Chapter 34 Yanghuo No.17-2

Common Faults of Ancient Cultures and Societies Following this principle, we will talk about many personnel principles. Confucius said: Xiangyuan, a thief of virtue! We Chinese often call people Xiangyuan, what is Xiangyuan?Township is the township party, which was a general term for ordinary society in ancient times.This original character is also commonly used with the wish character.Yuanren is a good guy, everything looks good, like licorice in traditional Chinese medicine, he can be used in every prescription, but when asked his opinion on one matter, he always said that it was quite reasonable; To the other side's objection, also said good.Anyway, far-fetched, ambiguous, double-sided.The current saying is the so-called "Tangyuan Style" or "Tai Chi Style", and he has no faults, no shortcomings, and is very well-behaved, but when he is really asked to make a conclusion between right and wrong, good and evil, he has no conclusion. On the surface, it looks very moral.Confucianism opposes this type of people the most, and it is called Xiangyuan, which refers to the original people in the Xiangdang.Confucius said that this kind of people are "thieves of virtue". On the surface, they seem to be very moral, but their morality is harmful to others, and they don't know right from wrong. , but hurt others.There must always be a central idea, to tell right from wrong, so that is the real morality.

The Master said: Listening to the Dao and scribbling it, the abandonment of virtue! This is a matter of knowledge, and everything must be in-depth, and one should not listen to it.Sometimes when dealing with business, you must not listen to what is said about a person or an event. Take the news interview work as an example, you must pay attention to the news you hear on the road, but you must not draw conclusions casually, let alone publish and disseminate information based on it. , You must first find out the information and find out the truth of the facts, otherwise it will be unacceptable in terms of morality.Once I talked to a Harvard student, saying that their country is really dangerous.I told him, your members of Congress, those policies, even if there are a hundred politicians like Zhuge Liang in China, there is no way.In your kind of democracy, any member of Congress can give any opinion at will. You scholars don’t go out and don’t understand world affairs. They don’t know where Taiwan is on the earth. If you want to rely on such people How can we do a good job in deciding the policy of the East?The knowledge of these people is just hearsay, and they have never gone deep.When Dao Tingtu said this, he warned us that no matter whether we study or learn, or cultivate morality or conduct ourselves in the world, we must seek evidence in depth, and we should not believe rumors indiscriminately.

Worry about gains and losses The Master said: My husband!Can you be with the king?If you don't get it, you worry about getting it; if you have it, you worry about losing it; if you worry about losing it, you can do everything! Using the term "scumbag" seems like Confucius was cursing people, which is equivalent to cursing people as "pimps" in later generations.This "horse" means one.In fact, this is not necessarily a curse, it just means "a person" or "this person", and in the vernacular it means "this guy".And the "contemptible" of "contemptible husband" recorded here means "vulgar", and "contemptuous husband" is an uneducated and very bad person.For example, when we write a letter to someone, we write it with a little bit of ancient Chinese style, be more modest, and call ourselves my sire, but later someone changes it to "my sire", but in fact it should be written as "my sire", and these two characters should be written smaller, Put it aside to show modesty, I am a humble man.Here Confucius called people a mean husband, which is tantamount to scolding people.Because at that time, there were too many political figures in the countries of the vassal states. He thought that these people were scumbags. He said how could these people preside over the major affairs of the country?He said that these people didn't even have the most basic self-cultivation. When he couldn't get fame and power, he would "sorry about getting it".After climbing to this position, the power is in their hands, and they are "sorry about losing", fearing that they will lose the power they have already obtained.A minister has no thoughts of seeking the country, no sentiment of loyalty, and only plans for personal interests. He is deeply afraid of losing his power and status, so he doesn't think about everything, and uses any means, such as beating colleagues, beating good people, and being jealous Xiancai and so on are here.Confucius here is explaining that selfish desires are too great, without truly great ideas, great personalities and great goals, and those who only care about personal interests are considered lowly.The idiom "worry about gain and loss" in later generations is based on this.

These several items are all connected together, explaining a person's self-cultivation and character, as well as the principles of doing things and being a person in the world.Let’s move on to discussing the characters. Theory of Modern and Ancient Characters The Master said: In ancient times, the people suffered from three diseases, and they are also dying today.The madness of the past is also rampant, and the madness of today is also rampant.The ancient pride was also clean, and the present pride is also angry.The fools of ancient times were straight, but the fools of today are just deceitful.

He said that people in ancient times had three problems, which were sicknesses of society and human beings.But now, "Or's Death" - "Or" means "or", and "Yes" means "this".That is to say, now it seems that these three problems may have become worse and worse.Using a painting as an analogy, the ancients painted so well, but there are still three shortcomings; but today's artists are worse than those shortcomings of the ancients, and they are not up to the level that the ancients regarded as shortcomings. That is to say, what the ancients considered to be disadvantages is much better than what is considered to be advantages today.Next, Confucius talked about these three shortcomings: human madness in ancient times, this madness was not necessarily a bad thing in ancient times, it is not the madness of modern concepts, and modern people call neurosis and mental illness madness, which is bad.The ancient madman just didn't care about the taste, but there was a limit.Confucius said that the madness in ancient times was just a little presumptuous and not very regulated. Nowadays, people are terrible, but the mad people are swaying, like boiling water, making waves.In ancient times, people were more self-satisfied and arrogant, but there was an advantage, because they had to be proud and took themselves very seriously, so they were more honest and self-confident, and their personality stood firm; I can't stand it, but I have a kind of anger and violence.The stupid and honest people in ancient times were still very straightforward; it is even worse now, there are no straightforward and honest people, and those stupid people in society are pretending to be stupid, just a cunning trick.

This is what Confucius lamented at the time. In fact, we know that these three points are equal to the six principles for observing people.When we read this kind of place, we must pay special attention, this is a view of a person.Many people pay attention to looking at physiognomy, which is the "facial physiognomy". However, this "facial physiognomy" is not based on facial features and palm lines, but on demeanor.When leading others or interacting with others, it doesn't matter if the subordinates are a little bit crazy, sometimes they appreciate their crazy, but they are afraid that they are not crazy enough, if they have the ability, they might as well be a little bit crazy.If it is crazy and swaying, the problem is serious. If you are so crazy that you don't keep your promises, you even use up all the money in the government, and you mess around with everything, and you will not be able to do it.Talented

Most people are crazy, and to love is to know how to appreciate their madness. Don’t expect others to be like you. If you don’t like it, you don’t need to ask others to do the same.Self-arrogance, personality is reserved.Self-respect is worth admiring. A person has no personality. If he is not arrogant, he has no taste. Everyone has his own independent personality, but there is an appropriate limit.If arrogance turns into anger and resentment everywhere, no one or anything satisfies him, even if he is alone, he will have trouble with himself, then it is too angry, which is not good.It doesn't matter if you are stupid or honest, but don't pretend to be honest.

Save treachery. "That's a big problem. The three principles of madness, restraint, and stupidity have six relative points. The external is to observe others, and the internal is to reflect on the principles of self-cultivation. You must pay attention to it. The Master said: "Smart words and attractive looks are rare and benevolent." This sentence has been mentioned in the above discussion, and now it is repeated here.What may seem like a duplicate is actually a small conclusion.To say that anyone who plays with his mouth is more problematic than the above-mentioned situations is simply out of question.Why?Let's take a look at the following and we will know.

The Master said: Those who hate purple take away Zhu, those who hate the sound of Zheng disturb the elegant music, and those who hate sharp mouths overwhelm the state and the family. This is related to the above three points of madness, restraint, and stupidity. These three points are correct and not wrong, but if they are too much, they are wrong.Confucius said, why should we pay attention to these three things in our own cultivation and in dealing with others?He said it was because "the evil purple seizes Zhu Ye".Vermilion is red, the right color, and purple is too red, and the most feared thing is that purple will usurp vermilion.He also used music as an example. At that time, the music of Zheng State was the most obscene and extravagant, so Confucius was most opposed to Zheng Sheng's ruining orthodox music.Third, the mouth is good to cover the country and the family, the mouth is very good at speaking, but there is no real thought content, and even the country is destroyed.There are many such people in history, you must pay attention to them, especially yourself, talented people

It is often not to let others talk about it, not only to harm oneself or even kill one's family, but also to overthrow the country. In ancient and modern Chinese and foreign history, there are many examples of this kind of eloquence overwhelming the country.This passage is easy to understand. Just now I said that these three points are coherent with the above three points of madness, restraint, and stupidity. For example, swing is in madness, purple is in vermilion, etc. It is a specious situation.A person's knowledge, morality, and self-cultivation are most afraid of becoming specious.When it comes to evil purple seizing beauty, we think of an event in history.Everyone knows that the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the customs and set up many literary prisons, especially in the Kangxi and Yongzheng eras, when everyone still had anti-Qing thoughts, and some local officials, in order to cater to the Qing emperor’s wishes, caused literati to be wronged.

Too many died.For a few lines of poems, some people set up literary prisons. The criminal law at that time not only imposed the death penalty on the parties concerned, but also exterminated the nine clans. Among them is a case related to "Duo Zhu". Someone once wrote a poem chanting the purple peony, in which there are two lines: "Duo Zhu is not a true color, and a different species is also called king." Did the author actually intend it? , It is impossible to know, but judging from the text, it does have a national thought. The emperor of the Ming Dynasty was surnamed Zhu, so it is said that "Duo Zhu is not righteous", and "Aliens are also called kings" naturally alludes to the non-Han people in the Qing Dynasty.These two lines of poems were reported by the local officials, so there was a great literary prison.These two poems can also be said that the evidence of "crime" is convincing. Later, some literary inquisitions were very pitiful, and the evidence of "crime" was very reluctant. "Qingfeng is illiterate, why Flipping through books? "Two sentences were discovered and reported to the newspaper, saying that he despised the Manchu Qing Dynasty for being uneducated, and also promoted literary inquisition. This is when I saw the phrase "evil purple seizes Zhu Ye" today, and thought of the literary inquisition in the Qing Dynasty, it was too much. False Zi said: I want to be silent, Zigong said: If you don't say anything, how can you say it?Confucius said: What does the sky say?How do the four seasons go, how do all things come into being, what does the sky say? Confucius said with a sigh one day: "I don't want to talk forever." This sentence seems to be very common. Young friends will not feel much after reading this sentence, but older people will. , especially in a certain social environment, I really don’t want to talk because I have nothing to say.So Confucius also had this sigh in his later years.Then Zigong said, "Teacher, if you don't want to talk, if you don't teach us, we won't understand in the future, and we won't be able to explain your thoughts."Confucius said, why do people have to speak?True knowledge does not necessarily come from rote books, one can know by observing the heaven and the earth, has God ever spoken?The sky has never spoken, but the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter are so clearly and regularly arranged; everything in the sky and the earth also grows as usual.What did heaven and earth ever say!Here is the literal explanation. But there is a problem to be discussed here: in this place, we talk about Chinese Confucianism and Taoism, which are all one system.Confucius mentioned the way of heaven here, and Laozi also paid great attention to the way of heaven. Laozi taught us that "people follow the earth, the earth follows the sky, the sky follows the way, and the way follows nature." This is Laozi's thinking.Now Lao-Zhuang thought is popular in foreign countries, whether in Europe or America. As a Chinese, I need to read books related to Lao-Zhuang thought in Chinese and English. If I have the opportunity to go abroad, I may meet a foreigner who talks about Speaking of these, it is embarrassing for me not to know as a Chinese.As far as I know, none of the diplomats have read Lao and Zhuang, so those who are ashamed outside have already There are many.Not only Lao and Zhuang, but also many foreigners who study Chinese Buddhism and Zen.In the past two days, two more students came here. They are Belgians. They had studied in China. They established the Oriental Cultural Center in Belgium and taught many students. Now they encounter many difficulties and cannot solve some advanced problems. They will come back and prepare to supplement , was introduced by an old professor of National Chengchi University to come to me to study some things about Chinese culture.Therefore, regarding Laozi and Zhuangzi, there are dozens of translations around the world. Wang "Laozi" and Sun "Laozi" have different opinions.We all know that Laozi once said, "Man follows the earth, the earth follows the sky, the sky follows the Tao, and the Tao follows nature." Man imitates the earth, the earth imitates the sky, How to follow suit?Heaven imitates Tao, so what is Tao?Not defined.Tao also imitates nature, so some people say that in Laozi's thinking, there is something "natural" besides Tao, and they think that Chinese Taoism thinks that everything in the universe is "natural". Here comes the problem.What is nature?Therefore, there is a school in foreign countries that says Lao Tzu is materialistic.They cited things in Laozi and made such a statement. A foreign scholar heard this statement and asked me.I told him that not only Lao Tzu, but several great sages in China never talked about materialism, but materialism was included in it.This foreign scholar questioned by quoting the phrase "Tao follows nature". I asked him which book he read?He said he saw it from a foreign text translated by the Chinese, and I told him it was a translation error. (My principle is that if someone comes to discuss the issue, if it is what someone said, I will not express my opinion, because it has already involved people. If it is said in the book, or someone has said it, I will answer it, because This doesn’t involve people, it’s just a case-by-case discussion.) Let’s talk about the word “nature” first: We need to be clear about the origin of the term “natural science”.When we began to accept Western culture, we retranslated terms such as "philosophy", "natural science", "chemistry" and "physics" with reference to Japanese translations, because most of the Western culture was transmitted to the East. The Japanese translated it first, and we translated it with reference to Japan second-hand, so terms such as philosophy have already been translated in Japanese.However, Japanese characters, before and after the Meiji Restoration, were still Chinese culture, so Japan still translates Western things according to the meaning of Chinese culture, but the translation is not necessarily correct. For example, the word economy in ancient Chinese is not the current narrow sense of economy. , but the meaning of "economizing the world and benefiting the people", not the industrial and commercial economy, nor the meaning of economic time, which comes from Japanese.Therefore, the "nature" in "natural science" translated from Japanese is to give the physical universe a name "nature". After you get used to the second-hand translated term, when you mention "nature", you will be impressed. The middle is the "physical world" and the materialistic nature.Secondly, more than 2,000 years ago, India had a philosophical thought called natural philosophy. That "nature" is different from the current natural world, so let's not worry about it.We need to know that the word "economy" is borrowed from Zishu theory.The "nature" of natural science is just borrowed from the "nature" of Lao Tzu's "Tao follows nature".However, when young people read Laozi, most of them do not know the truth about these cultural evolutions. They only know "natural science" since they were young, and "nature" is about physics. "Following nature" and thinking that "nature" in "Lao Tzu" is the physical world, so thinking that Lao Tzu's thought is materialistic, this is really a big mistake. When we read the books of which era, we know the background of the era. In Laozi’s era, there was no “natural science”, so the “nature” in Laozi has another meaning.This foreign scholar asked me what is the "nature" I mentioned?I said that after you have checked "Lao Tzu", you should follow his original text and not add our own annotations to find the answer.According to the text of "Lao Tzu", "Man follows the earth, the earth follows the sky, the sky follows the Tao, and the Tao follows nature." The last four words are a comment, that is, who should we imitate?No one can imitate it, it is the Tao itself "of course it is", and "of course it is" it is natural.Special attention should be paid to this point. Now the academic and ideological circles are in disarray. Ten or fifteen years from now, it will be a big problem. Young people who really want to work hard will have great responsibilities in the future, and if they do well, they will have a great future. After ten years, Chinese culture will be very popular.For example, Zhuangzi himself said that what he said were fables, but now when people mention Zhuangzi, they say it is unreliable because what Zhuangzi said is fables.This notion is wrong again.Why is it wrong?Everyone thinks that Zhuangzi’s words are empty words. This is because everyone has read that this is a Western myth, and myths are all made up of random ideas, written based on fantasy like a science novel.Then we have to pay attention, This is just that we translated Western myths at that time and borrowed the name "fable". Concepts, in the impression of modern people, all fictitious and nonsensical fables are fables, and in the end, the Chinese cultural thought mentioned by Zhuangzi is also considered to be fables of fictitious nonsense.Looking back now, what kind of fable is Zhuangzi talking about?We need to understand that "residence" means "residence", such as hometown, my ancestral home is Zhejiang, and now I am residing in Taiwan. Keji says it is residence, so Zhuangzi said that what he said is "Fable" means "what I said was the words of beating a girl and scolding a lady." This is a fable.Sometimes human speech cannot directly express our thoughts. We study carefully, and when talking with people, we speak directly, but the other party does not understand. Instead, we tell a joke or a story. Before we finish speaking, the other party laughs , he will understand.This is the best way to communicate ideas and opinions between people.Therefore, the reasoning (logic) in India uses the method of "metaphor". When we encounter something that is difficult to express, the best way is to use jokes and stories.Therefore, Zhuangzi's method of speaking often uses fables.This is something to pay special attention to.We will carry forward our own culture in the future, and we will never make mistakes again. We have made serious mistakes now, and we must gradually correct them. Now turning back to Lao Tzu’s Dao follows nature, that is to say, the Dao of Heaven is natural, and of course I am.We should not regard Laozi's "nature" as that term in modern science.Lao Tzu teaches us to learn the way of heaven. Opening "Lao Tzu", he talked a lot about the way of heaven. He said that the highest moral cultivation of human beings is to imitate the heaven and the earth. I don't want to possess, and the world is equal, good and bad, non-toxic and poisonous, they all grow without distinction; only life is endless, and there is no demand for repayment.Human beings eat the good things they grow, and what they give back is poop. They don't get angry, and they will always grow. Therefore, it is most important that people's mind, morality, and integrity can imitate the world.It also teaches us to achieve "success, fame, and retirement, the way of heaven." When something is successful, it is handed over to future generations, and it is the way of heaven.This is also the origin of the idea of ​​"harmony between man and nature" in Chinese culture in later generations.What Confucius mentioned now is this spirit—the way of heaven.He said. , what does God have to say?Nature.Whether it is human knowledge or morality, in all self-cultivation, one must first understand oneself, of course this is the case, so why do I need to say more!This is the standard culture of Chinese culture, regardless of Confucianism or Taoism, it is the same. Wave five strings and watch Guihong Ru Bei wanted to see Confucius, but Confucius said he was ill.Those who will be ordered to go out of the house, take a harp and sing, so that they can hear it. The ancient commentary on this passage is obvious.Ru Bei was alone, and was going to see Confucius. Confucius told a lie once, telling people that he was sick today, so he didn't come out to see the visitor.Some of the disciples of Confucius had a deacon to see off the guests. When they were about to go out, Confucius played the zither inside and sang, so that Ru Bei could hear him.Most of the ancients’ commentary is the same as Mr. Zhu Xi’s, thinking that there might be something about this person that Confucius didn’t like and offended him, so Confucius didn’t want to see him, but he made it clear that he hated him and couldn’t see anything else, so When he went out, he deliberately sang a song so that he could hear him and know that Confucius was not sick.My concept is different from that of the ancients. I don't think Confucius meant this, but it will take a lot of time to explain.The question is why did Confucius play music and sing for him?If, as the ancients explained, in order to let him know that he is not sick, Confucius is in it, and it is all right to say a word or call a student's name, why bother playing music and singing?Here comes the problem.The key is "what can God say!" True knowledge does not necessarily need to be discussed, and it is even unspeakable.This principle is troublesome enough to study.My opinion is so, right or wrong, not sticking to my own opinion. So what does this book mean?We quote other stories to explain this problem.In our Chinese literature, there is a story of "Do you smell the sweet-scented osmanthus?"Osmanthus osmanthus is a kind of sweet-scented osmanthus.This is the story of Huang Shanshan, a writer in the Song Dynasty. He studied Zen, and his teacher was the famous Zen master Huitang in the Song Dynasty.Because the Zen masters' education method does not use words or words, Huang Shanshan seems to have gained nothing from following him for many years.One day, I asked the teacher if he had any ingenious ways to reveal a little information, reveal a little gap for him to drill, and let him get in.Huitang asked him if he had read it?It’s not uncommon to ask young people this sentence now, but it was very rude and embarrassing to ask people like Huang Shangu at that time, because the ancient people’s test for fame was the four books and five classics, which could be recited, and Huitang asked him Have you ever read it, this is a great stimulus to Huangshan Valley.Huang Shanshan replied: "Of course I have read it!" Huitang said, you have read it, and among them: "Second and third sons, do you think I am a secret? I have no secrets." Do you understand what Confucius said?Master Huitang quoted this sentence, which is equivalent to saying that I am teaching you anytime and anywhere, but you don’t understand, what can you do?Huang Shanshan was still at a loss.Then one day, Huang Shanshan was standing next to the teacher. The old monk Huitang saw him by his side, waved his sleeves, and walked out of the mountain gate.It was autumn at this time, and the sweet-scented osmanthus was in full bloom along the way. Huitang seemed to have gone to enjoy the flowers, and Huangshan Valley was also inexplicable, so he had to follow behind. Gu: "Do you smell sweet-scented osmanthus?" Huang Shanshan replied, "Yes." At this time, Huitang stared at him and told him, "Second and third sons, I have nothing to hide." It is said that Huang Shanshan suddenly realized something and entered the Tao.It is what Neo-Confucians said later, enlightening to the origin of the mind.This is a famous Zen saying.In fact, Huang Shangu's self-cultivation and poetic name are very high. He and Su Dongpo are quite pitiful. They suffered various blows from Wang Anshi and were later relegated to a village in Guizhou.In ancient times, high-ranking officials who were relegated had to be escorted to report for duty, which was equivalent to half a prisoner, and their daily life was not free, and life was very bitter.On the way to be transported, just like Wang Yangming's Longchang Enlightenment, he really understood Master Huitang's words, so he was able to deal with the political blows, environmental blows, and life pains calmly, and he was still there. Did a lot of good things for the place. Now let's use this story to illustrate that Ru Bei saw Confucius, but Confucius didn't see him. He deliberately took a harp and sang, which is tantamount to teaching without saying anything.This is what the book is really about. The Return of Love - Filial Piety Zai Wo asked: "The three-year funeral has been a long time!"If a gentleman does not practice propriety for three years, the propriety will be ruined; if he does not enjoy the pleasure for three years, the pleasure will collapse. The old valley will disappear, and the new valley will rise.The Master said: "Eat husband's rice, wear husband's brocade, is it safe for women?"Said: Ann.Ann!Then for it!When a husband and a gentleman live in mourning, they are unwilling to eat, they are not happy to hear music, and their residence is uneasy, so they don't do it.Today's female security, then for it!Kill me out.Confucius said: It is not benevolent to give it!The son is born for three years, and then he is free from the arms of his parents.The funeral of the husband for three years is the common funeral of the whole world.Yu Ye, have you loved your parents for three years? This refers to our ancient rituals in China. This system has changed a lot now. The historical era is irreversible. Let's not worry about the modern situation.Confucius was relatively conservative at the time, and strongly advocated the maintenance of filial piety, and the important matters between the death and life of parents should follow the ancient etiquette.Jae Yu is the student who sleeps during the day.Now he asks a big question.In ancient China, it was a three-year mourning for the death of parents, and three years of filial piety. When we were on the mainland a few decades ago, at least before Boqian came to Taiwan, many friends still kept this rule, and they still wore a piece of paper on their arms. White or black cloth.Now it is gone, three years has changed to three days.In the system of mourning, a smaller word "zhi" should be printed on the name card and next to the name to indicate that it is in mourning.It was even more serious in ancient times. Studying the ancient political system of our country, the so-called Holy Dynasty ruled the world with filial piety. Officials, regardless of whether they are civil or military officials, or how old they are. , The supervisory censor immediately proposed impeachment, which can be punished to the extent that he will never be hired, which is very serious.But there is one exception. For a general, he is fighting ahead. If his parents die, he still has to ask the court for leave to return home.It can be seen in dramas that in some dramas, the military general wears half a white robe, which means that he is wearing mourning. It is the emperor's special consolation, and the country insists on this person; Man, the emperor ordered a special use, named "Qifu".There are two cases of Qifu, one is to be used after retirement, and the other is to be used by people who have returned to their hometown to guard the system.This kind of political system in ancient times actually had its advantages.After a person has been in politics for a long time, he has been away from the people for too long, and he does not know the situation of the people. After returning to his hometown, Du Men thinks about his mistakes, and he is not allowed to entertain guests, and he is not allowed to contact local officials, so he can go deep into the people.This is an ancient Chinese ritual, and this kind of change in social atmosphere and political system has only happened in the past few decades. In ancient times, even the emperor had to mourn for three years.For example, marriage is not allowed in funerals, and if the young emperor wants to get married before he ascends the throne, it can only be done under the order of the empress dowager.It happened in the Tang, Song, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Once the old emperor died and the new emperor was not in place, the funeral was not announced. The wedding was held first, and the funeral was held the next day. Otherwise, it would violate the etiquette system.Even the emperor must abide by this ancient ritual, which is the spirit of Chinese culture. Zaiyu asked now, our social system, parents have to mourn for three years after death, from ancient times to the present, it is very old, now Zaiyu said that nothing can be moved for three years, in the end everything is broken, like rice In the same way, the old ones are cut off, and the new ones grow up again, the fire is changed by drilling, the seasons are changed, and the years are changed. It is enough for me to guard the mourning for one year.Confucius said, when your parents die, you think you can listen to music and dance after a year. Do you feel at ease?Zai Yu said, Ann!Confucius said, if you feel at ease, you can do it according to your own way!No one forces you, you can dance even after three days, as long as you feel at ease.Funeral ceremonies are not based on regulations, but must be done from the heart. Ancient cultures are based on the heart, not the law.A gentleman, his parents are dead and mourning, his heart is full of sorrow, his food is tasteless, his music is not happy, his sleep is not good, so for three years, there is no ritual and music.I am now asking you if you can feel at ease for one year, and if you say you can, then you can do it well. There is no need to advocate changing it to one year. If others do not want to change it, it is their business.Confucius was like hitting Jae Yu with a rubber nail, and he went out. So Confucius told the other students that Zaiyu had no conscience at all.What Confucius said below is the reason for the three-year mourning of Chinese culture.He said that children can only leave the arms of their parents when they are three years old.Especially in ancient times when there was no milk, it took three years to walk alone and leave the arms of parents, and the next twenty years of upbringing were left alone. These three years are the most important, so they are friends!These two old friends took care of you like this for three years, and then they died. How do you repay the relationship of these three years?So the three-year mourning is to repay the parents who have embraced us for three years and brought us up a little bit.This is the same for all human beings in the world, but Zaiyu opposed it and advocated changing it to one year. Like this, Zaiyu does not have the feeling of missing his parents for three years, just like the feeling of parents raising us for three years.If it is changed to one year, it can be said that there is no filial son in the world, and any parent in the world will love, work hard, and take care of their children in every possible way when their children are under three years old.Therefore, in Chinese culture, the mourning of parents is set at three years, which is to repay the kindness. This is only the minimum return. In fact, the kindness of parents is not limited to this. I'm in my twenties, so seeing what this mischievous literati said, Jin Shengtan has the highest truth. Now let’s take what he meant and talk about the letter he wrote to his son: You and I are friends, and you didn’t appoint me to be your father at first, nor did I appoint you to be my son. , because they bumped into each other, there is no friendship to talk about.But having said that, this old man (referring to himself) and this old lady (referring to his wife) have taken care of you for twenty years, starting with wiping your shit and urinating.In the past twenty years, go to the society to find out if there are any better friends than these two old friends?We don’t ask you to be filial or not, these are empty words, we only ask you to take care of these two old friends for 20 years of your relationship, and take care of these two old friends for 20 years, that’s enough.This is Jin Shengtan's game article, and it also explains the true philosophy of filial piety, so China's filial piety is the return of love.Therefore, Confucius said, people nowadays, when their parents die, they really miss their parents for three years. Is there anyone who loves them as much as their parents did when they were three years old?There is no memory of this three years, so there is no such thing as filial piety.In recent decades, the meaning of "filial son" is reversed and interpreted as filial son.This large section is about filial piety, and we will talk about the "Book of Filial Piety" next. According to the Chinese culture described by Confucius, Zeng Zi wrote the "Book of Filial Piety", one of the Thirteen Classics.In the "Book of Filial Piety", it is still a small filial piety, and the big filial piety is the big filial piety to the world. Seeing that the common people in the world are like their parents, this is the great principle of Chinese political philosophy.Those who are in politics treat the common people as filial piety as their own parents, and changing their name is loyalty.Therefore, those who engage in politics must have a heart of filial piety to the people of the world.Using this moral foundation to come out and engage in politics is the basic focus of Chinese political philosophy, that is, the basic focus of the "Book of Filial Piety". The Academic Thought of Mahjong Speaking of which, it's about character. The Master said: It is so difficult to eat all day long without paying attention to anything!Are there no gamers?It's so virtuous! When we got here, we were very happy to see it. Confucius advocated that we can rub mahjong and play chess.He said that some people are full of food and refuse to use their minds all day long. You may not see this situation. Among some of my friends, I have seen it a lot. There are several people. "He was born with a lot of money left by his parents. After he was full, he didn't know how to play well. Sometimes he was very miserable. He was so miserable that he didn't know what to eat. He was tired of eating everything all day long. I don't know how to spend it.There are such people.Confucius said that such a person is really difficult.This statement is explained in two parts. Just now, it was literally speaking of the pain of "eating all day long and having nothing to do with your mind".On the one hand, it is really difficult for a person to truly cultivate to the point of "full food all day long, with nothing to do." This is when it comes to cultivating the Tao.Nowadays, there are many people who practice Taoism, that is, nothing outside of them can affect them. They just sit there and don’t care about anything. Zhuangzi called him "Zuo Chi", and they sit there thinking non-stop, as if they are in a sports meeting. It is difficult to completely quiet the mind.But here, it cannot be explained in this way, because Confucius has something else to say. He said that a person "eats all day long and has no mind."为什么孔子有这个感叹？因为在当时的社会、政治制度下，许多富家公子少爷，都是这个情形。所以孔子说，倒不如学学下棋，还能动动脑筋，总比较好一点，最怕是不用脑筋。这个话我们现在看来，也许没有什么感觉，如果从事教育的话，就会感慨了。据我所了解的，现在的教育，学生们已经到了“饱无终日，无所用心”的程度。大家如果不信，不妨研究一下看，现在我认为最严重的问题是文化思想没落了。虽然目前教育那么普及，一般人却只晓得应付考试，背死书，真的文化思想，乃至到大学里都没有，而且一年比一年差，差到无法再差了。这正如我们前面曾经讲过顾亭林的话，不妨重新再提，好加注意。当明末清初，顾亭林把明末的士大夫，分作南北两种批评，指明末的所以亡国是：一、南方的士大夫们“群居终日，言不及义”。一般人打打牌，喝喝酒，聚在一起，所谓“国家事，管他娘，没有事情打麻将。”所谈论的话，没有谈到国家思想、民族文化，至于义理之学的影子更没有，说些空话而已。二、北方的士大夫们则“饱食终日，无所用心。”所以他认为这样太危险了，国家岂有不亡的？这是当年历史上的士气，所以一个国家的文化思想有 如此重要。 下面插了一段很妙： 子路曰：君子尚勇乎？子曰：君子义以为上。君子有勇而无义为乱，小人有勇而无义为盗。 子路问孔子，你都说些文的，难道一个人只须要读书，只为学问的吗？来不来武的？讲不讲勇呢？孔子说，我并不反对勇。不错，武功也要好，但是君子之勇，以义理为上，如果君子没有义理文化的修养，徒然有勇，就容易作乱，使社会混乱。如对人有勇，而没有义理文化作基础，就容易作坏事，匪盗这一类行为，都做得出来了。 因此便引出了子贡的话： 子贡曰：君子亦有恶乎？子曰：有恶。恶称人之恶者，恶居下流而讪上者，恶勇而无礼者，恶果敢而窒者。曰：赐也亦有恶乎？恶徼以为知者， 恶不孙以为勇者，恶讦以为直者。 子贡有一天问，一个君子仁人的修养，也有讨厌人家的一面吗？孔子说，当然有。那么讨厌一些什么事？孔子举了个例子，最讨厌说别人坏话的人。讨厌自己在下面对于上面都不满意，加以讪谤的人。讨厌好勇斗狠而又没有文化基础修养的人。许多学了拳的人，见面都要比划几下，是最讨厌的，奇怪得很，学武的人总是性情粗暴，乃至学太极拳的人，动辄喜欢跟人“推手”比一下，这是值得研究的，为什么一种运动，往往会把人的气质变为好勇斗狠？不过据经验所知，初学武的时候的 确想打，除非学到很高的时候，看不出来了，不想动手，也不敢动手，因为一动手就伤人。所以好勇而无礼的人很危险，令人讨厌。至于“果敢而窒”，也值得注意，有些人很有决断，很容易下决心，尤其为政当领导者更要知道，很果敢、有勇气，下了决心就干了，而把门关起来，任何第二个意见都不听的，这是很严重的问题。 子贡听了以后，说他也讨厌几件事，就是徼以为知者，有些人把自己的偏见，认为是自己最高的智慧，这种人真是无可救药。还有可恶的是没有礼貌，粗暴而自以为有勇的，还有口头上尖酸刻薄攻击人家，而表面上装起来是说直话的，都是可厌恶的。他们师生两人一唱一和，等于唱双簧一样，举出来的这几点，我们每个人都要反省，体会自己，也可据此以观人，如果有了这种毛病，要努力改过来。 男人与女人 子曰：唯女子与小人为难养也！近之则不孙，远之则怨。 有几句话，先要向女性们道歉。我以前讲就讲过的。有一次一个妇女团体要我去讲中国文化，就有一位提出这两句话来问我。我说我不敢说，我说了你们要上来打我的。她们说不打。我说你们不打，我就赞成孔子的话，这是没有办法来替妇女们辩护的。孔子说女子与小人最难办了，对她太爱护了，太好了她就恃宠而骄，搞得你啼笑皆非，动辄得咎。对她不好，她又恨死你，至死方休，这的确是事实，是无可否认的天下难事。但问题是，世界上的男人，够得上资格免刑于“小人”罪名的，实在也少之又少。孔子这一句话，虽然表面上骂尽了天下的女人，但是又有几个男人不在被骂之列呢？我们男士，在得意之余，不妨扪心自问一番。 当然，我们还要明白孔子说这句话的时代背景，在上古时代，以男权为中心的社会结构，女性大多数没有受过教育，对外界事物的陌生，知识的隐蔽，不是现代人——尤其是我们今天社会所能想象的。讲到这里，我又想起以前小孩子时期的笑话，那个时候，也正是正式“小人”的时期。我们那时候读书，碰到写别字，写误字的时候，往往有人开我们的玩笑说，这是孔夫子的夫人教的。事隔几十年，到了今天，孔师母，事实上，也应该和一般女性教育家一样，真正出来当老师了。therefore 相反的，站在女性的立场来说，也许会讲：“唯男子与小人为难办也。近之则玩弄，疏之则恨。”试想，这也未尝不是理由。 几年前，有一位同学介绍一位提倡女权运动的同学来看我，我对此举并不反对，不过，觉得我们今天的社会，似乎女权已经高了一点。倘使真能做到取男性为中心的社会而代之以女权为主的社会结构，我也很赞成。因为男人们也有男人的苦经，男人们担任社会中心的主角已经几千年了，应该退休让位，完全由女性来管事，当兵打仗，都归她们，男性应该回到家里去专管内务，做饭、烧菜、洗衣、打牌。只可惜缺了一样，男性不能生孩子，这一点反不过来，未免遗憾。 话说回来，以前的人们，常站在男性中心的立场来看女人，都有类似从“难养”的角度来看，因此见之于文字言论的也很多。宋代陶谷写了一本《清异录》的书，其中的女行门中，便录有莱州长史于义方著的《黑心符》一篇，专责女性的文章。他首先提的是历史上名女人，如吕后、武则天等等，都是拣坏的方面来说。但我觉得，如果仔细读完了《黑心符》全文，你便会哈哈大笑，作为原告的男人，说了半天，无非都是男人没有出息干的事，几乎与被告女性完全无关。我记得佛经上有一个故事，一个国王与王后反目，同来见佛，佛先站在国王的立场，说了女性许多坏处。国王听了很高兴。最后佛又说，可是人们只知道女性的不对，其实，男性的坏处也很多，于是佛又接连数说许多男性的不是之处。非常好笑。这正如吕纯阳的一首诗说：“独立高蜂望八都，黑云散后月还孤。茫茫宇宙人无数，几个男儿是丈夫？” 女人！man!谁对？谁不对？我想，也同宇宙的其他事物一样，永远下不了定论的。right? 子曰：年四十而见恶焉，其终也已。 这是这一篇的结论。本篇正好由小人之首的阳货开始，到此作一结论。孔子说，人到了中年，经验也够了，年轻时错误没有关系，到了中年自己应该反省到了，不要再教育，自己也能改正好了。但结果还有许多毛病，很多的坏事改不过来，这就不要说了，这已经定型，改不了啦！