ning and Li Gu, he stopped the Ministry of Households from operating the fields, and made sure that his people belonged to the prefectures and counties.This year, the Ministry of Households increased by more than 30,000 households.In other words, those who have fertile fields in camps are not as good as vends, and they can get tens of thousands of money to fund the country. [42] In the 23rd year of Shaoxing in the Song Dynasty, Huang Zi Youyan, who knew Chizhou, and Miao in Qingyang County, were seven or eight times more than other counties.Because the Southern Tang Dynasty tried to use the county as the food city of Qiqiu in the Song Dynasty, it lost three fights, and then it became the forehead.The decree to reduce the seedling tax is two and a half points, and Comey is two points.The emperor said that benefit lies in the people, as well as in the country.What do I use this money for?Alas!The kings of the Five Dynasties still knew this meaning, and what's more, there must be those who are very promising in the day, and there must be someone who hears about it in the morning and does it in the evening. Today, the only survivors are the Weisuo's farmland, the school's farmland, and the farmland bestowed by the honor and relatives. The three are still official farmland.The grasslands and fields under the management of various yamen in Nanjing are also sold by the tenants, which is no different from the people's fields.Suzhou is a prefecture, but the mountains in Wuxian County have never been the same, so far it has the name of official mountain and private mountain.Guanshan has five liters of each pot, and private mountain has five teaspoons per liter. To the west of today's Gaochun County, there is Yongfeng Township, the lake field in Song Dynasty, the so-called Yongfeng Fair.A general examination of the literature shows that in the five years since Yongfeng Weizhenghe, the lake was surrounded to form a field, and the people were first ordered to ask for tenants.Later, it was given to Cai Jing, then to Han Shizhong, and then to Qin Hui. After that, it was transferred to the palace, which is now the headquarters. [43] History of the Song Dynasty, Jiankang Prefecture Yongfengyu rented rice, and the amount was 30,000 shi.Wang Bi[44] Jinshi in the 11th year of Chenghua, magistrate of Lishui County.According to the rumor of Yongfeng, Yongfeng Wei is connected to Yongning Township, and there is an official field with three buckets of grain.There is no thickness in people's farming, and it is fun to be an official renter.In the year before last, there were no grass seedlings at the bottom of the polder in Dashui Doumen.Li Xu sued the county magistrate for anger, and has been chasing the rent like a soul.It is not surprising that there is land chasing rent, and all the official land is sold for the people.Rich families get their fields and pay rent, and new debts are settled every year with old rent.The old rent was not paid, and the new rent was promoted, and yellow calves were sold to the city.A calf of a thousand coins is estimated at any time, and the interest of the debtor is not the mother.Alas!Don't be sad if you have a calf to sell, the neighbor to the east sells both calves and children.I hope I have a son by my side, and I will have to plant official land next year.Reading this poem, I know the suffering of the official tenants that day, that's it. [45] Yuan Shi Yan Fuchuan said that the rent of public land in the south of the Yangtze River is heavy, and it should be reduced to lend to the poor.And using officials as people did not start in recent days. Yuan Wei's collection statement, the right minister Dangzhou common people's fields, each field only taxed nine liters of rice, four cents of grass, and paid for wine on the ground, with a total of 21 liters.He has laid down all kinds of jobs, and each plot is about three buckets of millet, three bunches of grass, and one hundred and twenty cash.If the boss of the Beijing government works in the fields, the people have to change the rice and send it like a hired car.The ratio of the amount to the tax is nearly four times.Its public land, official fields, post fields, etc., are taxed in a similar manner to those of professional fields.It is true that the suffering of the official land has existed since the Tang Dynasty, and did not begin in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.Therefore, Hongxi Xuandezhong of this dynasty repeatedly issued edicts to order the people to abandon official land and call people to start farming, and to start a department according to the rules of the people's land, and it was not only Su Songchang's three mansions. Among the people in Wuzhong, there is one tithe for those who have land, and ninety for those who are tenants.Its fields are very narrow, and all ditches, channels and roads are all taxed in the fields.At the age of only Autumn Harvest is ripe.The harvest of one field cannot reach three stones. [46] Anyone who talks about stones refers to official dendrobium.Those who are less are more than a stone.As for the heaviest private rent, it can be as little as two or three buckets per stone, and as little as eight or nine buckets.The tenants exhaust their strength for one year, and the excrement is blocked to work, and the cost of one farm can be one min.On the day of harvest, the income is only a few buckets.There are those who pay rent today and borrow money tomorrow.Therefore, to reduce the amount of grain, that is, to prohibit and limit private rents, and to use the fields no more than eight buckets, so that the poor will become richer and the rich will not be poor.In the Chengzong period of the Yuan Dynasty, in October of the thirty-first year of the Yuan Dynasty, Xinsi, [47] Chengzong came to the throne.The ministers of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces said that when His Majesty came to the throne, he ordered three tenths of the land rent for this year.However, Jiangnan is different from Jiangbei.The poor rent the fields of the rich, and lose their rent every year. Today, they are as special as the landowners, and their tenants lose the rent as before. This is a kindness to the rich, not to the poor.It is advisable to make the tenants lose to the landowners, which is also the same as the number.From it. [48] ​​In the fifth month of the tenth year of Xuande in this dynasty, Yiwei, the criminal department gave the middle-aged and rich people, and this request was also requested.At the end of the first month of the eighth year of Dade, the tenants in the south of the Yangtze River were ordered to pay too much private rent, and the rate was 10 points, and the general reduction of 2 points was always the rule.The former matter is the result of special grace, and the latter matter is the reduction of the permanent amount, and all of them are lenient to their tenants.It is a policy of thick and low, which has been practiced in previous generations. Dong Zhongshu said during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "Plowing the land of the rich and powerful people, see Tax 15."During the reign of Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty, Lu Zhi said that in today's capital city, every farmland pays five liters of government tax, while private rents can cost as much as one stone.It is twenty times the official tax.If it falls to the middle level, the rent is still half.The land is owned by the king, what the farmers do, and the annexers actually benefit from it. It is hoped that all the land they occupy will be limited by the agreement, and the rental price will be reduced to benefit the poor.What Zhong Shu said is today's sub-rent.What Zhi said is today's charter.However, it is still called a wealthy people, and it is called an annexer. [49] Shihuo Zhi, Haomin invaded the mausoleum, divided the fields and cut off fakes.Master Shigu said, "Dividing the fields" means that the poor have no fields, but they take the fields of the rich and cultivate them, and share the harvest with them.Fake also means that the poor rent the fields of the rich.Those who rob, the rich rob their taxes and invade and deceive them.Song has been down, and he is openly named as the landlord. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty made Tianbao for three years, and it was ruled that it would be confiscated every August.At the end of the agricultural work, I am afraid it will be difficult.From now on, it will be extended until September 20th.In the seventh month of the second year of Emperor Guangde of Emperor Daizong, Gengzi taxed money from all over the world for young crops to pay the salaries of hundreds of officials. [50] Tian Yiwan paid fifteen for the tax.The so-called Qingmiaoqian is called Qingmiaoqian because the country is in a hurry and can't wait for autumn.The person in charge is the young crop envoy. [51] This is different from the method of young crop money practiced by Song Wang Anshi, who loaned money to the poor when it was still green and yellow, and collected interest.Originally called Changping money, the folk name is Qingmiao Qianer.So it was the beginning of Yu borrowing for future generations.Lu Xuangong said that the silkworm business is booming, the tax has been lost, and the agricultural achievements are not yet completed, and the grain rent is being collected rapidly.The rope of the superior is strict, and the power of the subordinate is more and more violent.Some sell it in a hurry and spend half of it, while others ask for a fake and spend twice as much.In February of the sixth year of Xianzong Yuanhe, the system was not yet received, and it was very difficult to operate. Where there was use, the commissioned observation envoys were used to provide military money.The party members are not allowed to measure the people by taking advantage of it.Therefore, the Korean public has a poem about traveling to the south of the city, white cloth long shirt and purple scarf, and the body is idle without moving.The wheat seedlings contain ears and mulberries, and they all pray to the God of Tiantou Music.It was between March and April, and the department had not yet moved.In the fourth year of Emperor Zhuangzong Tongguang of the later Tang Dynasty, in the fourth month of March, Wuchen was short of food for the army, so Yinyu of Henan Province was ordered to borrow summer and autumn taxes.At that time, the outside and the inside rebelled, and before January, the country was destroyed.When Emperor Mingzong came to the throne, he knew how to love the people, which can be seen in the general examination of literature.In the fourth year of Changxing, the levy will start on the 15th day of the fifth month, and the full amount will be collected on the 1st day of the eighth month.Hands down, especially the late ones, the levy will start on June 20, and the full amount will be satisfied in September.In October of the third year of Xiande Emperor Shizong of Zhou Dynasty, Bingzi said to his courtiers that the collection of grain and silk in recent dynasties did not wait until the harvest and spinning were completed.The three divisions of Naizhao will start to collect taxes in June this summer and in October in autumn.Although Zhuangzong had the order to borrow in March, he never did it.But the future generations of the country are in danger, not as bad as Tongguang, but at the beginning of the spring, the list was announced and the levy was launched, and the sick people were very serious. The poem goes, the big rats are big rats, there is no food for my seedlings.Xie Jun said bluntly, it is very greedy to eat the seedlings before they show up.Today it is the borrower of Yu, the government of eating seedlings.Is there anyone who is happy in the suburbs without expelling the people? Yu Qian, who was the magistrate of Hangzhou at the end of Hongwu, tried to suggest that the monks, Taoists, and people should have hundreds of hectares of monastery fields in the south of the Yangtze River, but the corvees have never been able to reach them.The poor have no land and are often trapped by corvee.Please make it custom-made, monks and Taoists have no more than ten fields per person, and the rest is used to share common people.It was at the beginning, and then it was abolished. The people of today's frontier counties do not know how to plow or weave, and although they have material strength, they are content with idleness.Wang Hong of Huayin wrote a book and argued that the price of cloth and silk in Yan'an was several times higher than that of Xi'an, and that they would not benefit from weaving and had to pay for cloth every year.Livelihoods are getting better and better, and the country's power is getting worse.Don't make the most of the laziness of the people, and use the ears of those who have no education!Today, every prefecture and county distributes a pair of textile tools, ordering a department to make them according to the style, and distribute them to Lixia.Recruit those who can weave from other counties as teachers.That is to say, the industriousness, laziness and clumsiness of the people are the most important in the palace of Yousi.一二年間，民享其利，將自為之，而不煩程督矣。計延安一府，四萬五千餘戶，戶不下三女子，固已十三萬餘人，其為利益，豈不甚多？按塩鐵論曰，邊民無桑麻之制，仰中國絲絮而後衣之。夏不釋複，冬不離窟。父子夫婦，內藏於專室土圜之中。崔寔政論曰，僕前為五原太守，土俗不知緝績，冬積草伏臥其中，若見吏以草纏身。令人酸鼻。 [52]今大同人多是如此。婦人出草則穿紙袴。真所謂倮蟲者也。吾乃賣儲峙，得二十餘萬，詣雁門廣武，迎織師，使巧手作機，乃紡以教民織。 [53]後漢書采入本傳。是則古人有行之者矣。漢志有云：冬民旣入，婦人同巷相從，夜績女工，一月得四十五日。八月載績，為公子裳，豳之舊俗也。率而行之，富强之效，惇龎之化，豈難致哉？ 吳華覈上書，欲禁綾綺錦繡，以一生民之原，豐穀帛之業。謂今吏士之家，少無子女，多者三四，少者一二，通令戶有一女，十萬家則十萬人。人人織績，一歲一束，則十萬束矣。使四疆之內，同心戮力，數年之間，布帛必積。恣民五色惟所服用。但禁綺繡無益之飾。且美貌者不待華釆以崇好，豔姿者不待文綺以致愛。有之無益，廢之無損。何愛而不暫禁，以充府藏之急乎？此救乏之上務，富國之本業。使管晏復生，無以易此。方今纂組日新，侈薄彌甚，斲雕為樸，意亦可行之會乎！ 「析因夷奧」，先王之所以處人民也。「日中而出，日中而入」，先王之所以處廄馬也。 漢晁錯言：「令民有車騎馬一匹者，復卒三人。」文帝從之。故文、景之富，眾庶街巷有馬，仟伯之間成群。乘牝者，擯而不得會聚。若乃塞之斥也，橋桃致馬千匹。於樓煩致馬牛羊數千群。則民間之馬其盛可知。武帝輪台之悔，乃修馬復令。唐玄宗開元九年，詔天下之有馬者，州縣皆先以郵遞、軍旅之役，定戶復緣以升之。百姓畏苦，乃多不畜馬，故騎射之士減曩時。自今諸州民，勿限有無蔭，能家畜十馬以下，免帖驛郵遞，征行定戶無以馬為貲。」古之人君，其欲民之有馬如此。惟魏世宗正始四年十一月丁未，禁河南畜牝馬。元世祖至元二十三年六月戊申，括諸路馬，凡色目人有馬者三取其二，《實錄》言：永樂元年七月丙戌，上諭兵部臣曰：「比聞民間馬價騰貴，蓋禁民不得私畜故也。漢文、景時，閭裡有馬成群，民有即國家之有。其榜諭天下，聽軍民畜馬勿禁。」又曰：「三五年後，庶幾馬漸蕃息。」此承元人禁馬之後，故有此諭。而洪熙元年正月辛巳，上申諭兵部，令民間畜官馬者，二歲納駒一匹，俾得以餘力養私馬。至宣德六年，有陝西安定衛土民王從義，畜馬蕃息，數以來獻。此則小為之而小效者也，然未及修漢唐復馬之令也。 《續漢·輿服志》曰：「驛馬三十里一置。」《史記》：「田橫乘傳詣洛陽，未至三十里，至屍鄉廄置」是也。唐制亦然，白居易詩：「從陝至東京，山低路漸平。風光四百里，車馬十三程」是也。其行或一日而馳十驛，岑參詩：「一驛過一驛，驛騎如星流。平時發咸陽，暮及隴山頭。」韓愈詩：「銜命山東撫亂師，日馳三百自嫌遲」是也。又如天寶十四載十一月丙寅，安祿山反於范陽。壬申，聞於行在所，時上在華清宮，六日而達。至德二載九月癸卯，廣平王收西京。甲辰，捷書至行在，時上在鳳翔府，一日而達。而唐制，赦書日行五百里，則又不止於十驛也。古人以置驛之多，故行速而馬不弊。後人以節費之說，歷次裁併，至有七八十里而一驛者，馬倒官逃。職此之故，盍一考之前史乎？ 古人以三十里為一捨。《左傳》：「楚子入鄭，退三十里而許之平。注以為「退一捨」。而《詩》言：「我服既成，於三十里」《周禮·遺人》：「三十里有宿，宿有路室。」然則漢人之驛馬三十里一置，有自來矣。 國初，凡驛皆有倉。洪熙元年六月丙辰，河南新安知縣陶奏：「縣在山谷，土瘠民貧，遇歲不登，公私無措。惟南關驛有儲此一事，而當時儲畜之裕，法令之寬，賢尹益下之權，明主居高之聽，皆非後世之所能及矣。然則驛之有倉，不但以供賓客使臣，而亦所以待凶荒艱厄，實《周禮·遺人》之掌也。帖括後生，何足以知先王之政哉。 今時十里一鋪，設卒以遞公文。 《孟子》所云「置郵而傳命」，蓋古已有之。《史記》：「白起既行，出咸陽西門十里，至杜郵。」《漢書·黃霸傳》註：「師古曰：郵亭書捨，謂傳送文書所止處。」 《山堂考索》載：「唐漕制，凡陸行之程，馬日七十里，步及驢五十里，車三十里。水行之程，舟之重者，溯河日三十里，江四十里，余水四十五里；空舟，溯河四十里，江五十里，余水六十里。沿流之舟則輕重同制，河日一百五十里，江一百里，余水七十里。轉運征斂送納皆准程節其遲速，其三峽、砥柱之類不拘此限。此法可以不盡人馬之力，而亦無逗留之患。今之過淮、過洪及回空之限，猶有此意，而其用車驢則必窮日之力而後止，以至於人畜兩弊，豈非後人之急迫日甚於前人也與，然其效可睹矣。」 松江李雯論「鹽之產於場，猶五穀之生於地，宜就場定額，一稅之後，不問其所之，則國與民兩利。」又曰：「天下皆私鹽，則天下皆官鹽也。」此論鑿鑿可行。丘仲深《大學衍義補》言復海運，而引杜子美詩：「雲帆轉遼海。更稻來東吳」為證。余於鹽法亦引子美詩云：「蜀麻吳鹽自古通。」又曰：「風煙渺吳蜀，舟楫通鹽麻。」又曰：「蜀麻久不來，吳鹽擁荊門。」若如今日之法，各有行鹽地界，吳鹽安得至蜀哉！人人誦杜詩，而不知此故事。所云「誦詩三百，授之以政」，不達者也。 洪武三年六月辛巳，山西行省言：「大同糧儲自陵縣、長蘆運至太和嶺，路遠費重。若令商人於大同倉入米一石，太原倉入米一石三斗者，俱准鹽一引，引二百斤。商人鬻畢，即以原給引自赴所在官司繳之。如此，則轉輸之費省而軍儲充矣。」從之。此中鹽之法所自始。 唐劉晏為轉運使，專用榷鹽法充軍國之用。時自許、汝、鄭、鄧之西皆食河東池鹽，度支主之。汴、滑、唐、蔡之東皆食海鹽，晏主之。晏以為鹽吏多則州縣擾，故但於出鹽之鄉置鹽官，收鹽戶所煮之鹽，轉鬻於商人，任其所之。自余州縣不復置官。其江嶺間去鹽鄉遠者，轉官鹽於彼貯之，或商絕鹽貴，則減價鬻之，謂之常平鹽。官獲其利，而民不乏鹽。始江淮鹽利不過四上萬緡，季年乃六百萬緡。由是國用充足，而民不困弊。今日鹽利之不可興，正以鹽吏之不可罷，讀史者可以慨然有省矣。 行鹽地分有遠近之不同，遠於官而近於私，則民不得不買私鹽。既買私鹽，則興販之徒必興，於是乎盜賊多而刑獄滋矣。《宋史》言江西之虔州地連廣南，而福建之汀州亦與虔接，虔鹽弗善，汀故不產鹽，二州民多盜販廣南鹽以射利。每歲秋冬，田事才畢，恆數十百為群，持甲兵旗鼓，往來虔、汀、漳、潮、循、梅、惠、廣八州之地。所至劫人谷帛，掠人婦女，與巡捕吏卒斗格，或至殺傷，則起為盜，依阻險要，捕不能得，或赦其罪招之。元末之張士誠，以鹽徒而盜據吳會。其小小興販，雖太平之世，未嘗絕也。余少居昆山、常熟之間，為兩浙行鹽地，而民間多販淮鹽，自通州渡江，其色青黑，視官鹽為善。及游大同，所食皆蕃鹽，堅致精好。此地利之便，非國法之所能禁也。明知其不能禁，而設為巡捕之格，課以私鹽之獲，每季若干，為一定之額，此掩耳盜鍾之政也。 宋嘉祐中，著作佐郎何鬲、三班奉職王嘉麟上書，請罷茶本錢，縱園戶貿易，而官收租錢，與所在征算，歸榷貨務，以償邊糴之費，可以疏利源而寬民力。仁宗從之。其詔書曰：「歷世之敝，一旦以除，著為經常，弗復更制。」以是雖當王安石之時，而於茶法未有所變，其說可通之於鹽課者也。