Chapter 14 volume thirteen

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty assassinated the history of Zhou Xingjun and the state, inspected the status of governance, whether he could be deposed, and ruled out unjust prisons.Ask questions with six questions.One, strong patriarchs and nobles, overrun the land and houses, use the strong to mausoleum the weak, and use the many to tyrannize the few.Two, two thousand stones do not obey the imperial edict, they act as public servants for private interests, flatter them for profit, invade and fish the common people, and collect them for adultery.Three articles, two thousand stones are not to be suspected of prison, killing people in the wind, punishment in anger, rewards in joy, harassment and violence, exploitation of Li Yuan, sickness of the people, landslides and rocks cracking, demons and auspicious rumors.Four articles, two thousand stones are selected for injustice, Gou's love, obscuring the virtuous and favoring the obstinate.Five articles, two thousand stone disciples, who rely on their honor and power, please entrust them to the prison.Six, two thousand stones are against the public comparison, A Fu is a powerful man, and he uses goods and bribes to cut down government orders.And at the end of the year, you have to take advantage of the biography to play things.Husband's position is low and his life is respected, and the official is small but the power is heavy. [1] Yuancheng Quotations, five years after the Han Dynasty was granted, the governor was first set up, and the Ministry of thirteen prefectures.The autumnal equinox travels to the prefectures and states, and the rank is six hundred stones, but it is illegal to count two thousand stones, and its power is the heaviest.If the rank is low, the person will be motivated, and if the weight is high, he will be able to act.Originally from the Qin Dynasty, the censor was sent to supervise the counties.According to historical records, Qin Shihuang divided the world into thirty-six counties, and the counties set up guards and guards, and at the beginning of Gai Bahou's guards, this system has been established. [2] Baiguan Biao in the Han Dynasty, the official of Qin Yushi, who is in charge of the county.The Prime Minister of the Han Dynasty sent Shi to divide the state, and it was not often placed.In the fifth year of Emperor Wu's Yuanfeng, he first set up the governor of the Ministry, and he was in charge of Chazhou, with a rank of six hundred stones and thirteen members.At the end of Emperor Cheng, Zhai Fangjin He Wunai said that the righteousness of the Spring and Autumn Period is to use the noble to rule the humble, not to respect the humble.The governor is a doctor, but there are two thousand stones, the severity is not the same.Please stop the governor and set up the state herdsman, with a rank of two thousand stones.And Zhu Bo used the stories of the Han family to set up the governor of the Ministry, with a low rank and a generous reward, and he persuaded him to make meritorious deeds.Zhou Mu ranks really two thousand stones, ranking Jiuqing.The lack of Jiuqing is made up for by high ranks, but the talents are self-defense. They are afraid that the result will affect the barbarians, and the treachery will be endless, so the prefectural pastor is dismissed and the governor is restored. [3] In the biography of Liu Yan in the Later Han Dynasty, Emperor Ling's political transformation was in decline, and there were soldiers from all directions.Yan Yishi's prestige is light, and it is suggested to change to Mu Bo, please select important ministers to take up his post, and follow him.From then on, the importance of state appointment began.According to Liu Zhaozhi's theory, the governor's supervision and correction are illegal, but there are only six articles.Passing cars around, bandits have a stable town.The rank is six hundred, and there is no provocation of mausoleum.Emperor Cheng changed to animal husbandry, and its budding began to grow. [4] Dai Shulun of the Tang Dynasty wrote on the wall of the Fuzhou Inspector's Hall that there were thirteen governors in the Han Dynasty to investigate the illegality of the world.Combining the two words, it can be seen that in the establishment of state animal husbandry, Sinoma only relies on capital to be self-sufficient, and the strong will seize power and crack the soil. [5] In the New Book of Tang, Li Jingbo is the right concubine of the prince, and he discussed with Lu Chu, the prince's sheren, that today he will go down to the various states and be divided into governors, and he will be rewarded for life, death, punishment, and punishment. Friendship of Weak Branches.May the governor be dismissed, the censor will be left, and the time will be inspected.Then I know the six rules of the assassination history, which is a good method that is not easy for a hundred generations.Today's supervision of censors and inspections of places is to get the meaning of the ancients. [6] Book of the Tang Dynasty, Supervising the censor, in charge of the inspection of all officials, and patrolling the prefectures and counties.And the good ones lie in the one-year generation.The officer who obeys orders cannot be soon.The post of supervisor cannot last long.For a long time, love for relatives will lead to disadvantages, and you can't play with light.Therefore, the system of one generation per year is not as good as that of Han and French.The effect of inspecting officials and reassuring the people has been seen in two or three hundred years. [7] Li Tang of the Tang Dynasty asked Shizhou to set up a censor, limited to the anniversary, so that his relatives could go to the county, or enter the village, inspect the treachery, and observe the customs.This method is being done in this dynasty.If the husband relies on power to act in authority, and accepts bribes and lawlessness, this is especially his incompetence.Instead of abolishing prefectures and counties because of the corruption of keeping orders, how can we stop the censors because of the chaos of patrols?As for the rank to the seventh grade, it is the same as the six hundred stone system of the Han Dynasty.In the royal system, the emperor made the doctor the third prisoner, and the prisoner was in the country of Fang Bo, and the country had three people.The Ying family of Jinhua said, "Fang Bo, the emperor's appointment is always beyond the outsider."There are also prisons coming, and Fang Bo's weight is easy to appoint, and the official's position is low, so he dare not act rashly.Why is the severity of the disease inconsistent?Husbands did not reach the intention of the predecessors' legislation, but lightly discussed changes, and no one caused trouble without calling for chaos.When I was mourning, I saw that the Han Dynasty was not equipped.

Since the 20th year of Emperor Taizong Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty, 22 people, including Dali Qing Sun Fujia and Huangmen servant Chu Suiliang, were sent to inspect the four directions with six points.Depose officials.The emperor himself came to the decision.Mu Shou has sent 20 people who were promoted by meritorious talents, and 7 people died because of crimes.His exile has been committed, and hundreds of people have been exonerated.Since then, envoys have been sent frequently, either by the name of the inspector, or by the name of the governor.In the first month of the fifth year of Emperor Xuanzong's Tianbao, Xi Yu, the minister of the Ministry of Rites, was ordered to patrol according to the customs of the world and depose officials.This is the origin of the name of Xun Press.

In February Xinhai, the thirteenth year of Emperor Xuanzong's Kaiyuan, ten interview and disposition envoys were set up.The edict said, if you think of the common people, your heart will be everywhere in the world.Since ancient times, good herds have been blessed with good fortune in the capital.Therefore, choosing Liecheng all the time, and seeking the company's rate, is it just a stabbing investigation, and it will be a burden.Chaosan doctor's slips compared with Yushi Zhongcheng Guan's announcement of relief to envoy Lu Xuan of Shangzhu Kingdom, etc., the mission has been deep, the voice is solid and rich, the salty understands the truth, the pureness is solid in the public heart, or the flower is not fading, or Bai Gui Immortal, you can guide the county and state, Kang Ji Li Yuan.The age has come, and several states have lost their minds, which is quite redundant. Can you not cherish it?However, if officials are not afraid of inhumanity, uneasy and inconvenient, they must be corrected, and they must be appointed as virtuous.The source of the common people's sufferings, in order to coordinate the righteousness of the great.If the order is followed, it will benefit everyone, and I will set up officials for those who can. [8] Tang Kaiyuan, or please choose to obey the order and stop interviewing envoys.Yao Chong played ten interviews, but he still didn't get enough people. There are more than 300 prefectures and counties in the world.

Yu Wending said in his pen that the system of Fengxian in the Yuan Dynasty, if there were lawbreakers in the inner divisions, the supervisory censor would impeach them.If there are lawbreakers in the foreign divisions, they will be impeached by Xingtai Yushi.That is to say, it is the law of the Taoist leader inside and the law of the platform outside.But the so-called Xingtai censor actually belongs to Xingtai.He went on tour in August at the age of eight, and he was cured in April.It was sent by the chief, not by the court.Its body is light.The censor of this dynasty, always belonging to the inner Taiwan, was ordered to release the press, and changed at the age of one, which was the same as the method of dispatching the governor of the Han Dynasty.Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, it has been inferior. [9] In the second year of Tang Zhongzong's Shenlong, ten patrol envoys were sent, and one replacement was issued on the second anniversary of the imperial edict.Wei Zhongqian said that once the censor comes out, he will shake the mountains and deter the counties. There are many people in this dynasty.

According to the biography of Zongxiong in the history of Jin Dynasty, since the time of Xizong, Lian was sent to inquire about the gains and losses of the officials.Shizong came to the throne, and every few years old he was often dismissed.Therefore, during the period of Dading, the county and county officials all followed the law, and the people bred and bred, and they were named Xiaokang.Zhang Zong came to the throne and set up nine envoys to punish him. [10] This is the current inspector. The post of governor of the Ministry of Han Dynasty was nothing more than six counties and counties.Improper and obedient matters. [11] Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, King Sima Xuan reported to Xiahou Taichu that there was no history of assassination in Qin Dynasty, but there was a history of county governors. Although the Han family had a history of assassination, they only followed six articles.Therefore, the governor is called Chuanche, and his officials say that he will do it. There is no permanent governance, and officials cannot become ministers.Later, he was transferred to be a court official.Therefore, Zhu Bo was the governor of Jizhou, and he told the officials and the people. If he wanted to speak to the county magistrate, the governor did not know, and Huang Shou went to the county.Bao Xuan was the shepherd of Yuzhou. He was impeached because he had checked the imperial edict during the hearing.However, Xue Xuan was sparse, said that there were too many tyrannical officials, and the politics and religion were broken, most of the blame was on the Ministry of Governors.Or they don't follow the rules and regulations, make mistakes according to their own ideas, and mostly deal with counties and counties.According to the biography of Zhai Fang, he moved to Shuofang to be the governor.The affairs of the world are still governed by the thread.

According to the records of Taizu, in April of the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu, Hua Lun, the supervisory censor of Jiangxi Province, was ordered to rule. Qin set up a censor to supervise the counties.The prime minister of Han Province sent Shifen to assassinate the state, which was not often set up.In the fifth year of Emperor Wu's Yuanfeng, one governor of each of the thirteen prefectures was initially appointed.Below the Wei and Jin Dynasties, he was the governor of the governor and the governor of the festival. [12] Wei Zhiyan, since the Han Dynasty, the governors of the prefectures have given power to the counties, and it is not just the post of the inspector.In the Han Dynasty, there were only thirteen prefectures, and when the Liang Dynasty reached the south, a hundred and seven prefectures were set up.In the third year of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, the counties were dismissed and the prefectures were unified. [13] Du's general code says that the people are governed by the state, and the post is the county guard, and there is no task of assassination.Since the name of the governor survived, the job was abolished.Later, although there were governors and prefects,[14] sometimes the county was changed to a prefecture, and the money was called the prefect, and sometimes the prefecture was changed to a county, and it was called the prefect.One too.It's not just the job of the old governor to manage a county.From this point of view, the governors of the Han Dynasty are like the censors of today, and the governors of the Wei and Jin Dynasties are like the governors of today.The governors after the Sui Dynasty are like the prefects and prefects of Zhili today. [15] The Geographical Records of the New Tang Book said that Tang Xing, Gaozu changed the county to a state, and the prefect became a governor.

In the fourth year of Song Zhenzong's Xianping period, Zuo Sijianzhi issued an edict to Yang Yishu, saying that in the past Qin Kaijun was guarded, and the Han Dynasty regarded the world as thirteen counties, and ordered the governor to lead them.Later, because the county became a state, it seemed that the prefect was the governor.When it descended to the Tang family, it also tried to change, and it was still the same in the last few years.Today, many people are appointed to the post of the Provincial Department, and they are the magistrates of the state.He also set up a general judge as deputy second.How can this expedient ear control be a long-term training!The minister wants to beg the states to juxtapose the governors, and set them according to the number of household registrations.Their salaries are divided into lower, middle, upper, and top ranks.The system of rank and rank is as old as the old chapter.Compared with regular officials, it is more practical to enter and exit, saves the purpose of general judgment, but assigns them to be engaged.Build the government of Lianchao to govern, and place districts according to the map of Yudi.In the past, at the beginning of Taiping Xingguo, Zhijun was abolished for a while.The ten countries are connected, and Zhou Fasi is here.If you set up envoys together, the Tang system can be found.As far as the order is concerned, the emergence of Fengjiao first reaches the prefecture, the prefecture and the prefecture, the prefecture and the county, the county and the township.From top to bottom, from near to far.For example, the body makes the arms, the arms make the fingers, outline and make the eyes open, shake the collar and group the hairs.In other words, it is clear that Zhijun cannot be abandoned!The minister wants to beg for the restoration of the branch county, which is attached to the Dafu, and divided according to geography, just like the arrival of the water transport, the name is ethic, and the official career is self-promoted.See also the Tang system, in addition to the money provided by internal and external officials, there are Lumi jobs and land, and they are also given to Fangge concubine servants and relatives. Funded at home.The company also has the capital of the company's land for food, which is used for public use.Since the chaos at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the state's use was not enough, and hundreds of officials gave money, and it was reduced by half.Don't give me the rest, all rights stop.Today, the county officials have already eliminated the strangers during the half-blessing, and within one-third of the half-bong, the second is given by other things, and they are sold to the market. One or two of the ten cuts are made. foot cloud?In the past, Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty issued an edict saying that officials can work diligently, but their salary is low, so it is difficult for them not to invade the common people!Then he added officials and wrote in the policy book.Seeing today's knot and hair dynasty, Chen Li listed it, and his service could not satisfy nine people, and it was not as good as Zhou Shangnong.Qilu is also, there are people with hundreds of stones, not as good as the small officials in Han Dynasty.If it is the left and right servants shooting, the teacher of Bailiao is not in the position of Chongyan.The entry of Yuefeng is not as good as the commander of a thousand men in the army.If you want to beg for the future Baigong, you will receive miscellaneous gifts and follow the old system. If you make a lot of money, you can be blamed for being cheap.Officials are limited to permanent members, which should be reduced from the old fee.Looking at this, what is followed in the present generation is probably the remaining disadvantages of the Song Dynasty.

The county magistrate is not the county magistrate, but makes him know the affairs of the county. [16] Knowing is still in charge.The so-called brief comparison in Du's Tongdian is also the official of the judgment.Tang Yaohe became a martial arts captain, and he wrote a poem saying, "In the current magistrate's seal, there are all kinds of worries in the dream."Tang people also called it Zhiyin, and its name began after Zhenyuan.At the beginning, it still carried the word "quan".In Bai Juyi's collection, Pei Keliang had the right to know the county magistrate of Huayin. [17] During the Tang Dynasty, Fanxuan began with Meng Dong and ended with Ji Chun.According to Tang Jiao's biography, Zhenguanzhong, the Minister of the Ministry of Officials, the anthology is first, and there is no limit to supplementing it in four seasons. Please use the early winter collection to finish the season and spring.Then it became law.Adjusting rents to encourage farmers is indispensable for politics.The former Zhen Guojun judge tried Dali to judge Pei Keliang, and he worked for the local government for a long time. He was very diligent.It is the person who knows the right, and the name is not right.As for the establishment of magistrates in general, it began in the early Song Dynasty.The facts of this dynasty say that when officials were appointed in the Five Dynasties, all those who were so dirty and incompetent as to be too old to drive them began to be noted as county magistrates.Therefore, all towns in the world will die.Punishment seeks to be carved and stripped, and there are many traces of obscenity.Most of the best jokes are made by the commander. [18] The transcript of Wei Taidongxuan is the same.In the third year of Jianlong, the court officials were used as magistrates.In the meantime, he will be employed as a Beijing official, or as a member of the staff.According to Song Shiyan, in the early Song Dynasty, most of the officials who were appointed inside and outside were not in their own positions.But dispatch is the qualification.In the fourth year of Jianlong, imperial edicts were selected to divide and rule Juyi.Zhengxiyu in Dali knew Guantao, the supervisory censor Wang You knew Wei, Yang Yingmeng knew Yongji, Tuntian member Wailang Yu Jihui knew Linqing, and Changshen Guanzhai began from then on.It is also said that there are many officials in Chuzhou County, and the county magistrates are selected especially obscenely. Most of them are despised by Qingliu and cannot be transferred.Nai Zhao's Ministry of Officials selected the official as the county magistrate.Since then, the decree was dismissed and a county magistrate was established, which has followed its name to this day.

Yunlu Manchao said that the county magistrate in the Tang Dynasty was quelled, and the assistant officer took the order, which was called the magistrate's affairs.Li Ao served as the Ministry of Industry Zhi Wenyun, and it was also the case that Fuping Weizhi County was photographed.Today, the official sent to the capital is called the magistrate, and the person sent to the election is called the order, which is different from the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, it was said that a certain official knows the affairs of a certain government, a certain official knows the affairs of a certain state, and a certain official knows the affairs of a certain county. . [19] Shantang researched and searched, and the art ancestor opened the foundation, called the towns to meet in the capital, and gave them the first place to stay.The courtiers were ordered to go out to guard the counties, and they had the right to know the affairs of the military state.The army is called soldiers, and the state is called people.Yu Shenxing said in his pen that in the Song Dynasty, there were more than 4,000 households in large counties, and they were elected as court officials.For small counties with less than 3,000 households, select officials from the capital.Therefore, the county magistrate is different from the county magistrate.Knowing the affairs of a certain county with the title of an official of the Beijing Dynasty is not a foreign official.For example, in the third year of Jianlong, the injustice sentence ordered Hou Zhi, who was promoted to the left to pick up the leftovers and magistrates for the county affairs by clearing up the cadres.Today, it is said that the magistrate of a certain prefecture, the prefect of a certain state, and the magistrate of a certain county, have lost their meaning due to the restoration of the text.

In the Northern Qi Dynasty, the slaughter of counties was often used indiscriminately.As for Shiliu, he is ashamed. [20] Northern History and Yuanwen Distant Biography.There must be despicable people in the election of the Five Dynasties.Since ancient times, there have been two failures for those who sent mediocrity to the people of the country.There is no difference between the present and the past. Song Ye Shi said that the troubles of the Five Dynasties were exclusively in the feudal towns.The ancestor of the art thought of peace in the world, thinking that if the festival is not cut, the disaster will never stop.So let's set up a general sentence, and divide the handles by supervising the governor.Order civil servants to know state affairs.If the name is not correct, if the appointment is not long, the power will be lightened. [21] Song Minqiu said that every Jiedu state is the third rank, and the governor's state is the fifth rank. At the beginning of the country, Cao Han judged Yingzhou by observation, so the fourth rank was close to the fifth rank.The same product is known, and the same product is judged.Since then, only the assistant minister Xuanhui sent the prince Taibao Pushe to judge, and the rest were magistrates.The supervisor should know how to discuss the tax, and the supervisor is always in charge of the army, and the prefect[22] is the governor.However, he only manages the empty city, and only accepts complaints.All the towns begged for their orders and returned to the old guard.The harm of the past festivals is gone, and thousands of miles away in all directions, the capital is respected, the scriptures are down, the evening reports are held at regular meetings, and the priorities of expansion and contraction are all in the imperial court.It was at the beginning of the Song Dynasty that there was a history of governors, but the prefects were not set up to replace them.Later, the governor was dismissed and the governor was dedicated to the prefecture. In the name of power establishment, it was a regular task.

In the new book of Tang Dynasty, at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Li Jifu was the chancellor, the sick party was strong and unruly, and the emperor calmly spoke, so that the governors of the counties could govern themselves, and then they could be weathered.Of course, more than a dozen officials were appointed as governors.Song Zuzhi used Beijing officials to rule prefectures and counties, and Zhao made it public. In the Tang Dynasty, Jing County was called Fu, and in the Song Dynasty, the land of Zeqian Fan was promoted to Fu.In the early Song Dynasty, Emperor Taizong and Zhenzong all tasted as the prefect of Kaifeng.If there is no successor, a prefect of power will be set up to wait for the system to be filled. [23] The government strategy of the imperial dynasty, whoever ordered the magistrate, must carry the character of power, and Hanlin is the one.Hanlin bachelors and miscellaneous bachelors have the right to dispatch them if they are to be ordered.Lu You Weinan Collection, Quan Zhifu began with Li Fu.In the third year of Chongning, Cai Jingqi dismissed the magistrate of power, and appointed a member of each of the Mu and Yin.Now it is directly ordered to be the magistrate, no. The so-called son of heaven is the one who holds the great power in the world.What is his power?The power of the world is sent to the people of the world, and the power belongs to the Son of Heaven.From the public officials to the ministers of a hundred miles, and the officials of one life, all of them do not divide the power of the emperor, and each governs his own affairs, and the power of the emperor is respected.In the later generations, there will be those who are not good at governing, and they will use all the power in the world, and take it to the top, and the tens of thousands of people will not be able to control it by one person. The main power is independent, and all the officials are controlled by empty space, and the power is nothing but fake, but the criminal and political affairs are complicated, and it is difficult to understand the reason.And power is transferred to the law.So it is mostly the law to prevent it.Although there are traitors who can't go beyond it, the wise and wise ministers can't measure their effectiveness outside the law.Therefore, the power of the son of heaven is not sent to the ministers, but to the officials and servants.That's why the most urgent person in the world is an official who obeys orders and is close to the people, but today's especially powerless person is none other than one who obeys orders.There is no right to obey orders, and the suffering of the people is not heard from above. Can you hope that it will bring peace and prolong the fate of the country?The book said, the head of state is congruent, the thighs are lazy, and everything is depraved.As far as keeping orders is light and subordinate officials are heavy, the power of the emperor has been seized, and the country is not his country.What decrees are there to speak of?Cutting down the complicated subjects of merit, and following the long-term results, will surely win the person and give him power. It is the urgent task of today. In the Yuan Dynasty, Wu Yuanying and Ouyang's family urgently explained the postscript of the chapter, saying that in today's world, every three years old is the full rank of the guard order, which has never been enough to go to the eyes and ears of a new county. Besides, the employing personnel cannot be specially appointed, and the affairs cannot be specially discussed, and the money and grain are all restricted. It is for the officials, but not for special use, and the soldiers are not for the people, but not for hearing.Those who ruled the county in ancient times established their own magistrates, and most of the great vassals in the Tang Dynasty also established their own shogunate bureaucrats.Therefore, it is a matter of guarding a county, whether it is the administration of Jingu, or according to the punishment and prison, each has its own duties, and the administration is self-governing without being annoying.Although the master of the order is one city, the prime minister praises the governance, and he is in charge of the farmland and water conservancy, the master is in charge of the books, and the captain supervises the thieves.Today, since one fate is up, it is all from the Ministry of Officials. When a matter is completed in the courtroom, whether A is right or not, the official may think it is a traitor, and he will write and write, fill in the gaps, erase the years, and fill in the words, but the benefits cannot be used. Do the best of the people.As for Tang Shizhi's offerings, sending envoys to stay in the state has its own quota.Soldiers are tested in all counties, but they are only dispatched by guards.In the heyday of the Song Dynasty, there was a constant tribute every year. The government was located, and the expenses were surplus. Passers-by came and went, and the gifts were rich.Although the soldiers are not as good as in the Tang Dynasty, the volunteers are brave and united, and they are dressed in bows and crossbows. They sit and stab, and each protects the village.When the enemy arrives, they will attack immediately, and the counties and counties are also the leaders.Today, the officials put money and food as the most important thing, they don’t keep any surplus, and they can’t support themselves with regular salaries. Taxation, however, is no longer a matter of keeping orders.The husband appoints officials to govern, finances and employs people, and the four powers of counties and counties are also.Now it is not possible to specialize in it.Therefore, although the system of the upper and lower levels seems to be consistent, it is not the same.Although laws and regulations can be observed, there are different opinions.Those who are obedient to the order are not in their position, and if they want to discuss their extrajudicial intentions, they must play with common habits and avoid suspicion and obstruction, but they are not enough to do anything.What's more, farming at three times and martial arts at one time, it is not easy to go back to the law, but soldiers and farmers will benefit from it.When you are frugal when you are old, the rent and tax of counties and counties are not enough.The army has no food, they are forced from east to west, the warehouses are empty, and the counties and counties have nothing to win and store for use.Or the floods and droughts are coming, the villages are desolate, the peasants have good food, and the counties and counties cannot be rescued by vibration, and they sit in exile.Therefore, it is said that the power of affairs does not lie in the counties and counties, it is said that the power of profit does not lie in the counties and counties, and that the power of the army does not lie in the counties and counties. How can we discuss the way to enrich the country and the people!The power of the four must also be restored, and if one belongs to the county, then the order must be regarded as its duty, the country can be rich and the people can be rich, and the soldiers and farmers can get their own jobs. In the eighth year of Song Lizong's Chunyou, the supervisory censor and storyteller of the Chongzheng Hall, Chen Qiuluzuo, has four major strategies to save the disadvantages today.It is advisable to adopt the proposal of Xiahou Taichu and the provinces, states and counties, so that the county magistrate can directly reach the imperial court.Using the method of judging in the six years of Song Yuanjia, the county magistrate was able to focus on Fuzi.The founder of Fayi came out of the court as a book of orders to emphasize his power.Zunguang Wu promoted Zhuo Mao as the meaning of Sangong to stimulate his spirit.Then for it to rectify its scriptures, to clarify its editions, to ask for its extravagant expenses, and to cut its excessive consumption.Those who say a few words can also adopt it today. In the old Tang book Wu Chong?? Biography, in the thirteenth year of Yuanhe, he was the envoy of Henghai Jiedu. The above said, the minister said that He Shuo was able to refuse the imperial order, which can be roughly seen.Gai Shishi neglected his duties and instead made the generals of the town lead the military affairs.If the assassins and governors have their own positions and there are town soldiers, even if the generals have the traitor of Lushan Siming, how can they occupy a state as a traitor?Therefore, those who were able to reject the imperial order in the sixty years of Heshuo only took the post of governor and county magistrate, and pretended to be a prestige.The three prefectures of Jingde, which are under the management of the minister, have issued public ultimatums, and each has returned to the task of assassinating history.They should be soldiers in the state and ordered the governor to take charge.From it.From the establishment of the legal system, each belongs to the name.Afterwards, although Wei Sanzhou was in a secluded town, with the old style of Hebei, it changed from one another, and together in Cangzhou, it was only ordered and accepted by the generation, and it was self-respecting? It was the result of the system. In the ancestral dynasty, there were many edicts granted to the magistrates of the big houses, but there was no routine.In June of the fourth year of Chenghua, Xing Zheng, the magistrate of Lianzhou Prefecture, took office. Lianzhou is close to Zhuchi, and the throat is at the intersection. The city was recently captured by Guangxi thieves, and the people were dying. Please grant me an imperial edict.From it.Xu Cong, the magistrate of Ji'an Prefecture, will be appointed as the general. Ji'an is more powerful than his ancestors, and his lawsuits are flourishing. In the prosperity of the Han Dynasty, the prefect was especially important.Shi Yan Xiaoxuan paid homage to the governor and guarded the prime minister. He often saw and asked him in person, observed what he was doing, and retreated to investigate what he did to question his words.The name does not correspond to the reality, and one must know why.It is often said that the reason why the common people live in their fields, and those who die and sigh with sorrow and hatred, is also the reason for political justice.Those who share this with me are only two thousand stones!On that day, the prefect often had to summon him, or give him a seal, and there was not much room for him in the hall.Emperor Wen called Jibu and said, "Hedong is a county in Guhu, so I specially called Jun'er."Emperor Wu gave Yan Zhu a book saying, "If you haven't heard about it for a long time, you can use the Spring and Autumn Period, not Su Qin."Give me Qiu Shouwang's book, my son knew a little about it when I was in front of me, and even the guards of more than ten cities, let him weigh four thousand stones. As a captain, there is no eunuch, so it is said that there are four thousand stones.The ministries are all abolished, and the thieves are all over the place, so why not call it the first?Guangwu Lao Guo Ji said, "A virtuous prefect, not far from the imperial city, [26] Ji was the prefect of Yingchuan."The river runs for nine miles, and the Jijing division is also blessed.The world is so big that there are only dozens of counties and countries, and the ability of two thousand stones is all simple in the heart of the emperor. It is based on the cultivation of officials and the people's sentiments, so that future generations can send their eyes and ears to the supervisor, and embellish their meritorious deeds in the records. There are differences between closeness, sparseness, complexity, and simplicity.In the Tang Dynasty, this idea still existed.In the thirteenth year of Emperor Xuanzong's Kaiyuan reign, eleven people who were prestige from the chief ministers were selected by the emperor as governors.During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, Li Xingyan removed the governor of Haizhou from the magistrate of Jingyang County, and Li Junshi removed the governor of Huaizhou from the magistrate of Liquan County.On the day of entering thanks, the state affairs are dealt with, thousands of miles away, as if in front of the steps.If the wife wants to be close to the people, she must start with her relatives. Cefu Yuangui, in February of the third year of Xianzong Yuanhe, ordered Xu Xin to remove officials and governors, etc., and thanked him outside the Xuanzheng Gate on holidays.In the old system of the country, all the governors and governors were appointed to pay homage to the Xuanxuan as a special gift of kindness.Although there is no worship in recent years, after Mu Shou was ordered, he would give clothes at the mouth of the palace.Cover with relatives [27] Tang Taboo Min word changed to say people.The official, the grace cannot be discarded.At that time, Pei Fu, the uncle of Li Jifu, the prime minister, was newly expelled from Henan Shaoyin. He was looking for a quick job.Today it is called Bi Ci, but you can't see the sky at first glance, and the distinction between inside and outside the hall is extremely difficult. Although the prefects of the Han Dynasty were longer than the eunuchs, although they were called officials, they were often able to do what they wanted and were not taken away by the upper officials.For example, Xiao Yu is the order of Maoling, and he can educate the sixth in the class, while Qi Ling Guo Shundian, please ask Yu Yu for it.Fufeng said angrily, the sixth lesson of the king, cut yourself off, why do you want to be left and right?When he was dismissed, he summoned the order of Maoling to reach the post-Cao, and he should be right with his duties.Out of Yujing, Cao Shuzuo followed Yu, and said with a saber in Yu's case, Xiao Yu, a man from Duling, who is Cao Ye!Then he went out and wanted to go to the government.He was summoned in the Ming Dynasty and worshiped as the captain of Sili.After being educated through the gate of Fufeng Mansion, hundreds of officials and officials came under the car to pay homage.Tao Qian is Shu Ling, the prefect Zhang Pan, the ancestors of the same county and Qian's father and friend, and they are very close.And humbled by it.Tasting dance is modest, and modesty is not enough.What is solid and strong is dancing, and dancing does not turn.Pan said, shouldn't he turn evil?Modesty said that you can't turn around, and turn around to win people.Such a thing is embarrassing in the same column today.In the past, people used to travel to the top of the palace, and the long officials in the Han Dynasty were able to establish themselves, which can be seen here.Sima Chi's biography of the Song Dynasty history, conferred Yongning Master Book, and he was hostile to Ling. It is generally said that Jin system, without passing through the county, is not allowed to be a Tailang.During the reign of Emperor Suzong of the Wei Dynasty, Xin Xiong, a doctor in the Ministry of Officials, thought that county and county elections should be taken lightly from the common cause, and the disadvantages should be corrected.The counties are divided into three classes, and they are deposed for three years.Only those who are competent can make up for the officials in Beijing.If you don't follow the order, you can't be an internal job, and you will think about yourself.Zhang Jiuling of the Tang Dynasty said to Xuanzong that the ancient governors came in as Sangongs, and Lang Guan went out to slaughter Baili.The foundation of reasoning is to obey orders.Anyone who does not have the history of the governor and governor, although he has a high degree, is not allowed to be a minister or a minister.If you don't have a county magistrate, even if you have good governance, you can't be a Tailang to give up.The governor keeps orders, even if he is far away, there is no ten-year tenure.From it.There is a shortage of servants in the three provinces, so choose to be the governor.Lang Guan lacks, and he chooses to be the county magistrate.Xuanzong Dazhong changed the Yuan Dynasty, and the system said that in ancient times, Lang Guan was appointed as the governor, and the county guard was appointed as the prime minister. Therefore, officials who value relatives are the foundation of politics.The self-pouring wind has been fanning for a long time, and this way will disappear.Jieying Qingtu will become noble.The art of governing people is not thoughtful. If you want to make the people difficult and dangerous, and lead the world to benefit the sick, you can't get it.Xuan Chi's close ministers and Gai Bei's advisers, if they don't know people's sufferings, why should I beg my family?In the future, if admonishing and advising the doctor to Shizhong, Zhongshu Sheren, who has not served as the county magistrate of the governor, the prime minister shall not propose it.During Song Xiaozong's time, officials said that official affairs must be experienced before they are known, and talents must be tested before they are seen.Those who are county magistrates must be ministers, those who are county guards must be judges, and those who are supervisors must be county guards.It is not suitable to be promoted suddenly if you have not been close to the people.Because the magistrate of Ding County takes three years as a term, the supervisory censor will not be removed unless he serves two terms.The official administration of this Kaiyuan main road is uniquely superior to modern times.The land of Lunfei this month must take Cilin, named in Bingke, and began to divide copper and ink, so the position of the writer is light, and the secretary of Qiangu, who writes books, belongs to the vulgar officials.There is a saying in the Chinese proverb that it takes a long time to get an official, and half of the dead are blamed. [28] Customs.But Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty once said that the minister said, "I think that my ancestors won the world through hundreds of battles, and now they are paid by states and counties to mediocre people, and I am always very sad."The later generations will sit on the right side of their Essian words and books! At the beginning of Zhenguan, Ma Zhou said that the ancient county guards and county magistrates all cleverly selected virtuous people.If you want to be useful, you must first try to be a prime minister, or from two thousand stones to Gaodi.Today, the internal officials are the only ones, and the county magistrates and governors are not selected.He also stabbed Shidowufu Xunchen, or the Beijing officials were incompetent, so they began to make up for them.Zhechong Guoyi, those with strong physical strength will be selected as Zhonglang generals, followed by Bubian Prefecture.And those who can be promoted by virtue can't be one out of ten.So the people are not safe, almost because of this.Husband followed Taizong's government, and Ma Zhou still said this, so he knew that he emphasized the inside and neglected the outside, and he has suffered from the same problem since ancient times.If the owner wants to be close to the people, he must first be close to the officials of the herdsmen, and then the merits of peace can be expected. The systems of the Han and Tang Dynasties were all based on clan relatives and common surnames.There will be no generation without a person who enters as Zaifu and leaves as a herdsman.In the second year of the first Yuan Dynasty of Xiaozhao in the Han Dynasty, there were no rulers in the imperial family, and Liu Piqiang and Liu Changle, who were talented in the imperial family, were all doctors of Guanglu.Piqiang defended Changle Weiwei.In the first year of Xiaoping Yuanshi, the imperial family was ordered to be an official, and Lianzuo Shi was cited to make up four hundred stones. [29] Master Gu said that those who say that the clan is an official, all order them to be honest, and each follow their own ranks.And those who moved to the assistant history according to the honest officials, for example, make up four hundred stones.In May of the twenty-fifth year of Emperor Xuanzong's Kaiyuan, Xin Chou ordered a secretary to select the eldest son who had talent. Zong Zheng recommended four times from his uncle to know Zheng, four times from his uncle's former Qi County Magistrate Zhiyuan, five times from his younger brother Luoyang Weiyu, and sixth from his younger brother Suanzao Chengliang, Wu Cong's younger brother Wu Jinwei, Wu Cong's nephew Zhengxian Yuzhan, Wu Cong's nephew, former Songzhou army and heirs, were all appointed as Taiwan Provincial Officials and Judge Jing County Officials.The imperial edict said that the use of the highest public is not partial to the party, but where the good lies, it is not separated from relatives.Four from the uncle to know Zhengwai, who is famous for his talent, sees the Tuigong family, upholds the integrity of the practice, and has the capital to go far.Every time I worry about the alliance, I am not diligent in virtue, and I often hang up the right post to persuade them to follow.Appoint Zongqing first, who is an internal candidate, who can be tested according to his ability. If his previous appointments are overdue, the number of names will be large. .The seven sons will watch the aspirations, and the eight people will be named in Ji Ji.The book is not cloudy, the nine ethnic groups are in harmony, and the common people are peaceful.Anyone who is married to Yi today can be careless!Going against the Dao is common, righteousness is selfless to the king's law, self-cultivation and integrity, how can the kindness be less than others!Expect to be handsome first, to encourage me to get used to customs, deeper than self-encouragement, to speak clearly.In May of the third year of Tianbao, relatives below the fifth rank of the imperial edict, and descendants of the Nine Temples, who are talented in political science, appointed Zongzheng Temple, selected and recommended. [30] In the third year of Xianzong Yuanhe, the imperial edict was slightly the same.In August of the second year of Zhenyuan, Emperor Dezong, King Guo Zezhi, the governor of King Mu, was the general of Zuo Jinwu.It is said that the minister said, I don't want to use my relatives alone, so I select the talented sons of the clan and reward them.In June of the second year of Emperor Zhaozong's Qianning, Ding Haishuo, Jingzhao Yin's heir, Xue Wang Zhirou, was also the Minister of the Ministry of Households, the judge of Duzhi, and the transfer of salt and iron from various roads.The system says that it is appropriate to support the task of the cage and relax the system. Generalists should be selected to continue the achievements.He said uncle, and he gave Jianqiu, the bandits private my family, and showed Zhang the royal family.Therefore, at the end of the Tang Dynasty, there were eleven prime ministers. [31] The residence of King Xi has Lin Fuhui, the residence of Prince Zheng has Cheng Shifu, the residence of Prince Xiaozheng has Mianyi Jian Zongmin, the residence of King Hengshan has Shizhi, the residence of King Wu has Xian, and the residence of Prince Huixuan has Zhirou.And the old history praised it, saying that the hero of our clan is Gao[32] heir to King Cao and Mian.Song Zijing thought that Zhou and Tang were not suspicious of people, so they had to use the way of employing people personally.However, this dynasty does not establish this style, so those who belong to the clan are mostly addicted to wealth and honor, arrogant and arrogant, and do not know etiquette and righteousness.As for the poor, they will idle around for food and do nothing.It's called Tianzhi, but it's actually a discarded object. [33] In the Song Dynasty, those who were unworthy of the clan were commonly called Taiwei Po Tuo.Cao Tong said that today's state shepherds and county guards, and ancient Fangbo princes, may have more people than the country, or brothers will rule together, but there was never a single person in the clan's children. [34] Six Dynasties Theory.Originally, it is what is going on today.During the reign of Chongzhen, the method of exchanging teaching was first practiced, but there were countless teachings, but there was no skill in the practice, and there was no one who had outstanding achievements as an official.For three hundred years, the ministers of the country have been afraid and dare not speak up. It was too late for the first emperor to act arbitrarily.However, if relatives and virtuous people are used together, the reason why the ancients had a country that lasted forever, is it true that later kings don't learn from it? [35] In the fourteenth year of Zhengtong, he also violated the capital first, and ordered the kings to lead troops to serve the king.The captives have retreated, and they are ordered to stop.The chancellor of Dali Temple, Xue Xuanzuo, should choose two or three of the most sages among the kings, and call them to participate in the great affairs, and to assist the sages. The emperor said that there is no need to call. Guangwu Zhongxing really depends on the strength of Zhu Liu.It is after he ascended the throne, but there is a code of continuation, but no edict to promote talents.The Ming chapter has been issued, and Zeen taught him a lesson. The first four surnames are Xiaohou. [36] Ming Emperor Ji, Yongping Ninth Year, opened a school for Xiaohou with four surnames, and set up a teacher of the Five Classics.Note that the four surnames are Fan, Guo, Yin, and Ma, and their children are called Xiaohou.Don't hear about those who want to belong to the clan.However, using both pros and cons, Jufa Xijing.Therefore, in the world of Ling Xian, Jing Biao benefited Yan, and each special town, and Zhao Lie took advantage of it to proclaim the emperor in Shu.If there is a tiller in the tree.It is not the same year as the second king of the Song Dynasty, who sailed to the sea and died after a defeat and was not able to recover! At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Li Qu, a doctor in Tuntian, made a record of the royal Weicheng.It feels the sluggishness of Zongzhi! [37] The history says that since Xuanzong, the kings did not come together and did not divide their houses. Gai Ziyong Wang raised his troops, and the master was jealous of his brothers.So that three or five people who have established themselves as famous as the king of Cao became priests in the world, and how could the robbers overthrow the capital, the strong ministers aspire to the top, and the kings of the sixteen houses were wiped out by the hands of Nishu! The imperial clan opened its subjects in the second year of Tianqi, and got one Jinshi.Zhu Shenjun was listed in the dying case, which made his family ashamed.This is the result of not teaching or learning.In Chongzhen, there were twelve Jinshi, but Zhu Tongcei was a good scholar from the family, and the official went to Nanjing Guozijian to offer wine.When the first museum was selected, there were still doubts about Zongsheng.Wang Yongguang, Minister of the Ministry of Officials, said that if you can be a scholar, you can be a common man.Then take it.There are many other exchanges.However, when it is sloppy, it is slightly unknown. Five miscellaneous dishes, the imperial clan scattered in various counties and counties in the Song Dynasty to take naturalization exams.Those who are in the capital, don't be a native of Yudu.In the eleventh year of Shaoxing, according to Cheng Kejun's words, based on the qualified clan examination, he attached the official performance to the palace examination.Later, various subjects and Han Su were mixed in, and there were endless books about the achievements of officials and relatives. Zhang Bangji's Mo Zhuang Manlu said that the royal family of the country, except for sanitation and sanitation of Yuling, began to replace foreign officials with non-exemption.There are those who have been admitted, but none have been servants.In the fifth year of Xuanhe, Zisong's taboo Huiyou Pavilion was removed from the waiting system.Afterwards, Zifu was also eliminated.In eight years, the sub oak was removed.It is the change of Jingkang, which has not come to an end.The affairs of this dynasty are the same as those of the Song Dynasty. In the past, Wei Yuanzhi was the order of Luoyang, and he did not avoid strong imperialism.Emperor Xiaowen called Xing Luan and said, this son can be called the son of a king and grandson, and he does not carve himself.Luan said, the strips of dew bamboo and frost are so strong.If it is not a phoenix, it is a phoenix, and it is on its own branch.Does the owner's clan have no ability to be better than those with common surnames? Min Guancai lost his way and wrote Chang Di's taboo poems to kiss his brothers. This is why this week flourished.Punishing the changes of the seven kingdoms of Wu, Chu, and suppressing the damage of the kings, as far as China and foreign countries are concerned, they are both weak. This is the reason for the fall of the Western Han Dynasty. [38] Shen Huaiwen of the Song Dynasty remonstrated Xiaowen and said, Your Majesty, since he clearly manages Cai Zhizhu, is willing to respect Tang Weizhi.He won the finger of Fuchen Admonish King.Huwei sages have a heart of sincerity, and when they are close to each other, the country will last for a long time, and the world will be blessed by it. Jin Shi, the Duke of Miguo, the son of Shizong, and the son of Yonggong, King of Yue.At the beginning of Tianxing, the state was in critical condition, Cao Wang was a hostage, and he was already lying ill, and asked to see Aizong in Longde Hall.I asked my uncle what he wanted to say, and he said that he could hear the falsehood [39] Cao Wang's name.If you want to negotiate a peace, you may be too young, and you may not be able to do major things, so please ask your deputy, or act on your behalf.On the day of comfort, Xuanzong moved to Bian after the south crossing [40].What is the support of the country compared with peacetime?However, my uncle has never been touched, and if he has nothing to do, he will leave him indifferent, he will not care about anything, and if he is in a hurry, he will throw himself into the wind. If the uncle is loyal and solid, what is it called me in the world?Uncle is dead!So the monarch and his ministers looked at each other and wept.Although Jin is a country of barbarians and Di Di, its words are full of sorrow.Zhang Zong guarded against cutting down his brothers, and the disaster ended here, isn't it the eternal lesson for the queen! Since ancient times, the emperor's way of governing is not prior to kissing.However, in this dynasty, the princes and their clansmen are more important and poorer, and the richer they are, the poorer they are.Just like Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty, Du Ye said that the clan and princes were weak, and they were no different from prisoners.Yingzong Shilu records that on Jiachen in July of the third year of Jingtai, the Chief Secretary of Shaanxi Province said that Prince Qin Min, the old commoner, Shangyi, ten men and women, none of them had a family.From it.At that time, the eldest daughter was forty years old, and the eldest son was thirty-eight years old.It has been eighty or ninety years since the founding of the country.The great-grandson of Taizu, but the feeling of resentment is unheard of.又况数传而下者乎？于其请名请昏，无不有费，而不副其意，即部中为之沈阁。 宋史赵希跃传，宗姓多贫，而始生有训名，为人后有过礼，吏受赇亡艺，莫敢自陈。云麓漫钞，言宗籍凡袒免亲以上皆赐名，乃有寓不典之言，及取怪僻字，但以为戏笑。本朝之弊同此。 宗室之子，固鲜脩饬，而朝臣视之，若非其同类者。唐书言德宗初政，诸王有官者，皆令出合就班。岳阳等一十县主，在诸王院久而末适人者，悉命以礼出降。二百年来无有以建中故事为朝廷告者。崇祯中，唐王[41]后为隆武皇帝。作书，述阁老于文定之言曰，唐玄宗十王宅，百孙院，皆在京师。凡有所请，皆赂韩虢而后得。宪宗时，诸王久不出合，亦必厚赂宦官，始得所请。彼以宗室近属，且聚居都邑，犹不免于夤缘，况以千里外之藩封，二百年之支属，有不结纳左右，以为倚托哉？Alas!文定之言结纳左右而得请，犹未亵也。今之恳乞下僚，卑哀吏胥，不如是则终不得请，不愈甚乎？又曰，汉臣之言曰，有白头老人教臣言，呜呼！余继之矣。夫一夫吁嗟，王道为亏。今且闾阎蔀屋，犹得被云雨之施，而耳目之所不及，思泽之所不周，未有甚于皇族者。杕杜作而晋微，角弓刺而周替，可以为后王之殷鉴矣。 明代之患，大略与宋同。岳飞说张所曰，国家都汴，恃河北以为固，苟冯据要冲，峙列重镇，一城受围，则诸城或挠或救，金人不敢窥河南，而京师根本之地固矣。文天祥言，本朝惩五季之乱，削除藩镇，一时虽足以矫尾大之弊，然国以寖弱，故敌至一州则一州破，至一县则一县残。今宜分境内为四镇，使其地大力众，足以抗敌，约日齐奋，有进无退。彼备多力分，疲于奔命，而吾民之豪杰者，又伺间出于其中，则敌不难却也。Alas!世言唐亡藩镇，而中叶以降，其不遂并于吐蕃回纥，灭于黄巢者，未必非藩镇之力。宋至靖康而始立四道，金至元兴而始建九公，不已晚乎？ 尹源唐说曰，世言唐所以亡由诸侯之强，此未极于理。夫弱唐者诸侯也。唐既弱矣，而久不亡者，诸侯维之也。燕赵魏首乱唐制，专地而治，若古之建国，此诸侯之雄者。然皆恃唐为轻重。why?假王命以相制，则易而顺。唐虽病之，亦不得而外焉。故河北顺而听命，则天下为乱者不能遂其乱，河北不顺而变，则奸雄或附而起。德宗世，朱泚，李希烈始遂其僣，而终败亡。田悦叛于前，武俊顺于后也。宪宗讨蜀平夏，诛蔡夷郓，兵连四方，而乱不生，卒成中兴之功者，田氏禀命，王承宗归国也。武宗将讨刘稹之叛，先正三镇，绝其连衡之计，而王诛以成。如是二百年，奸臣逆子专国命者有之，夷将相者有之，而不敢窥神器。非力不足，畏诸侯之势也。及广明之后，关东无复唐有。方镇相侵伐者，犹以王室为名。及梁祖举河南，刘仁恭轻战而败，罗氏内附，王镕请盟，于是河北之事去矣。梁人一举，而代唐有国，诸侯莫能与之争，其势然也。向使以僖昭之弱，乘巢蔡之乱，而田承嗣守魏，王武俊朱滔据赵燕，强相均，地相属，其势宜莫敢先动，况非义举乎？如此，虽梁祖之暴，不过取霸于一方尔，安能强禅天下？故唐之弱者以河北之强也，唐之亡者以河北之弱也。或曰，诸侯强则分天子之势，子何议之过乎？曰秦隋之势，无分于诸侯，而亡速于唐，何如哉？不独此也，契丹入大梁，而不能有者，亦以藩镇之势重也。王应麟曰，郡县削弱，则夷狄之祸烈矣。 宋史，刘平为鄜延路副总管，上言五代之末，中国多事，惟制西戎为得之。中国未尝遣一骑一卒远屯塞上，但任土豪为众所服者，封以州邑，征赋所入，足以赡兵养士。由是无边鄙之虞。太祖定天下，惩唐末藩镇之盛，削其兵柄，收其赋入，自节度以下，第坐给俸禄。或方面有警，则总师出讨。事已，则兵归宿卫，将还本镇。彼边方世袭，宜异于此。而误以朔方李彛兴、灵武冯继业，—切亦徙内地。自此灵夏仰中国戍守，千里馈粮，兵民并困矣。宋初之事，折氏袭而府州存，继捧朝而夏州失。一得一失，足以为后人之鉴也。 贾昌朝为御史中丞，请陕西缘边诸路守臣，皆带安抚蕃部之名，择其族大有劳者为首帅，如河东折氏之比，庶可以为藩篱之固。 路史封建后论曰，天下之枉，末足以害理，而矫枉之枉常深。天下之弊未足以害事，而救弊之弊常大。方至和之二年，范蜀公为谏院，建言，恩州自皇祐五年秋至去年冬，知州者凡七换。河北诸州，大率如是。欲望兵马练习安可得也？伏见雄州马怀德、恩州刘涣、冀州王德恭，皆材勇智虑，可责办治，乞令久任。然事势非昔，今不从其大，而徙举三二州为之，以一篑障江河，犹无益也。请以昔者河东之折，灵武之李，与夫冯晖杨重勋之事言之。冯晖节度灵武，而重勋世有新秦，藩屏西北。他日晖卒，太祖乃徙其子冯翊，而以近镇付重勋，于是一方始费朝廷经略。折李二姓，自五代来世有其地。二虏畏之。太祖于是俾其世袭，每谓虏寇内入，非世袭不克守。世袭则其子孙久远家物，势必爱吝，分外为防。设或叛涣，自可理讨。纵其反噬，原陕一帅御之足矣。况复朝廷恩信不爽，奚自而他？斯则圣人之深谋，有国之极算，固非流俗浅近者之所知也。厥后议臣，遽以世袭不便。折氏则以河东之功姑令仍世。而李氏遂移陕西，因兹遂失灵夏。国之与郡，其事固相悬矣。议者以太祖之惩五季，而解诸将兵权，为封建之不可复。愚窃以为不然。夫太祖之不隆封建，特不隆封建之名，而封建之实，固已默图而阴用之矣。李汉超齐州防御，监关南兵马，凡十七年，胡人不敢窥边。郭进以洛州防御，守西山巡检，讳累二十年。贺惟忠守易，李谦溥刺隰，姚内斌知庆，皆十余载。韩令坤镇常山，马仁圭守瀛，王彦升居原，赵赞处延，董遵诲屯环，武守琦戍晋，何继筠牧棣，若张义之守沧景，咸累任管榷之利，贾易之权，悉以畀之。又使得自诱募骁勇，以为爪牙。军中之政，俱以便宜从事。是以二十年间，无西北之虞。深机密策，盖使人由之而不知尔。胡为议者不原其故，遂以兵为天子之兵，郡不得而有之？故自宝元康定，以中国势力，而不能亢一偏方之元昊。靖康丑虏，长驱百舍，直捣梁师，荡然无有藩篱之限，卒之横溃，莫或支持。繇今日言之，奚啻春水之冰？Alas!欲治之君不世出，而大臣者，每病本务之不知，此予所以每咎征普，以为唐室我朝之不封建，皆郑公韩王之不知以帝王之道责难其主，而为是寻常苟且之治也。 黄氏日抄曰，太祖时不过用李汉超辈，使自为之守，而边烽之警，不接于庙堂。三代以来，待夷狄之得，未有如我太祖者也。不使守封疆者久任世袭，而欲身制万里，如在目睫，天下无是理也。 藩镇既罢，而州县之任，处之又不得其方。真宗咸平三年，濮州盗夜入城，略知州王守信，监军王昭度。于是知黄州王禹偁上言，易曰，王公设险以守其国。自五季乱离，各据城垒，豆分瓜剖七十馀年。太祖太宗削平僣伪，天下一家。当时议者，乃令江淮诸郡，毁城隍收兵甲，撤武备。书生领州，大郡给二十人，小郡十五人，以充常从，号曰长吏，实同旅人，名为郡城，荡若平地。虽则尊京师而抑郡州，为强干弱枝之计，亦匪得其中道也。盖太祖削诸侯跋扈之势，太宗杜僭伪觊望之心，不得不尔