Chapter 13 Zuo Chuan Mandarin

"Zuo Zhuan", the full name is "Chunqiu Zuo Shi Zhuan". "Hanshu Yiwenzhi": "Twelve chapters of "The Ancient Classic of Spring and Autumn". Thirty volumes of "Zuo Shi Zhuan." The original note said: "Zuo Qiuming, Lu Taishi." "Zuo Zhuan" begins here. The article in Liu Xin's "Qi Lue" recorded in "Zhi" says: "Zhongni...Yilu...historiographer has the law, so I read his historical records with Zuoqiu Ming...some praises, taboos and derogations, which cannot be seen in writing, and dictated to his disciples, The disciples backed away and said something different. Qiu Ming feared that his disciples would lose their truth by setting their own minds, so he wrote a biography based on his ability, and Ming Master did not explain the scriptures with empty words." The one before this is "Historical Records: The Chronicle of the Twelve Princes" Yun: "Confucius... looked at the Zhou Dynasty from the west, and discussed the old news of historical records. It can also be seen in books. The gentleman of Lu, Zuo Qiuming, was afraid that his disciples would be heretics, and each of his disciples would lose their true intentions. Therefore, because of the historical records of Confucius, there is a commentary on his words, which became "Zuo Shi Chunqiu." According to this, "Zuo Zhuan " was written to comment on Confucius' "Spring and Autumn", and it was written successively at the same time as "Spring and Autumn", which seems very clear.

Although, there is no doubt about the fact that the Han Dynasty passed on the study of "Zuo Zhuan".The scripture teachers of the Western Han Dynasty did not seem to have any relationship between this book and the "Spring and Autumn Classics".Those who started and expanded, actually began with Liu Xin. "Hanshu·Liu Xin Biography" says: "Xin's school secretary saw the ancient text "Chunqiu Zuo Shi Zhuan", which is very good... At the beginning, "Zuo Shi Zhuan" had many ancient characters and ancient words, which were just passed down by scholars. And Xin Zhi's "Zuo Shi Zhuan" "Shi", quoted texts to explain the scriptures, and invented by turning around... I thought that Zuo Qiuming had the same likes and dislikes as the sages, and he personally saw his master, while "Gongyang" and "Guliang" were after seventy sons. , the details are slightly different... Ji Xin wanted to establish "Zuoshi Chunqiu", "Mao Shi", "Yi Li" and "Gu Wen Shang Shu", all of which were listed in the academic officials... The doctors may not agree, Xin moved the book Dr. Taichang reprimanded him and said: "..."Chunqiu Zuoshi", edited by Qiu Ming...hidden in the secret mansion, but never published...Students who have dropped out of school, don't think about the ruins...just say it To memorize biographies is to be the last teacher rather than the ancient ones... I still want to cling to the handicapped and guard against the incomplete, with the selfish intention of being afraid of being seen, but I don't have the public heart to obey righteousness... Taking "Shangshu" as a preparation, it is said that "Zuo Shi" is not "Spring and Autumn" , Isn’t it sad!...' His words were so sharp that all Confucians resented him. It was Gong Sheng, a doctor named Confucian Guanglu at that time, who transferred the book with his heart, and he deeply blamed himself for writing the letter. I would like to beg for the bones. And the Confucian Shi Dan is a great Sikong was also furious, and Zuo Xin changed the old chapter..." According to the records in this biography, we can get the following facts: (1) "Zuo Zhuan" is "hidden in a secret mansion", which is rarely seen by outsiders. But see it. (2) "Quoting texts to explain the scriptures" began with Xin, and it has never existed before. (3) All the doctors all said that "Zuoshi" is not "Chunqiu"". (4) Xin tried his best to write this book to the academic officials, but he was agitated and indignant.

With such facts, we certainly cannot but arouse doubts about "Zuo Zhuan".First, the authenticity of the entire book "Zuo Zhuan".Second, the question of whether "Zuo Zhuan" has anything to do with "Spring and Autumn".The first problem is very easy to solve, because the book records the actual events of the Spring and Autumn Period, which cannot be completely fabricated by later generations; moreover, "Historical Records" quotes many of his articles, Sima Qian has already seen his book, so it can be seen that it did not start at the end of the Western Han Dynasty.Therefore, what should be discussed today is only the second question.

For the answer to this question, we will cover Dr. Zuo Tanhan's statement that ""Zuo Shi" does not pass on "Spring and Autumn"".There are four incomprehensible issues in the scripture interpretation of Zuoshi: One, there is no biography.For example, in the fifth year of Yin, "Quwo Zhuangbo cut down the wings...Yi Hou Bensui".There is no text on this matter in the scriptures, so why is there a biography?Husband passed on to explain the scriptures, since there is no scripture, can it be said to be passed on? Second, there are scriptures without interpretation.Wherever it is passed on to explain the meaning of the scriptures, it is not to describe the facts.For example, in the fifth year of Yin, "in September, six feathers are presented at the beginning". "Gongyang Zhuan" said: "Why do you write a book? It is also the beginning of ridicule." It is also an explanation of its meaning. "Zuo Zhuan" only describes the number of feathers, which is the same as the scriptures. Does it seem like a biography?

Third, explain not to write in the biography of the scriptures.For example, in the first year of Yin, "in May, Faber Shuai Shichenglang. If you don't write, it's not an official order."If a husband interprets the scriptures but does not explain them in the scriptures, then those who pass on the scriptures should not explain why the Yellow Emperor has no canons, and why Wu and Chu have no wind? Fourth, the interpretation of the scriptures clearly violates the meaning of the scriptures.For example, Yin's three-year book "Yin's Death". "Gongyang Zhuan" says: "Jie Shiqing." It is Zhang Benye who "Yin Shi established the Prince Dynasty" in the 23rd year of Zhao Dynasty.This Confucius opposes the righteousness of the aristocratic regime, which is often seen in the book. "Zuo Shi" changed "Yin" to "Jun", saying that she was the mother of Yin Gong, and she only sheltered the Wang family to avoid the ridicule of the world.

To put it simply, in Confucius's "Spring and Autumn", Mencius said: "The matter is related to Qi Huan and Jin Wen, its writing is related to history, and its meaning is stolen by Qiu." Dong Sheng said: "Writing is tens of thousands, and its index is thousands. Everything gathers and disperses, all in the "Spring and Autumn Annals." Every article must have the so-called "righteousness" and the so-called "finger".If it is as explained in "Zuo Shi", the whole book is the old historian of Lu, and Confucius can only be compared with a chaoxu, what is the reason?Therefore, "Zuoshi" comes from "Zuoshi", "Chunqiu" comes from "Spring and Autumn", and "quoting and explaining the scriptures" is actually Liu Xin's ear.

But what about the original book of "Zuo Shi"? "Historical Records Tai Shigong's Preface" says: "Zuoqiu was blind, but there is "Guoyu"." "Five Emperors" says: "Yu Guan "Spring and Autumn" and "Guoyu". However, each chapter of "Historical Records" quotes many articles from the current "Zuo Zhuan" and cites very few articles from the current "Guoyu". This raises a question: whether the "Guoyu" that Sima Qian saw is the current "Guoyu" ", whether the articles from "Zuo Zhuan" quoted in "Historical Records" are included in "Guoyu" that Qian saw.To put it bluntly, "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guo Yu" are a matter of one being the other.Wei Zhao's "Explanation of Guoyu" says: "Zuoqiu Ming...has recollected and recorded the previous Mu Wang, and he has finished Lu mourning Zhibo's punishment...he thinks it is "Guoyu". Its text is not based on the scriptures, so it is called Waizhuan." The theory of the people of the Eastern Han Dynasty started after "Zuo Zhuan" became popular, and it was called "Outside Zhuan", which is also an internal rumor for "Zuo Shi".But today's "Guoyu" is quite strange.In terms of its age, the Spring and Autumn Period is regarded as the backbone, and it is slightly related to the time of "Spring and Autumn". slightly.On the other hand, the current "Zuo Zhuan" is also very strange.Since the interpretation of the "Spring and Autumn Annals" should start and end from the first year of Yin to the fourteenth year of Ai, it is the beginning and end of "Hui Gongfei's concubine Mencius...". Zhang Ben had to follow up.In the second year of Ruhuan, "Jiang's wife, Muhou of the Jin Dynasty, gave birth to a crown prince...", the record was still decades before the "Spring and Autumn", and there was absolutely no article about this in the scriptures.What is the result of explaining the scriptures and explaining this?The last chapter of the whole book records the death of Zhibo four years ago, and it is decades after Huolin. What is the relationship with Confucius' "Spring and Autumn"?What is the purpose of interpreting the scriptures and explaining this?Therefore, if the current "Guo Yu" and the current "Zuo Zhuan" are divided into two, the two books can be said to be self-contradictory examples, which are not enough to be listed in the list of works; It is also a good history for more than three hundred years.The original name of the book is "Guoyu", or also known as "Zuoshi Chunqiu". "Zuoshi Chunqiu", like "Yanzi Chunqiu" and "Lushi Chunqiu", are purely independent works, and have absolutely no master-slave relationship with Confucius' "Spring and Autumn".It changed from "Zuoshi Chunqiu" to "Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan", which was the beginning of Liu Xin's introduction and interpretation of scriptures.If the above conjectures are correct, the following conclusions can be drawn:

First, "Guoyu" is "Zuoshi Chunqiu", not the second book. Second, his books are divided into countries, not chronicles. Third, Liu Xin took out some parts of Lu Hui, Yin Jian Zhi Ai, and Mourning Room, and changed them into chronological styles, and compared them with the time limit of "Spring and Autumn" written by Confucius, calling it "Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan"; the rest are incomparable. Picked out, still its old name and old style, it is called "Guoyu". Fourth, all the texts in the present "Zuo Zhuan" that explain the scriptures are not owned by the original book, but are the result of Liu Xin's "quoting and explaining the scriptures".The same is true for those who have "the gentleman said" in it.

Fifth, in the rest of the book, there must be quite a few people who escaped through Liu Xin. Reference books for verifying the authenticity of "Zuo Zhuan": Liu Fenglu's Textual Research on the Spring and Autumn Annals of Zuozhuan. Kang Youwei's "Xinxue Apocrypha" is about "Zuo Zhuan". Cui Shi's "Historical Records Tanyuan" about "Zuo Zhuan". So far, the author of this book and its age will become a problem.According to "Historical Records: Chronicle of the Twelve Princes" and "Hanshu: Yiwenzhi", the author's surname is Zuo, and his name is Qiu Ming.However, "Tai Shi Gong's Preface" says: "Zuoqiu is blind, but there is "Guoyu"." Therefore, his name is Qiu, not Qiu Ming.And since he is a disciple of Confucius, why did the "Biography of Zhongni's Disciples" be left behind?Therefore, whether the "Chronology of the Twelve Princes" has been disturbed by later generations is a problem (Cui Shi directly refers to it as chaos—for details, "Historical Records Tanyuan" Volume 4, page 2).Those who claim to be "Confucius' disciple Zuo Qiuming" are false because they have the words "Zuoqiu Ming is ashamed, and Qiu is also ashamed", because they allude to the saying that "likes and dislikes are the same as sages".Since his book "does not pass on "Spring and Autumn", the so-called "viewing historical records with Confucius" is all fiction, and the person is hardly named Qiu Ming.But this is a small section, let alone.When did the Zuo family come from? "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guoyu" all describe the events of Jin's extermination of Zhibo, and "Guoyu" recounts the events of Yue's extermination of Wu. The events are all more than 20 years after Confucius' death, so the earliest books were written about 30 years after Confucius' "Spring and Autumn" It's been a year.Especially strange, "La" is Qin Jie, and "Shu Chang" is Qin Jue, and these two are found in "Zuo Zhuan".And the "common elders" are also the martial arts nobles set up by Shang Yang, and the author said that it is not because Shang Yang's Prime Minister Qin Hou that he wrote the book?Record Chen Jingzhong's affairs and said: "After the eighth generation, there will be no connection with Beijing." Ji Zha Shilu Tingle said: "Did Zheng Qi die first?" Are there three clans?" "Zuoshi" has good words and strange words, and all kinds of "exaggerated" words (commented by Han Yu) are not uncommon.However, when Jing Zhongchu was in exile in Qi, he decided that he would usurp Qi after the eighth generation; when Zheng Qiqing was in harmony, he decided that he would die first; Han, Zhao, Wei.The prophecy matches so far, Ning Fu makes sense?Judging by common sense, it is not an exaggeration to say that the writing was completed after the Tian family defeated Qi, the three families were divided into Jin, and Han destroyed Zheng.Therefore, the ancestors may regard "Zuo Zhuan" as the early works of the Warring States Period, about a hundred years after the death of Confucius, and I quite believe it.

None of the accusations mentioned above are caused by the descendants of Guan, but the inherent flaws of the original book.Exaggeration is like this, but what is recorded in it still has historical value?In other words, should our generation recognize this book as a letter of history?In all fairness, it is unavoidable for any nation in ancient times that history is interspersed with mythology. Among many Chinese and foreign ancient histories, "Zuo Zhuan" is relatively concise; the things recorded have been cut and polished by the author, and those with a bit of literary (fable) color are there, but most of them are written in the original. Records of the official historian at that time.Try to compare the first half with the second half, the difference in style can still be seen.It is known that the raw materials on which it is based are mostly old texts of various eras, so the spirit of the times can be expressed everywhere between the lines.In short, "Guo Yu" and "Zuo Zhuan" are the most precious historical materials two thousand years ago, and their great mellowness cannot be concealed by minor flaws.

If one reads the existing historical books of our country from the perspective of modern history, none of them will be satisfactory, but let us try to think, how many historical works can there be in the world from four to five hundred years before the Western Era? The book "Zuo Zhuan", no matter whether it is originally recorded by country or chronicled, it is a systematic and unique work. It is an advanced in the field of history of all mankind, so we observe it from the perspective of the world. , has recognized this book as a need for intensive reading.If we only focus on the literature of our country, then our culture began to mature in the Spring and Autumn Period, and its position is just like that of a person who has just reached adulthood. The evolution of cultural relics in all aspects of history, and their origins can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period. The study of national history should take the Spring and Autumn Period as the starting point. If you talk about three generations ago, you will easily be confused by myths and lose the serious attitude of historians.If we only focus on the period after the Qin and Han Dynasties, we will not be able to understand the root of Chinese national character, the context of social organization changes, etc.Therefore, I often say that those who govern the history of the country focus on the history of the Qing Dynasty, followed by the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.There is no good history in the Warring States Period, ("Warring States Policy" has too strong a literary stink to be a strict history.) In the Spring and Autumn Period, there was fortunately a "Zuo Zhuan", how should we cherish it and learn it! The book "Zuo Zhuan" is extremely rich and complex in content, and it can be said to be the most valuable and interesting to read as historical materials.In any aspect of philology, some data can be obtained from this book as a research basis; although the nature of this book is political history, it can often be a snapshot of social conditions.Trying to compare it, you should feel that "Tongjian" is purely political, while "Zuo Zhuan" is actually also social.Therefore, those who can do this are certainly due to Zuo's extremely high historical knowledge, or it is also due to history itself.First, in the Spring and Autumn Period, various places developed in a relatively narrow area, and there was no central point of transcendence politically or even culturally. Therefore, its historical style is different from that of the later ones who focused on the political situation in the capital.Second, the social organization of that era was purely class based, and all cultures were the product of the aristocratic class; although the aristocratic class was not in the majority, it was in the plural after all, so its history and later editions were dedicated to the emperor’s daily life. There are differences. The object described in "Zuo Zhuan" - the essence of history is like this, which is why it has its special value in ancient history. There are many people who ruled "Zuo Zhuan" from ancient to modern times.In terms of research methodology, I think it is better than Gu Donggao's "Spring and Autumn Events Table".He Shugai first set out several categories as his own research scope, and then dismantled the entire book, and extracted various parts of the information for his own control. "Book of Rites" said: "The words of the genus compare things, and the "Spring and Autumn" teaches." Gu Shu is really good at genus and comparison.I think that everyone who reads history should use this method, not only "Zuo Zhuan".But there are three reasons why I feel slightly dissatisfied with this book.First, it is suspected that its genre is limited to watches.The table method is very good, the books are written in various tables, and the management is bleak. There are a lot of people who are heart-wrenching, but there are still many materials that cannot be sorted out in the form of tables.Gu's name of his book is "Biao", and it is not allowed to be limited to those who can.If we continue to study and treat, we must broaden our meaning to make the best use of it.Second, it is suspected that what it expresses is political. "Zuo Zhuan" is originally a political history, and it shows more politics, which is natural. However, there are many things that can be said about matters other than politics, and it is appropriate to supplement them.Third, it is too much to explain the scriptures. "The "Zuo Shi" does not pass on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" is my firm belief. Today, it is not only a waste of energy to study the meaning and examples of Liu Xin's quotations and interpretations of the scriptures, but it also makes the purpose of the "Spring and Autumn Annals" even more absurd.These three ends, I think, should be corrected or enhanced for Gu Zhe.But the method is different from mine, and I hope that scholars will follow the rules and be clear about it. Ma Su's "Zuo Zhuan Shi Wei" and Gao Shiqi's "Zuo Zhuan Ji Shi Bo Mo" all follow the example of Yuan Shuzhi's "Tong Jian" and use the beginning and end of an event to date, which is also the method of reading "Zuo Shi".However, the things it divides may be lost in small pieces, while the big ones are separated and missed.If scholars can use their own methods and restrict them with their own laws, they may gain more. When we study "Zuo Zhuan" today, it is best to treat it from the perspective of sociologists, not focusing on the gains and losses of a country or event, but paying more attention to the common phenomena of the whole society at that time.For example, how the aristocracy received education law at that time; what kind of education they received; what was the collegiate organization of aristocratic politics at that time; The similarities and differences between the marriage system at that time and the later ones; what ideas did people have about the catastrophe of nature at that time; For the problem you want to study, go through the whole book to search for information; a brief collection of information is compared and judged.The research has accumulated dozens of questions, and the social legacy of an era can be seen slightly. When we study historical materials, there are often those who need to seek in the non-text.For example: (1) Has metal currency been used in the Spring and Autumn Period? (2) Was there a well field in the Spring and Autumn Period? (3) Did ironware be used in the Spring and Autumn Period? (4) During the Spring and Autumn Period, were there any countries that did not practice aristocratic politics? ... and so on, if you study carefully, you can also come up with some questions.If the data that can be used as evidence to the contrary are scarce or even non-existent, then the negative judgment may be established.This is also one of the magical effects of treating ancient history. The above are all general methods that historians should adopt, no matter what history they read, they can be used, not only "Zuo Zhuan".But "Zuo Zhuan" is not only the oldest history, but also has a lot of content, and it is easier to draw materials. Starting with it first, it will be the most interesting. Since the Song Dynasty, "Zuo Zhuan" has been listed in the Five Classics, forming a part of national common sense, so even non-specialized historians should read it.Among them, there are many good words and deeds, which are beneficial to self-cultivation and the affairs of the world, so it is advisable to record them secretly or note them down. The articles in "Zuo Zhuan" are beautiful, and its memoirs are very rigorous and clear in terms of extremely complicated matters—such as the five major battles, etc. Yi is beautiful and majestic, and full of vitality, which is almost incomparable since then; and although his writings are very old, they do not have the disease of crooked teeth, and are easy to recite, so it is for the purpose of learning literature, "Zuo Zhuan " should also be included in the intensive reading.