Chapter 15 Songs of Chu

There is no "Chu Ci" in "Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi", but it contains: "Qu Yuan Fu twenty-five articles." Compose "Li Sao" for righteousness...recompose "Nine Songs" and the next twenty-five chapters. The people of Chu valued their righteousness, praised their literary talents, and passed them on to each other. Recounted his poems. I caught Liu Xiang’s collation of the scriptures and divided them into sixteen volumes... Now I’m writing sixteen volumes of chapters and sentences based on the old chapters that I have recorded and learned...” According to this, the "Chu Songs" seems to be Liu Xiang’s compiled.However, the sixteenth volume of this edition is "Nine Sighs" by Liu Xiang, and the seventeenth volume is "Nine Thoughts" by Wang Yi. Is it possible that the two of them wrote their own works?The order of each chapter has similarities and differences between this edition and Lu Deming's "Classic Interpretation".The title, number, number of articles and the name of the author who is said to be recorded in this record are as follows:

The above chapters from "Xi Oath" to the following are all written by Han people.Zhu Xi's Dialectics of Chu Ci says: "Although "Seven Admonitions", "Nine Huai", "Nine Thoughts" and "Nine Sighs" are Sao styles, their words are gentle and not deep in meaning, as if they are moaners without any pain. Among them, "Admonitions", "Sighs" "It may be rough and impressive, but the two kings are very humble, so although it is fortunate that the end of the book is attached, no one can read it." Therefore, in the "Chu Ci Ji Zhu" written by Xixi, thirty-four chapters of the four families were deleted, and Supplemented with Jia Sheng's "Diao Qu Wen" and "Song Niao Fu", the items are as follows:

Hong Xingzu's "Supplementary Notes" from "The Fisherman" and above all have the word "Lisao" suffixed under the title of each chapter, while the title of "Lisao" is "Lisao Jing", and the title of each chapter below "Jiubian" is suffixed with "Lisao". Take the word "Chu Ci".Zhu Xi made a slight revision because of this, so from "Lisao" to "Yufu" each chapter is titled with the word "Lisao", and "Jiubian" is followed by the three characters "Continued Lisao". There are similarities and differences between this chapter and the "Shiwen" edition.Hong Xingzu said: "The fourth chapter of "Nine Chapters" and the eighth chapter of "Nine Chapters". Wang Yi's "Nine Chapters" commented: "All explanations are in "Jiubian". Later generations began to use the author's narration." Zhu Xiyun: "According to the preface of Tiansheng's ten-year statement today, it is believed that: 'The old chapters are mixed and merged, and the beginning and the end are different. .' But what is said in this book is also determined?" Qi Chao said: Hong and Zhu's discussion is very appropriate.If you want to know the originals of Liu Xiang and Wang Yi, you should follow the "Explanation", but this is not the case.

Although the number and order of the articles mentioned above are very trivial, they are actually the basic information for textual research on Qu Yuan's works, so I don't hesitate to elaborate on them. The works of Han people in "Chu Ci" have always been ignored by people, and there is no need for research.Our study of "Chu Ci" is actually just a study of Qu Yuan.What we are eager to know is that "Han Shu·Yiwenzhi" calls "Qu Yuan's twenty-five poems". Are there twenty-five poems in the current "Chu Songs" written by Qu Yuan?This question is complicated.The old sayings generally include one chapter in "Li Sao", one chapter in "Nine Songs", one chapter in "Nine Songs", nine chapters in "Nine Chapters", one chapter each in "Yuanyou", "Buju", and "Fisherman", and they are all twenty-five chapters. number.His "Nine Debates" belonged to Song Yu. Whether "Da Zhao" is included in the twenty-five chapters is doubtful.I doubt it.According to speculation, the titles of the twenty-five articles collected by Liu Xiang should be as follows:

An article about Li Sao. Nine debates. Nine songs and ten articles. Buju article. An article for the fisherman. Heaven asked an article. An article about the soul. A long journey. Xichan, Shejiang, Aiying, Susi, Simeiren, Orange Ode, Sad Returning Wind, Huaisha, each one. The previous eight chapters are included in this edition as "Respect for the Past", which is collectively titled "Nine Chapters". What I said is quite strange, and what needs to be explained now is the question of whether "Dazhao" was written by Qu Yuan; the second question of whether it was written by Song Yu; the third question of the author of "Nine Debates"; The fifth question is whether "Nine Chapters" has an old name and whether there are counterfeit articles in it.Today's evidence is as follows:

1. Wang Yi's "Dazhao Zhangju" says: ""Dazhao" is also written by Qu Yuan. Or it may be said that the scenery is poor, and it is doubtful to be able to understand it." According to "Dazhao", it is clearly an imitation, and its diction is weak and insufficient. view.In the article, there is a saying "Small waist and neck are like Xianbei only". Xianbei is the remaining species of Donghu. If you don't know it, you can't know it even if you don't know the scenery.This article is definitely written for the Han people.Therefore, "Shiwen" is listed as the sixteenth, and it is at the end of the whole book, so when Liu Xiang compiled it, he almost didn't think it was a pre-Qin work.The old saying Qu Yuan Fu first picked this article out.

2. The note in this catalog refers to Song Yu's work, and the "Wen Xuan" is the same.However, "Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan" praised: "After reading "Li Sao" and "Sorrowing Ying", I feel sad for his ambition." However, Sima Qianming thinks that Qu Yuan's works.This article tries to describe both the world-weariness and the hedonism of the world, but rejects both. It is the most vigorous and profound work in all "Chu Ci".Later generations, because of the title of the article and the words "the soul is scattered and you give it to you", they said that it must be a work of mourning for Qu Yuan after his death. "Return to Qu Yuan with this article.

3. "Nine Debates" has not been added to the twenty-five chapters.Although, there is one thing that is quite difficult to understand. Why does "Shiwen" place this article second-after "Li Sao" and before "Nine Songs"?Wang Yi's interpretation of the meaning of the word "Nine" is also detailed in the next part of this article, and "Nine Songs" and "Nine Chapters" are briefly explained, so this is Wang Ben's original time.Husband's first article and more than 20 articles below the third are all written by Qu Yuan.In the middle, one of Qu's original works is suddenly placed second, which is very different.In addition to the works of the Han people, all the "Chu Ci" has always been proposed to be written by Song Yu, Jing Chai, etc. There are only three chapters "Nine Debates" and "Small Zhao". The dialectics in the previous article are almost convincing, and only this "Nine Debates" remains. ("Nine Debates" was originally only one chapter, so there is no subhead. Wang Yi's edition has eleven chapters; Zhu Xi's edition has nine chapters, all of which are intended to cut ears.) The benefits of Song Ci and Li Qu's collection can vary greatly; And "enlighten the "Nine Debates" and "Nine Songs", see "Li Sao" for the language.Or debate and song belong to the names of ancient rhymes, and they are used together.Therefore, I secretly suspect that "Nine Debates" is actually one of Qu Fu compiled by Liu Xiang. Although there is no conclusive proof, it is still a question worthy of discussion.

Fourth, the eleven chapters of "Nine Songs", which are clearly contained in the subheadings, are no problem.However, there are only five sentences in the last chapter "Hunting of Rites". articles.I suspect that this is the "random speech" of the first ten chapters. At the end of each song, there are five sentences in the hall.Goer, "Nine Songs" has only ten chapters. 5. There are nine chapters in this "Nine Chapters", with subheadings.However, one of the "Respect for the Past" is procrastinated and weak, and it is completely different from other articles. It is suspected that it was written by the Han people, or it is the work of Qu Yuan. The name "Nine Chapters" does not seem to be old. "Aiying", one of the "Nine Chapters", Shi Gong regarded it as an independent article with "Li Sao". "Huaisha" is also one of "Nine Chapters". This biography contains all its texts, which is called "Fu of Huaisha".It is Shi Gong who never said that these two articles are part of "Nine Chapters".The name of "Nine Chapters" is suspected because of the imitation of "Nine Debates" and "Nine Songs".Or the editor saw that the scattered articles from "Xi Chan" to "Sad Hui Feng" were similar in physique, so they imitated the examples of "Bian" and "Song" and gave them a general name; they also saw that there were only eight articles, so they published them later. The "cherish the past" is enough for nine.As everyone knows, the word "nine" in "Bian" and "Song" has a different meaning, and it does not refer to the number of articles.It can be seen that the chapters in "Bian" and "Song" are not nine.Praise's "Nine Huai", Xiang's "Nine Sighs", and Yi's "Nine Thoughts", all of them are filled with nine numbers, which shows their ugly ears.Therefore, I suspect that the name of "Nine Chapters" is not ancient.By saying that it existed in the past, the number of articles is not too small, and the article "cherishing the past" must be among the materials selected.

If my conjecture is not too wrong, I will delete the so-called twenty-five chapters in the old saying, "Respect for the Past", and divide "Hun of Rites" into the end of the ten chapters, such as "Eastern Emperor Taiyi". Entering "Nine Debates", it fits the number of twenty-five.Whether these twenty-five chapters are all Qu Yuan's works, or whether there are works by unknown authors at the end of the Warring States period and later generations are attributed to Qu Yuan, although there is still room for research (a recent Hu Shi said this), but Liu Xiang and Ban Gu's so-called twenty-five chapters Qu Yuan's Fu almost refers to this unsuspecting person.

"Historical Records" has "Biography of Qu Yuan", which contains the original deeds in detail, and the general rules are as follows: One, he was originally a nobleman with the same surname as Chu. Second, the original matter was King Huai of Chu, an official left disciple, who was trusted by Zeng Da. Third, it was originally arranged by the same Shangguan doctor, so it was released.However, he still served as an envoy of Qi. Fourth, in the sixteenth year of King Huai (313 B.C.), Qin Zhang Yi deceived King Huai to cut off the alliance and broke the situation of unity and verticality.Please kill Zhang Yi. Fifth, in the 30th year of King Huai (299 BC), King Qin Zhao lured King Huai to meet Wuguan, but the original remonstrance did not listen.Wang Sui was threatened to stay, and the guest died in Qin. Sixth, King Qingxiang Li (before 298), was originally slandered by Ling Yin Zilan, and the king was angry and moved him.The original then sank. The only information about Qu Yuan's life experience is this biography, and all those who say the original story later are based on it.Therefore, King Yi of the Han Dynasty said: "When I was King Huai, I was slandered and wrote "Li Sao"... King Qingxiang moved the original to the south of the Yangtze River, and the original copy was "Nine Songs", "Yuan You", "Nine Chapters", "Bu Ju", "The Fisherman" "And so on." Song Hong Xingzu said: "It was originally placed in the 16th year of King Huai. It was called back in the 18th year, and King Qingxiang was established and released again." However, Wang Maohong of the Qing Dynasty did not believe in the "Historical Records", saying that Yuan would never call and let go again, and that Yuan would never meet King Qingxiang.His words said: ""Buju" says 'if you release it for three years, you will not see it again', "Aiying" says "it will not come back after nine years", and "there is no time to reverse it", so there is no call to release it at the beginning. ("Baitian Thatched Cottage Preserved Draft" Volume 3 "Book (Chu Ci) Hou", the same below.) It also said: "The person who remonstrated with King Huai to enter the Qin Dynasty, according to "The Family of Chu" was Zhaoju, not Qu Yuan. Hu Yuan remonstrated The king refused to listen and was left behind, resulting in the death of the guest. This loyal minister is in great pain, but there is no word to express it in the original chapters. As far as the dying voices of "Respect for the Past" and "Sorrowful Return Wind", there is nothing to do with anger and anger. taboo, and only repeats the harm of concealment and obstruction, the injustice of lonely ministers and sons. In the country, it is only said that he is entrusted with the title, abandons the boat, and will die in chaos, but does not say that the disaster has come to an end. Yes. It is because the temptation will be left behind, which is not seen in the original, but the establishment of King Qingxiang will make the original sink for a long time." Maohong has many arguments, all of which are based on the original works themselves, which are extremely valuable.It is also said that Yin Zilan and other things in Zhongling are not credible.Zhu Xiyun: ""The Songs of Chu" compares a gentleman with vanilla, but thinks that the world is chaotic and the customs are declining, and there are many rebellious people, so he deeply blames pepper and orchid for not being reliable, and exposing the car and Jiangli is also a crime of second writing. There are indeed people who named Jiao and Lan. However, Shi Qian's "Qu Yuan Biography" has Ling Yin Zilan's theory, and Ban's "Ancient and Modern Renbiao" also has the name of Ling Yin Zijiao... Wang Yi because of it I also mistakenly thought that Sima Zilan and the doctor Zijiao... have been mistaken for thousands of years, and no one realizes that it is wrong. It is a pity. If it is true, then there should be Ziche, Zili, and Ziju. How many people are there?" (Volume 1 of Dialectics of Chu Ci.) The difficulty mentioned above can be said to be easy to read.In short, most of the ancient historical sites recorded in "Historical Records" were collected from rumors, and the identification was not very careful, and there were many disturbances in later generations; Therefore, it is not appropriate for us to be credulous, and it is even less advisable to be attached to it and use it as a theory.Probably Qu Yuan was a nobleman of Chu, who was born and died in the second half of the fourth century BC.He was once acquainted with the affairs of the state, but was deposed soon after he was released, and committed suicide more than nine years after his release.Its footprints are in present-day Hubei and Hunan provinces, or it may have tasted in Jiangxi.This is the basic historical relic of Qu Yuan. After this, it is doubtful. Sima Guang said that Qu Yuan was "too moderate to be trained", so he wrote "Tong Jian" to cut down the original story and not record it.Qu Yuan's character is extremely extreme, and it is the most opposite to the Chinese people's national character of being moderate, and this is why he can become a great writer throughout the ages.He has contradictory thoughts all over his body at the same time: he has extreme love for the present society and extreme loathing; he has a cold mind, can analyze philosophy, and has hot emotions, and he burns himself all day long; In an evil society, its power cannot transform the society.Therefore, he fought against the evil society all his life, and finally committed suicide due to exhaustion.His two contradictory natures were fighting in his chest every day, and the result was that he was so depressed that he committed suicide because he couldn't bear it.His suicide is the full expression of his most violent and pure personality; without this peculiar personality, this literature could not be produced, and only his last death can make his personality and literature never die.I have an article "Research on Qu Yuan" (see the third series of "Academic Lectures"). On this point, the discussion is quite detailed, and you can refer to it. (The textual research on Qu Yuan’s historical sites and works in Bi’s article has some similarities and differences with Si’s article.) There are many ancient characters and sayings in "Chu Ci", which cannot be fully explained without annotations.During the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Wang An of Huainan had already written "Lisao Zhangju".In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ban Gu and Jia Kui continued to explain it, but they were limited to "Li Sao".And Wang Yinai wrote the sixteen volumes of "Chu Ci Zhangju", explaining all chapters.In the Song Dynasty, Hong Xingzu wrote the "Supplementary Notes", while Zhu Xi edited it into "Chu Ci Ji Zhu" with additions and deletions.Today, the three editions exist side by side, and there are still too many interpreters to list them. (Dai Zhen in the Qing Dynasty had "Chu Cijian", does it still exist without trial? If it exists, it must be considerable.) Before Zheng Xuan, Gao You, and Wei Zhao, Wang Yinian's generation, the exegetical famous objects that he interpreted are most upright and most valuable.The meaning in the commentary is that: "The text of "Li Sao" is based on "Poetry", and it uses analogies, so good birds and herbs are used to match loyalty; A beautiful woman is compared to a king, a concubine Mi and a lost girl are compared to a virtuous minister, a dragon and a phoenix are used to entrust a gentleman, and Piaofeng and Yunni are regarded as a villain..." There are occasional such envoys in each chapter ("Li Sao" articles or more), if every article, every paragraph, and every sentence is based on examples and chiseled out, it will be too much.Human beings have a lot of emotions, how can there be someone who has nothing but "loyalty to the emperor and patriotism"?If the whole book is as explained in Wang's annotations, Qu Yuan would become a hypocrite or a blunt person, and the twenty-five chapters would all become the political comments of the square turban family, not to mention the literary value!Therefore, although Wang's annotation is a meritorious book, but on this point, the truth is not detailed.Writers of later generations often engage in literature not for the sake of literature, and Heng Miu's high righteousness outside of literature is all inspired by a misreading of "Chu Ci", and commentators cannot but accept the blame. Zhu Zhu's commentary on these songs is quite outdated and relatively clean. ("Chu Ci Dialectics" discusses the chapters of "Nine Songs": "The old saying in "Donghuang Taiyi" thought that 'the original meaning is to serve God with all one's heart, and then God will bless you. I don’t see the letter. So I hurt myself for this.” Supplementary Notes also said: “The minister Chen Deyi puts rituals and music on things, so there will be no worries.” The old saying in “Yun Zhongjun” said: “The God of things is over. , Remembering that King Huai didn’t understand, so he rested and worried.’ “Supplementary Notes” also said: “Using cloud gods to describe the virtues of the emperor, but King Huai can’t, so I feel worried.” All extraneous words are added to harm the main purpose of the whole article, Qu Create broken meanings to mess up the meaning of the article." You also said: "The article "Xiangjun" has twists and turns, and is the most detailed. But the narrators have so many fallacies that they don't see the sequence of the meaning at all, until the end. Zhang still regards "donating the sleeves of Yijue" as a way of seeking talents, and "picking Duruo" means that there is no end to good virtuous people, and neither of them has any literary and rationale." He also said: "The beautiful woman Zhaoyu is referring to Mrs. Xiang, and the five ministers It is said that "if there is a king's destiny, it will be so." "Supplementary Notes" regards beautiful women as "sages and comrades". If this is the case, why is this article called "Mrs. Xiang"?" Reading this shows that the old notes are ridiculous, and Zhu's His special knowledge is out of reach.) It is a pity that there are still some constraints, and the ears are not exhausted. (For example, the note in the "Nine Songs General Preface" says: "All the chapters in this volume are about things that gods don't answer, so we can't forget their respect and love, and they can't forget their loyalty when they don't agree with each other." Get rid of the shackles of the old annotations. Why is it that "Nine Songs" are all dedicated to the gods, and Qu Yuan expresses his imagination and emotions?) Therefore, I think that the author of "Chu Songs" only takes their names and objects as exegesis But enough, those who express the author's purpose should read the screen and not watch it. The oldest literary work in our country, out of 300 chapters, is the "Songs of Chu".The 300 pieces are the voices of the Central Plains, and the Songs of Chu is a new style created by the emerging nations in the south.Although the 300 chapters also have aggressive language, Daduan is all about gentleness and honesty; although "Songs of Chu" also has implicit language, Daduan is expressing his emotions to the fullest.The 300 pieces are realistic literature of extremely high quality, while the Songs of Chu are pure literature full of imagination.This is a big comparison.The application of its techniques is also different, and the "Chu Ci" has extremely reverberating expressions and wonderful descriptions of objects, which is also an improvement.I think that anyone who is Chinese must have the ability to appreciate "Chu Ci" in order to live in this country in vain.I hope that scholars will follow my theory and spread it widely. After satirizing and reciting it for a long time, they will be able to explain it.