Chapter 14 The Book of Songs

the age of As the most pure and credible book among ancient books, there will never be any question of authenticity, so it is enough to test its age. "Mencius" says: "The traces of the king die and the "Poetry" dies. "The Poem" dies and then the "Spring and Autumn" is written." It does not describe the origin of the "Poem", but only refers to its end. It seems that the three hundred chapters are all before the Spring and Autumn Period Works also.Current case: The oldest and most marked chapters are the five chapters in "Ode to Shang". "Guoyu" says: "Twelve chapters of praise to the name of my father's school business were written by Master Zhou, with "Na" as the head." Zheng Si Nong said: "From the exam of my father to Confucius, seven of them died." "People may use today's "Ode to Shang" as an examination of their fathers, which is a misreading of "Guoyu".These five chapters and even twelve chapters belonged to the music chapters worshiped in the suburbs of the Shang Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty continued to use them in the Spring and Autumn Period, so they were passed on to later generations. The Yuefu worshiped in the Juhan and Wei suburbs, although they have lost their tunes, they still exist.The second is "July" in "Bin Feng".Later commentators said that Duke Zhou wrote about the virtues of Houji and Liu, but there is no real evidence for Qiang.Playing Poetry and Language seems to be a folk work of Zhou people before Bin moved to Qi; and the beginning of the chapter "fire in July, clothes in September" is used by Xia Zheng, so it can also be presumed to be a work of Xia Dynasty (?).Gore, this is the oldest among the 300 articles, and it is also the oldest among all existing literary works.The latest one is like "I send my uncle's family to Weiyang" in "Qin Feng", which is said to be a poem sent by Duke Xiang of Qin to Duke Wen of Jin; According to legend, it is a poem to assassinate Chen Linggong and Xia Ji.Guoer is a work in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period.However, everyone can have an uncle, Qin Xiang is not necessary. Although Xia Nan is very similar to Xia Ji, there is no proof of its inevitability. Therefore, it is difficult to determine when the "Poetry" was completed.However, "Song of Lu · Palace Chapter": "The grandson of Duke Zhou, the son of Duke Zhuang." There is no doubt that it was the work of Duke Xi of Lu.Therefore, there are many works in the Spring and Autumn Period in "Three Hundred Chapters", Geike can infer.However, "Guofeng" has "Bei", "Yuan", "Tang" and "Wei", which are all old countries before the Spring and Autumn Period. There are many chapters in the two "Ya" that can be identified as Zhou Li and Xuan Current Affairs. In the early days—about 900 BC to 700 B.C.—people at that time served as the backbone, among which some of the oldest chapters were about 3,450 years ago, and some of the latest chapters were about 2,600 years ago Seven hundred years ago (?), although it is not very far away.

But why is poetry unique to that age—or poetry flourishes only?First, after the social culture has gradually matured, beautiful literary and artistic works can appear. "The second generation of Zhou Jian is full of melancholy." Chinese society has been separated from the wild state since the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty.At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, it was still the age of enlightenment, so there were still few works that could be handed down.Before and after the eastward move, the humanities improved, and there were more and more famous works.In addition, the poems are tools for expressiveness. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, the society was quiet, and there were few materials of impulsive emotions.Second, the questioner said: If Er, there should be more poems after the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, but why are there fewer poems?This question can be answered in two ways.First, the style of writing changes with the times. This kind of poetry has been popular for hundreds of years, or after the middle of the Spring and Autumn period, it has gradually become tired of the society and no longer has famous works.Second, the system of "Collecting Poetry at the Pavilion" is repeatedly mentioned in biographies, and we should consider it to be a fact.The collection of three hundred articles is almost due to this.This matter was originally one of the beautiful policies of the Zhou Dynasty, which was carried out by the royal family.Since the Spring and Autumn Period, the royal family has declined, and Si Dian has been abolished.Although there are many songs, don't compile them for collection, and then they will be lost. "Mencius" so-called "Wang Ji died and "Poetry" died".

"Historical Records The Family of Confucius" says: "There are more than 3,000 poems written by the ancients, and as far as Confucius is concerned. One hundred and five chapters." If this statement is true, then the present edition was actually hand-selected by Confucius, such as Xu Xiaomu's selection of "New Odes on the Yutai", and Wang Jiefu's selection of "Poetry of a Hundred Schools of Tang Dynasty".However, many Han and Tang scholars did not believe this theory.Kong Yingda said: "The poems quoted in the biography are more present than the dead, so Confucius's records cannot be divided into ten and ten. It is not credible." Conceal it..." It also said: "Recite three hundred poems, teach them politics, and fail to achieve..." These are all Confucius' words, and the number of poems he recites is three hundred. It can be seen that Confucius's recitation and practice are all the same. , rather than its self-deletion. "Zuo Zhuan" records that Wu Jizha Shilu Guanle, who was in front of Confucius, and the style of the songs, none of which have appeared in fifteen foreign countries, can be used as proof that the 300 songs were not originally from Confucius.And if Confucius deletes poems, what is the standard?Like the so-called "chaste prostitution" in later generations?Zheng and Wei's romantic works exist, but they have not been deleted.And just like Yi Poetry found in biographers, such as "Tang Di's Hua, it is the opposite. Don't you think about it, the room is far away", such as "Zuo Zhuan" "Although there are silk and hemp, there is no abandonment of Jian Kuai. Although there is Ji Ginger, without abandoning and haggard", "Thinking of my king's degree, the style is like jade and the style is like gold, shaping the power of the people, but not the heart of drunkenness", all of these, what words and sentences are contrary to "propriety and righteousness", but Confucius is deleted!Therefore, based on what we believe, Confucius never deleted his poems.Whether the three hundred articles were ever consciously edited or not cannot be further examined.If there is such a thing, then the compiler or the historian Taishi belongs to him, and he cannot be sure who he is.In short, there are more than 300 satires shared by scholar-bureaucrats in the Spring and Autumn Period.Even if there are deaths, it is only one or two out of a hundred.This can be asserted slightly according to the facts.

But Confucius did not do anything to help him?Said: Yes.State the words of Confucius and say: "I defend myself against Lu, and then I am happy, and "Ya" and "Song" have their own places." The sound of elegance and praise.” Said: “Confucius recited three hundred poems, sang three hundred poems, stringed poems three hundred, and danced poems three hundred.” I mean that not all of the previous poems can be enjoyed, or they may become disordered. Its score; Confucius is the most fond of music, the most proficient in music, so after he rebelled against Lu, he used music theory to teach Lu Taishi, and took 300 pieces of scores to make up for those who were lacking, and those who were poor to order them. Therefore, Yun Le Zheng wrote "Ya" " "Ode" is what you get, so Yunxian sings in order to harmonize Shao and Wu.That's why the texts of "Ya" and "Song" are still in the past.When you lose your place, you will see the song and dance of the strings; Confucius's music is the "Poetry".Therefore, music has no scriptures, and "Poetry" is used as the scriptures. There is no joy in "Ya Yan Shi Shu Zhi Li", and the joy in "Poetry" is inseparable.The combination of poetry and music may have begun with Confucius. (Look at Wei Yuan's "Poetry Guwei", the third edition of "Fuzi Zhengyue Lun".)

In the early Han Dynasty, there were three families of Lu, Qi, and Han who were established as academic officials, while the ancient text "Biography of Mao Shi" came out later.After the Eastern Han Dynasty, Mao traveled alone and the three families were abolished.Today's official book titles this book "Mao Poetry", but some scholars in the village call it "Mao Jing", which is lamentable and ridiculous! The authenticity of "Mao Zhuan" has long been a question.I have mentioned it many times in other books on modern and ancient prose, and I won't repeat it now; and the ones with falsehoods appearing in falsehoods and hindering future studies are the most important, especially the so-called "Preface to Poetry". "Poetry Preface" is now attached to "Mao Zhuan".At the beginning of each article, the preface explains the meaning of the poem, or the person who wrote the poem.The preface of the first "Guanju" is very long, covering thousands of words and summarizing the purpose of the whole book, which is called "The Preface".From the rest of the chapters, the short ones are less than ten words, and the longer ones are dozens of words, which is called "Small Preface".Those who read "Poetry" always want to know the person who wrote the poem and the purpose of the poem, this is also a human feeling.However, it is almost impossible to ask the person and the purpose of the three hundred chapters of "Poems" one by one.Therefore, Mencius valued "contradicting one's will with one's will", and "Zuo Zhuan" called it "taking meaning out of context".Shen Gongzhi awarded Lu poetry, "There is no doubt about it, and those who doubt it will not be passed on."Han Ying's "Han Shiwai Zhuan" and Liu Xiang's "New Preface" both practice the teaching of adversity.Those who talked about "Poetry" before the Western Han Dynasty were all like this.Today's so-called "Preface to Poetry" is to select the person and its purpose one by one one by one, and if there is something to learn, this is why scholars enjoy learning together, and it has been regarded as a treasure for two thousand years until now.

Who wrote the "Preface to Poems"? "Book of the Later Han Dynasty Rulin Biography" describes its origin very clearly. "Biography" says: "Xie Manqing was good at "Mao Poems" because of his training. Wei Hong learned from Manqing, and because of "Mao Poetry Preface", he was good at the purpose of style and elegance, and it is passed down to the world today." "Preface" is a grand work, and the iron case is like a mountain, Ning Fu has room for doubts!The legends after the Sui and Tang Dynasties are very different.It may be said that the first sentence of the "Preface" was written by Da Mao Gong, and the following sentences were written by Xiao Mao Gong; "It is said that the "Preface" was created by Zi Xia, and Mao Gong and Wei Jingzhong were more beneficial).What is particularly frightening is that Song Chengyi believed that the "Great Preface" was written by Confucius, and the "Small Preface" was written by the history of the country at that time.With "Historical Records" and "Hanshu", which have never been seen before, "Poetry Preface", Fan Weizong "passed down to the world", and it is known that Wei Hong's hand, it is the name of Confucius and Zixia, and it has been more than a thousand years It is an unbelievable phenomenon to think of a sacred and inviolable treasure book!

It is not necessary that all "Poems" have no author's main name, but it cannot be said that all chapters can have an author's main name. It is not necessary that all of the "Poems" are incapable, but it cannot be said that all articles are incapable.In terms of three hundred articles, the number of those without a name and no ability must be far greater than those with a name and ability, and it is easy to see.Although the books of Lu, Qi, and Han are dead, their lost accounts can be found in other books from time to time, and there are occasional mentions of the names, dates, or stories of each chapter, so their meaning is longer than that of the so-called "Preface to Mao Poems". (For example, "Guanju" is the poem of King Kang, "Caiwei" is the poem of King Yi, "Zou Yu" is the official of birds and beasts, and "The First Banquet of Guests" is the poem of Wei Wugong's repentance for drinking, etc. , It’s because you have received it.) Whether the Mao poets’ so-called Big Maogong and Little Maogong have real people is already a question.By way of saying that there is, but Liu Xin and Ban Gu did not say that Er Mao had a preface, and when Wei Hong was born in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he knew what Shen Gong, Yuan Gu, and Han Ying did not know, or otherwise. Tree one said to be in trouble?Therefore, once the origin of the "Preface to Poetry" is verified, the valuelessness of the book is beyond debate.If you look at its content carefully, you will find the hilarious content even more innumerable.For example, in "Zheng Feng", if there is a word "Zhong", it is called Jizhong, and if there is a word "Shu", it is called Gongshu Duan, and the rest of the articles are called "Cihu" and "Cihu".Zheng Liguo has been established for hundreds of years, how can there be no one else outside Zhong, Duan and Hu?And the poet's eulogy, why is it that Mei Cizhong, Duan, and Huwai have no other emotions?Gouging out and being arbitrary is ridiculous to the extreme!The rest of the articles are mostly like this.Therefore, those who want to rule must first destroy the "Mao Xu" and burn it, and the obstacles will not know where it is! (See Cui Shu's "Du Feng Ou Shi" Volume 1 General Discussion Poetry Preface, Volume 2 General Discussion of Thirteen National Styles.)

Zhu Xi's "Ji Zhuan" also states the purpose of writing poems in each chapter and corrects the order. It is relatively clean and clean, but it has its own way of making empty and arbitrary decisions. Therefore, scholars should clarify it simultaneously. The theory of "Four Poems" can be found in "The Family of Confucius".Whether it is said to be beneficial to future generations is still difficult to determine.If there is such a saying in ancient times, it is very easy to explain. The three hundred chapters are divided into four categories based on categories, namely Nan, Feng, Ya, and Song.Since the "Mao Poetry Preface" could not be explained as "South", the styles of Zhou and Zhao's "South" that were comparable to "Bei" and "Yu" were named "Fifteen National Styles", so the remaining three of the four poems, and It is sufficient to analyze the small and the elegant, and the style of the poem is disordered.Its name is explained as follows:

"Poetry · Drum Bell Pian" "to the south of Yaya". "Nan" and "Ya" are used oppositely. Since elegance is an integral part of poetry, it is very clear that Nan must also be an integral body of poetry. "Book of Rites" "Xu Gu Nan" for Prince Wen's son, and "Zuo Zhuan" "Xianggu Nanzhu" all refer to this.Why this poem is called "South" is impossible to guess.Mao's biography in "Drum Bell" said: "The joy of the southern Yi is called Nan." "Zhou Li" Yanren Zheng's annotation, "Gongyang" Zhao twenty-five years He Zhu said: "The joy of the South is Ren." "South" and "Ren" are homophonic, and the word Dangben is the same.Even the so-called "salt" and the so-called "yan" in the Han and Wei Yuefu (Heque salt, Guiguo salt, Turkic salt, Huangdi salt, Shule salt, Sanfuyan) are the changes of this word. unknown.But "Mao Poetry Preface" must say that the "South" in "Guzhong" is not the "South" of Ernan, and its interpretation of "South" refers to "South, saying that Wanghua comes from north to south", which is ridiculous.This is like a certain Tie Kuojia's selection of ancient poems explaining "Xixi Salt" as table salt.It means that "Nan" was the name of a kind of music at that time, and its rhythm was integrated, which was different from Ya and Song.According to "Rituals · Country Drinking Ceremony" and "Swallow Ceremony", all of them are played in the song and sheng, and then there is a joint music. "Magpie's Nest", "Cai Fan" and "Cai Ping" in "Zhao Nan".Yiyun: "The chaos in "Guanju" is full of magnificence." The "chaos" is played at the end of the song.Based on this kind of information, it can be speculated that "Nan" seems to be a kind of chorus music, which is sung at the end of the music, and the singers are not limited to musicians, so it is called "it is chaotic and full of ears".

"Mao Poetry Preface" explained the meaning of the word "wind", saying: "The top is weathered and the bottom is, and the bottom is pierced by the wind."The irony of those who steal the wind is also the text of the satirical words of satire. "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" says: "Reciting without singing is called fu." There is no wind. "Zuo Zhuan" describes the style and poetry of the feast, all of which are Fu, as the saying goes, recite without singing. (The "Zuo Zhuan" Ji Zha Guanyue chapter is full of songs about the styles of various countries. The text is suspicious, and it may be written by scholars after Confucius Zhengyue. Please refer to "Zuo Zhuan" to explain the problem.) It is unknown whether this wind can sing later; if it can , I am afraid that after Confucius is happy.

Elegant is upright, the most popular music in the Zhou Dynasty, and it is generally recognized as the upright sound, so it is called elegant. "Rituals·Xiangjiu" says: "Gong Song "Deer Ming", "Four Mus", "Huang Huang Zhe Hua", Sheng "Nan Xin", "Bai Hua" and "Hua Shu", Nai Jian Song "Yu Li", Sheng " You Geng, the song "Jiayu in the South", the sheng "Chongqiu", the song "Nanshan has a platform", the sheng "Youyi"... the work is reported on the day of the music: the music is ready..." (Six Poems of Sheng There is sound without words. Jin Shuxi said that it is dead and make up for it, which is false. It is suspected that the song and the sheng cooperate at the same time, relying on each other to measure, and now Western music is called "accompaniment". As a companion, "You Geng" has a notation of notes but no words to sing, and its syllables correspond to the song "Yu Li". "Nanxin" and "Luming", "Zihua" and "Sihua" Mu, "Hua Shu" and "Huanghuangzhehua", "Chongqiu" and "Nanyou Jiayu", "Yuyi" and "Nanshan Youtai", and the same.) Fan Xiaoya and Daya All poems use this style, so it is called Zhengle, and it is called elegant. Later generations mostly interpreted it with the meaning of praising beauty, but I suspected otherwise. "Han Shu Rulin Biography" says: "Lu Xusheng is a eulogy." Su Lin's note says: "Song looks majestic." Yan Shigu's note says: "The reading of the eulogy is the same as the content." The word of eulogy is from the page, and the page is the person Face, so appearance is the original meaning of the word eulogy.But why are poems such as "Zhou Song" and "Shang Song" called Song Ye?Both Nan and Ya only sing, while Song sings and dances at the same time. "Zhou Guan": "Play without shooting, sing with bells, dance with great martial arts." "Book of Rites": "Zhu Qianyu Qi Mian and dance with great martial arts." .Dance is the most important thing in dance, so this kind of poem is called eulogy. "Yue Ji" says: "Husband's "Wu" first came out to the north, and then it was completed and destroyed Shang. The son of heaven, vibrate it and attack it in all directions, and it is powerful in China. Divide it and advance, and do things for the fleas; stand for a long time, waiting for the arrival of the princes." (The current "Zhou Song" only "Yu Huang Wu Wang "The title of the next sentence of the first chapter is "Wu". However, according to "Zuo Zhuan" in the twelfth year of Chu Zhuang Wangyun: "Wu Wang conquered business and wrote "Wu". "Follow the times and think about it, I will try to find it." The sixth is "Sui Wanbang has had a good harvest"..." This book is only "Qi Dingergong" in the chapter of "Wu". "Fu Shi Yisi" goes like this chapter It is called "Lai", "Sui Wanbang" means that its chapter is called "Huan", and people in the Spring and Autumn Period referred to it as a part of "Wu", and counted its chapters. It can be seen that the division of chapters in this book is not ancient, but The poem of "Da Wu" is more than one chapter.) Looking at this, it is as if you want to see how "Da Wu" dances.The poems in the three "Songs" all emphasize dance festivals. This is why they are different from those who sing only in Ya and Nan, and are even more different from those who sing without singing in Fengfeng. (Slightly compared with the style of later generations, Feng is folk songs, Nan and Ya are Yuefu songs, and Songs are scripts.) The analysis and interpretation of the "Four Poems" above have not been explained by the predecessors, and I have not dared to be confident, so I will wait for those who come. The three hundred poems are the oldest and most beautiful literary works in our country.Among them, the category of eulogy is produced by professional writers and musicians, and it is the most classic.It seems that some of the elegant ones are made by experts.South and Wind is pure civilian literature.For hundreds of years, there are works of both sexes written by people of various classes and occupations in various places. The emotions written are about the country and society, about the family, about the interaction between friends and individuals, about the resentment between men and women, etc., etc., There is no representative work.The methods of expressing emotions are extremely lingering and implicit, such as: When a gentleman is in service, he does not know the period.Hey?Chickens live in the nest... A gentleman is in service, so why don't you think about it? Such as: Zhibi is here, looking forward to his father.The father said: "Sigh! I will serve my son, and there will be no end to the night. If you are careful, there will be no end." Such as: Learn from the valley wind, and use the shade to rain.Striders are united, so there should be no anger.Picking fennel and picking fei, without the following body.Don't violate the sound of virtue, and die together with you. There are those who are extremely euphemistic but extremely decisive, such as: Flying the cypress boat, in the middle of the river.The two fashions of the hair and the other are true to my appearance.Its death is exhausted, the mother is also heaven, and it is unforgiving of people! There are those who are extremely distressed and desperate, such as: Polygonum Polygonum Zhe Curcuma, Bandit Curcuma Yihao.Mourning for my parents, giving birth to me. Such as: The flower of sweet potato, its leaves are green.Knowing that I am so, it is better to have no life. Those who write their deep pain or love where there are no words, such as: The other millet is Lili, the seedling of the other millet.Walking is extravagant, the center is shaking.Those who know me say I am worried, those who don't know me say what I want.Long sky, who is this! Such as: Looking at the sun and the moon, I think leisurely.The cloud of the Tao is far away, and the cloud can come. There are those whose diction is complicated but not killed, and those who express the incomprehensible feelings with the song, such as: "Gu Feng", "Zai Chi", "Owl", "Jie Nanshan", "The First Moon", "October's Turn", "Xiao Bian", "Sang "Soft" chapters. (The full text will not be recorded.) There are those who are very indifferent but deeply affectionate, such as: The reeds are green, and the white dew is frost.The so-called Iraqis are on the water side.Backtracking from it, the road is long and obstructive.Backtracking from it, Wan is in the middle of the water. There are those who are extremely charming and affectionate, such as: In the spring day, there is Yang, and there is Ming Canggeng.The woman holds the basket, obeys the other, and seeks the soft mulberry.The spring is late, and Qi Qi is picked, and the girl's heart is sad, and she is about to return with the son. Everything like this is a matter of extreme expression literature. (The example on the right is just a few chapters according to the feelings and memories. Today's scholars follow this to pay attention to the ears. It does not mean that the expressions are good or the types of expressions are the only ones.) Therefore, those who study "Poetry" should use The true value of "Poetry" can be seen by reading the whole "Poetry" as a literary product, paying attention to and enjoying it from the point where it expresses emotions. Confucius said: "Poetry can be prospering, it can be seen, it can be grouped, and it can be complained." Confucius saw the most true relationship between literature and life, so he can say this.The ancients used poetry as the main tool of education, and its purpose was to enable ordinary people to develop a sense of beauty and the ability to appreciate literature, so that their personality would be unexpected and self-improvement.Husband's famous poems only satirize Han Yongyan, and he has already gained a lot. Besides, Confucius cited 300 poems, all of which are sung and sang, combining literature and music as one, and establishing the foundation of social education, and its influence is immeasurable!Zizhi Wucheng heard the sound of stringed songs, and Ziyou said, "A gentleman who learns the Tao will love others, and a villain who learns the Tao will be easy to use."It is called teaching with poetry, and it is said that the aesthetic feeling can make society upward.When we study "Poetry", we also study what Confucius learned. The loss of the study of "Poetry" began with the false "Mao Xu" saying "beautiful thorns".In the pseudo-"Preface" there are ninety-nine people who interpret "Poetry" with beautiful stabs, and those who "stab the time", "stab the king" and "stab a certain person" are eighty-nine out of the eighty-nine.The husband is lamenting the current politics and hating the society. Although it is one of the emotions of the poet, how can he leave this and have no emotions to express?The pseudo-"Preface" is all cited and accepted in the thorns, such as "Xiong Pheasant" in "Bei Feng", and "Wang Feng", which were written by the husband in the Ming Dynasty and the wife read it. What is the difference with the king of the time?And one thought to assassinate Duke Xuan of Wei, and the other thought to assassinate King Ping of Zhou. "Gu Feng" in "Bei Feng" and "Mang" in "Wei Feng" are obviously written by the abandoned woman's own laments, and one thinks that the stabbing of the couple is wrong, and the other thinks that it is time to stab the couple.And so on, too numerous to mention.If you believe what he said, then the author of the 300 articles is like a wasp, who stings people all day long, does he have his own temperament?The three hundred articles are all "Yu Shu", so where is the so-called gentle and honest one?Another example is that nine poems about men and women pleasing each other are interpreted as pricking and adultery, and he put mud on Confucius's words "thinking is innocent", thinking that "prostitution is evil, and stabbing is innocent".If you believe what he said, then you will construct obscene words as sarcasm, and just "persuade everyone to sarcasm", is it possible to call it innocent?I don't know that men and women love to be happy, and their feelings are righteous. How can they be stabbed to start with the purpose of innocence.That's why the three hundred chapters became the "Sikong Chengdan Book" from the words of Mei Ci, and the divine wisdom of its nature and spirituality has not been shone for two thousand years.Scholars can get rid of this shackle quickly, but they can learn "Poetry" with Yu Yu. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, it is only about cultivating emotions.But the ancients studied "Poetry" for a second purpose, which is application.Confucius said: "If you don't study poetry, you can't speak." He also said: "Recite three hundred poems, and teach them politics. If you don't master them, you can send them to the four directions. You can't be right. Even though there are many, you can think it?" If you can be specific, how can you be able to achieve it if you teach him politics?A politician is nothing more than acquainted with human feelings, criticizes them and rejects them, and thus guides them.And the reason why we manage affairs and respond to affairs is based on "knowledge before speaking and acting with virtue."The ancients studied "Poetry" for this purpose. "Zuo Zhuan" said in the twenty-eighth year of Xiang: "When composing poems in fragments, I can take what I want." Taking what you want in fragments is the method of learning poetry and applying it.That's why "the wild yellow bird stops at the hills and corners", Confucius read it and said: "When you stop and know where it stops, can you be a human instead of a bird?" Said: "Poetry is so good and benevolent. Follow the country's way, and abandon it in the middle way. Forget your old age, don't know how old you are, and you will grow every day, and then you will die." Sima Qian read it and said: "Although I can't come, but I yearn for it." "It's like cutting like learning, like cutting like grinding." Zigong read it, and realized that he was in the rich and the poor. "Qiaoxiao is beautiful, beautiful eyes are looking forward to, and I always think it is gorgeous." Zixia read it and understood the meaning of "empress of ceremony".Confucius also said in admiration: "Gifts and merchants are the only ones who can talk about poetry." "If you can govern your country, who dares to insult it!" "The dove is in the mulberry, and its sons are seven. The gentlemen are gentlemen, and their manners are one." Xunzi read it and said: "So gentlemen are united." For example, "Zuo Zhuan" records the poems and aspirations of the ministers of various countries, and "Han Shi Wai Zhuan" and "New Preface" either describe things or establish righteousness, and quote poems to prove it.For all these and the like, there is no need to ask about the ability and original meaning of his poems.Combining my feelings with the author's feelings, quoting and extending them, and extending them by analogy, this is also a method of exercising virtue and increasing one's intelligence. The existing pre-Qin ancient books are a mixture of true and false, and almost none of them are without problems.Its fine gold and beautiful jade, the words are credible and precious, and its head is also.Therefore, his books have another important value besides the literary value, which is that they can be used as ancient historical materials or historical data standards. The so-called ones that can be used as historical materials do not mean that the false "Mao Xu" is compared with "Zuo Zhuan" and "Historical Records", and it is also true that a certain article is forced to be a matter of a certain king.Those who are related to politics are very hopeless, even if there are occasional ones or two that belong to the facts of the court at that time (such as Wei Wugong repented after drinking, Mrs. Xu Mu wrote "Zai Chi", etc.), they are not very important and can be ignored. (The specific political historical data in the book cannot be fully trusted. Gai literati’s words are often flashy and false. For example, "Lu Song · Xi Gong" has the phrase "Zhuang Gong's son", which is undoubtedly Song Xi Gong in Ming Dynasty, but the article also says " Disciplining Di is to punish, and Jingshu is to punish." How did Xi Gong have such great achievements?) Although history is by no means limited to politics, the most important thing is that it can show the two aspects of the heart and soul of the whole society. film.And noble literary works are often the best able to meet this requirement. "Zuo Zhuan" Ji Zha Guanle's criticism of the customs of the fifteen countries is also studied from the perspective of social psychology (whether the result is criticized by Ji Zha or not).If we can apply this method and expand it, we can get a clearer concept of the "age of poetry" - the foundation of the social organization of the Chinese nation from 900 to 600 BC and the root of its outlook on life ; and the similarities and differences of the local people's character and the traces of the sequential alcoholization can also be seen.In terms of material, it includes the distribution of animals and plants at that time, the construction of city walls and palaces, the manufacture of agricultural tools, weapons, ritual utensils, and utensils, the progress of clothing and food... All these situations, try to classify and sort them out, and the results are as follows: A lot.Therefore, there is almost no useless reading of historical materials. The so-called standard of historical materials, there are too many myths and fakes in ancient history. If we want to distinguish carefully, we have to choose one or two more credible books as the basis to measure the veracity of the following verdicts in other books. The so-called positive sun and moon Those who regard Beichen also.If so, I call it the scale of historical materials.For example, when studying the historical relics of Confucius, we should think that the scale is the same.In the era of poetry and the era before the existence of poetry, no formal history appeared ("Poetry" died and then "Spring and Autumn" was written), and the ancient events recorded in biographies and Chenwei are too mixed and cannot be questioned.Since it has not been messed up by future generations, all the words are credible. Although the text is not written for the purpose of recording, but occasionally recorded, our generation can rely on it as the standard.For example, "The mysterious bird of heaven descended to give birth to Shang." Of course it's a problem.For example: "The emperor made a state against the country, since Taibo Wangji." Ming Dynasty is the master of Zhou people's history of his entrepreneurship, so whether Taibo escaped from the Jingman is also a problem (I am afraid that Zhou people will be like Yin before Wen and Wu) brother and end brother).For example, Xia Yu is repeatedly mentioned in various chapters, such as "Yu laying down the earthwork", "Zuan Yu's thread", etc., but Yao and Shun have no word for it, so why Yao, Shun and others can also become a problem.And so on, if historians approach it with extreme caution and rigor, rather than being arbitrary when they are suspicious, then it can be regarded as a measure, and a relatively clean history can still be obtained. "Poetry" ranks first among the six arts. Since the Han Dynasty, it has been handed down very prosperously, and there are thousands of commentators.Even if there are hundreds of kinds of books such as annotations and interpretations in existence today, reading them briefly will make people's heads turn white, so I advise scholars to read less.If you must refer to it, I will cite the following books: There are three schools of Lu, Qi, and Han in the modern poetry theory of the Western Han Dynasty.Liu Xiangzhi's "New Preface" and "Shuo Yuan" have a lot of words in "Poems".Xiang Guzhi Lu Shiye, if you want to know the general theory of poetry in the Western Han Dynasty, these three books should be read. Chen Qiaocong in the Qing Dynasty wrote "A Textual Research on the Posthumous Theories of the Three Schools of Poetry", which is a brief preparation of the three schools of thought, which can be referred to. The current "Thirteen Classics Commentary" is written by Mao Chuan, Zheng Kangcheng, and Kong Yingda, so-called ancient writers' words.Mao Xu is absolutely unbelievable, I have said it very much.However, the biography of Mao in exegesis is quite simple and readable.Zheng Jian's ten application for Mao was also corrected at the time, and there were many people who were attached to it, so it is better to look at it separately.Kong Shu is quite extensive but less restrained.Among the new books on Confucianism in the Qing Dynasty, Chen Huan's "Shi Mao's Biography" is the most carefully reviewed, specializing in Mao, although Zheng also disagrees.The second is Ma Ruichen's "Mao Shi Zhuan Jian Tong Shi", Hu Chenggong's "Mao Shi Hou Jian" is also good.And Wang Yinzhi's "Jingyi Shuwen" and "Jingzhuanshici" all about Mao's poems are excellent.Scholars who read such books should focus on the aspects of exegetical names and objects. Those about etiquette should be carefully selected, and those about the meaning of "Poems" should not be trapped by them. Song Confucian commentary, Zhu Xi's "Book of Songs" is quite clean, it teaches people to play with the purpose of poetry directly from the scriptures, which is quite learnable, but it is also arbitrary.It is far inferior to the fine examination of Qing Confucianism in terms of exegesis and famous objects. The books on the general purpose of "Poetry", Qing Wei Yuan's "Shi Gu Wei", Cui Shu's "Du Feng Ou Shi", are very understandable and readable.The part in Yao Jiheng's "Nine Classics" should be very good, but I haven't seen his book yet. I have two opinions on finishing.First, the section on exegesis and famous objects, Qing Confucian annotations and commentaries, has achieved eighty-nine achievements. Collect and review, choose the good ones to follow, and compose a very concise new annotation, so that readers can have no doubts about the meaning of the text.Second, the part of the purpose of the poem, starting from the "poetry fragments" recorded by the scholar-officials at that time in "Zuo Zhuan", followed by "Mencius", "Book of Rites" and the meanings quoted from "Poetry" by Zhou and Qin scholars, down to "Han The quotations from "Poetry" in the biographies of "Shiwaizhuan", "Xinxu", "Shuoyuan" and "Book of the Two Han Dynasties" are collected from the "Poetry" and are grouped under this poem. The method of "knowing the future from the past" allows poetics to be applied to life.It is not difficult to do this, but it is a pity that I have the ambition but have not caught it.