Chapter 12 Han Fei

It is amazing that there is a scholar who has written hundreds of thousands of words and whose life and deeds are almost untested in the works like Han Fei.If we want to study Han Fei as a human being, we can't just be content with the mere data in "Historical Records·Lao Zhuang Shen Han Biography".Chuanyun: "Han Fei is also the son of Han. He likes the study of punishment and magic, and it is attributed to Huang Lao... who is good at writing books. Li Si thinks he is not as good as Li Si and Xunqing. It is not because of Han's weakening. The king of Han could not be used by counting the number of books. So... wrote "Lonely Anger", "Five Beetles", "Inner and Outer Reserves", "Shuo Lin" and "Shuo Nan" with more than 100,000 words. People may pass their books to Qin, and the king of Qin will see them The books of "Lonely Anger" and "Five Beetles" said: "Wow! If I see this person and you, I will never hate to die!" Li Si said: "This book is also written by Han Feizhi." Qin Yin rushed to attack Han. Han Shi didn't use the wrong things, he was in a hurry, but sent the wrong envoy to Qin. The king of Qin liked him, but he didn't trust him. Li Si, Yao Jia harmed him...the king of Qin... ordered the officials to rule the wrong, and Li Si made people leave the wrong medicine and made him commit suicide..." Case: " "Qin Benji" and "Six Kingdoms", not the envoy of Qin, lived in the fourteenth year of the first emperor. ("Han Shijia" said that in the fifth year of King An, it should be the thirteenth year of the first emperor. It should be judged by the record and the table.) The murder should be within one or two years, and the non-death should be the first two or three years of the Western Chronicle. For three years or the first two or three years, there is no test for the year of birth.He wrote books before envoy Qin.Sima Qian's "Bao Ren An Shu" has the words "Han Fei imprisoned Qin, "Said Difficulty" and "Lonely Anger"", which contradicts this biography, and I am afraid it is not credible.It will take a long time for Ji Fei to commit suicide from being an official, how can he have enough time to complete this masterpiece? (Qian Shu said: "Wen Wang You played "Book of Changes", Zhong Nier wrote "Spring and Autumn", Qu Yuan was exiled, Nai Fu "Li Sao", Zuo Qiu was blind, Jue had "Guoyu", Sun Zibinjiao, "The Art of War" Xiu Lie, Bu Wei moved to Shu, handed down from generation to generation "Lu Lan", Han Fei imprisoned Qin, "Speaking of Difficulties", "Lonely Anger". "Three Hundred Poems", most of which are written by sages and sages." Except Zuoqiu and Sun Bin Except for the fact that there is no clear evidence to the contrary, almost none of the other six facts are contrary to the facts, and most of the evidence to the contrary can be found in the "Historical Records", which is also strange. Because of the discussion Han Feizheng attached to it.) We are in this article Although there are not many deeds of Han Fei in the book, his character can be imagined.He is an extremely stubborn person who sticks to what he believes and refuses to vain himself in order to conform to the prevailing customs.He knew that he would not be exempt from the world's disasters, but he did not seek to be exempt in the end.Its encounter is sad, but its ambition is respectable.

"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi": "Fifty-five chapters of "Han Zi"." "Sui Shu·Jingji Zhi": "20 volumes of "Han Zi". The current edition is the original annals of the Han and Sui Dynasty, and it is said that the entire book was written by Han Fei.However, there are no less than a hundred lost articles from "Han Zi" cited in the Sui and Tang Dynasties (see the first volume of Wang Xianshen's "Han Fei Zi Ji Jie"), so it can be known that the current version is not the old one.There are also those who can confirm or presume that they are not written by others, such as:

"First Meeting Qin" This article is Zhang Yi's words about Qin Huiwang, which is clearly seen in "Warring States Policy".Wu Shidao and Gu Guangqi's generation pointed out that the "National Policy" was wrong based on this book, which can be said to be ignorant.It is said in the article: "The Yin, Yan, Yang, Wei, Lian, Jing, and Guqi of the world took over Han and became vertical, and made it difficult for Qin to face the west."If you come to Han Fei, let alone other countries, such as Han, then "Cun Han Pian" clearly states: "Han served Qin for more than 30 years... the tribute position is no different from the county." Qin embarrassment" courage?

"Cun Han Pian" The first half of this article was written when the right and wrong envoy Qin Shi.However, in the second half of the "edict written by Han Kezhi, the book said that Han Zhi could not be promoted, and my ministers", there are Li Si's rebuttals and the negotiations between Qin and Han, which were clearly recorded by the Qin historian or Li Situ party at that time It's not a shot. "Youdu Pian" says that "Jing, Qi, Yan, and Wei are all subjugated today", which is said to be spoken by people twenty-six years after Qin Shihuang, and it has been more than ten years since Feizhi's death.

The above three articles all have evidence to the contrary from the text, but they can't be wrong.Since three articles are not credible, how can the remaining articles be completely believable?Most of the posthumous writings were collected in the early Han Dynasty, and many were the most valuable. "Buying vegetables and asking for more" was unavoidable, and not all those who passed down and compiled banknotes had a sense of discrimination, so the books handed down by the sons would not be stamped out by those who disturbed them. Han Fei is not alone. Tai Shigong narrates Han Fei's books, and cites "Lonely Wrath", "Five Beetles", "Neiwai Chu", "Shuolin" and "Shuoran" as representatives, so these works should be the most credible works (at least Taishi recognizes them as the most credible).Based on these articles, we try to study them in terms of style and fundamental ideas, and measure the remaining articles, so that there is something to be said about which one is close to the truth and which one is dubious or false.In terms of style, the essays in "Lonely Anger" and "Five Beetles" are all tight and profound, honest and sharp, without a single word.On the contrary, the chapters such as "Zhu Dao", "You Du", "Two Handles", "Yang Quan", "Eight Traitors" and "Ten Overcomes" are quite superficial. "Zhu Dao" and "Yangquan" mostly use rhyme ("Gu Fu" and other chapters never have this style), and the style is exactly like "Huainanzi". "Two Handles", "Eight Traitors", "Ten Overcomes", etc., are quite similar to a part of "Guanzi". ("Guanzi" is mostly works of the Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties, so don't go into detail about other books to explain the title.) "Loyalty and Filial Piety", "Renzhu", "Order", "Xindu" and "Zhifen" are also the same.In terms of basic ideas, Tai Shigong said that "Han Zi draws the rope and ink, cuts things, and tells right from wrong." Gai Hanfei is the most serious legalist and the most comprehensive famous scholar. For example, advocating the use of techniques, advocating the use of power, etc.-they are all different.The rest of the chapters in the book (most of the chapters listed above) may be based on common legalist discussions, but their original intentions are not uncommonly incompatible with the chapters such as "Guren" and "Five Beetles".

To sum up, apart from the first two of the fifty-five chapters in this edition of Han Feizi, it is acceptable to say that all of them are written by Legalist Yuan Hai, and that all of them are written by Han Fei is yet to be discussed; but we cannot obtain absolute evidence to the contrary In the past, I didn't dare to arbitrarily judge that a certain article must be false, so I put forward one or two standards to prepare myself and my comrades for continuous research. If you want to know the truth of Han Fei's theory, you should read the following chapters first: "Five Beetles" starts from the origin of society and the actual situation of the changes of social organizations from ancient to modern times, in order to prove the rationality of the rule of law.Quite like the tone of historical materialism.

"Xianxue Pian" made a frontal attack on the two major schools of Confucianism and Mohism at that time, and established Legalism. (In this article, the attack on Confucianism is the strongest. Don't have "Wen Tian Pian" to argue with the Mohist giant Tian Jiu.) "Determination of Laws" At that time, the legalists were both Shang Yang and Shen Buhai.This article criticizes its incompleteness and forms Han Zi's "new legalist theory". "Difficult Situations" specifically refutes the politicism of prudence.Be careful, it is also a school that has transitioned from Taoism to Legalism.

"Wenbian Pian" attacks the famous sayings of Hui Shi and Gongsun Long's school, saying that their sophistry is useless. "Solitary Indignation" This article expresses the author's spirit of rebelling against the times because the pure legalist language is incompatible with society. "Shuo Nan Pian" studies the method and efficiency of speech from the psychological aspect, and it is profound and subtle. "Six Anti-Pian", "Eight Shuo Pian" and "Eight Classics Pian" all repeatedly prove their own views, and most of them are fine words.

"Neiwai Chushuo" consists of six chapters. The style of these six chapters is quite strange. The first paragraph of each chapter is called "Jing", which highlights the stated meaning and proves it with examples.The examples each use a sentence as the headline, and the following is a biography (but no biography), detailing the whole story of the cited examples.Most of the examples cited are of the nature of novels. "Shuo Lin Part 2" seems to be the material for preparation of "Neiwai Chushuo". "Difficulty 1", "Difficulty 2", "Difficulty 3" and "Difficulty 4" are dedicated to criticizing unreasonable facts or theories, and the core language is mostly refined.Later, Wang Chong's "Lunheng" studied its style.

"Jie Lao Pian" and "Yu Lao Pian" specialize in explaining "Lao Tzu", covering Han Fei's fundamental philosophy of "belonging to Huang Lao". "Jie Lao Pian" has a lot of fine words, and it is the first book that people who treat "Lao Tzu" should read. "Unspeakable Chapter", "Ai Chen Chapter" and "Correction of Evil Chapter" Gai Fei read the book of King Han in his early years, and mostly spoke about current affairs. "Han Feizi" was annotated by Yin Zhizhang, see "Tang Shu·Yiwenzhi", which was lost for a long time.I don't know who's surname is in this note.In the Yuan Dynasty, He Mi said that there was an old annotation by Li Zan, or that he was the person, and his age has not been tested.There are difficult sentences in this book, which cannot be understood without annotations, and there are many mistakes, which cannot be understood without proofreading.Today's annotations are superficial, which is not enough for the readers' expectations.Qing Confucians Lu Wenxie, Gu Guangqi, Wang Niansun, Yu Yue, and Sun Yirang successively revised and interpreted it.However, Wang Xianshen's work "Han Fei Zi Ji Jie" is now unrivaled in the book of Han Fei.However, Lu's and Wang's families seem to be not as diligent in their writing as they are in their writing, so there are still many leftovers.Wang Xianshen's knowledge is also very close, and it is rare to invent it.Therefore, the arrangement of this book is still expected to come later.

Han Fei is the palace of the pre-Qin philosophers. He was personally educated by Xunqing and understood the crux of Confucianism: "It belongs to Huang Lao", the essence of Taoism; Long, and learned to choose his vassal, so that he could become a family of his own.With an extremely dense and profound mind, the tongues of the great masters are born, and they are judged and controlled. The ability they achieve is greater than others, which is also the result of the times.Therefore, his books, together with "Lao", "Mo", "Zhuang", "Meng" and "Xun", are books that must be read. It is not necessary for special scholars, but for ordinary people. When reading "Han Feizi", it is advisable to read it in the order of the previous chapters, so as to first understand its fundamental thinking. "Guan Zi" and "Shang Jun Shu" were mostly collected by Han Fei and his contemporaries or later generations, which can be read as appendices to this book. If you want to know the origin of Han Fei's thought, you can refer to Hu Shi's "Outline of the History of Chinese Philosophy" and my "History of Political Thought in the Pre-Qin Dynasty".But don't be limited by it. The study of Korean studies is still naive, and there are many colonies that can be established. The value of the articles in "Han Feizi" can be expressed by many literati since Tang and Song Dynasties.The longest feature of his essay is that it is fortified and can stand on its own in an invincible position to destroy the enemy's front. It must be deeper than famous scholars, so it is especially suitable to learn today. Articles such as "Internal and External Reserves" are also valuable in "pure literature".