Chapter 10 Confucius yelled at Zaiyu
5.10 Zaiyu takes a nap.The Master said: "You can't carve rotten wood, and you can't build a wall of dung. How can I punish you?" Observe his behavior. Yuyu and reform are the same." This passage is very famous, and Confucius yelled at Zaiyu. "Zai Yu's daytime nap", Yu is the name.He called the name but not the word in the declarative sentence, which is different from the usual practice.Confucius scolded Zaiyu, and later generations talked about him without even pronouncing him, which is interesting. "Siesta" means sleeping in broad daylight.The ancients divided a day into four sections: morning, day, evening, and evening. Daytime is about 9:00 am to 4:00 pm.Ancient books such as Jin Wenhe of the Western Zhou Dynasty like to talk about "Suyue unremitting", which means not resting day and night.Such a desperate effort is of course not advisable.No matter how hard a person works, he still has to sleep.Short-term sleeplessness is okay, but long-term sleeplessness is not.In ancient times, there was no nightlife, and it was dark, so there was nothing to do except sleep and make little people.Sleeping at night and still sleeping during the day is the opposite of "unremitting all night", Confucius thought it was shameful. "Dead wood cannot be carved", decayed wood cannot be carved. "Walls made of dung cannot be smeared", and the walls built with garbage cannot be painted. "Dung" is a general term for all filth (dirty things), including ash, feces and various wastes.As a verb, "dung removal" means to remove filth, and "dung field" means to fertilize. "杇" sound wu, a verb, refers to use 杇 to smear the wall.Mu is also called mud trowel, which is today's trowel. "Yu Yu and He Zhu" means, Zai Yu you kid, what should I scold you for. "Yu" refers to Zai Yu, and "Zhu" means to blame.
"Yu Yu and Chang Shi" means that my view of Jae Yu needs to be completely changed. Zaiyu is one of the ten philosophers of Confucianism, good at speech, and tied with Zigong.He is so good, Confucius still scolded him, why?Shi Huilin said that this is Zaiyu's "teaching from his master's discussion with his late nap." First of all, there is a misunderstanding to be ruled out.Everyone reading this passage, don’t think that the old man got so angry because Jae Yu dozed off in class and didn’t listen to lectures, just like some teachers nowadays, when they see students dozing off in class, they get furious and feel It hurts my self-esteem very much, I can't get it off my face.This is a misunderstanding.In the era of Confucius, there was no classroom teaching, and students learned from him mainly by chatting, sometimes sitting and chatting in the teacher's room, and sometimes walking and chatting outdoors.Confucius' teaching is very casual, and students can play the piano beside them ("Advanced" 11.24), just like Cui Yongyuan's "Tell the Truth".It's not because Jae Yu didn't listen. Secondly, we should not think that "Zaiyu's daytime sleep" must be something shameful. For example, Emperor Wu of Liang, Hou Bai, Han Yu and others said that "daytime sleep" is a mistake of "painting sleeping", and Zaiyu engaged in luxurious decoration. It is too extravagant to turn the dormitory into a carved beam and painted building.Some people speculate that "siesta" means having sex with their wives in broad daylight.This is asking too much.In fact, "day nap" is an inherent word in ancient books.For example, "Cao Mo Zhi Chen" in the bamboo slips of Chu, Lu Zhuanggong cast a big bell, listened to Cao Mo's advice, destroyed the bell shape and listened to the state government, "do not sleep in the daytime, do not drink alcohol, do not listen to music, do not have a banquet in the house, and eat without two tastes", "do not sleep in the daytime ", which means that Duke Zhuang of Lu no longer sleeps during the day and has become diligent.
The main reason why Confucius scolded Zaiyu was not that he slept during the day, but that his words and deeds were inconsistent, and his words did not count. "Beginning with people, I listened to their words and believed in their deeds; now I am with people, listen to their words and watch their deeds." He changed his view only after Zai Yu took a nap. He didn't look at what he said, only See what he does.Zaiyu can speak well, I guess, he swore in front of Confucius that he would be unremitting and diligent in his work. Confucius was happy and believed it. Unexpectedly, he was caught and slept in broad daylight, so he was not angry.In the Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties, there is a very popular saying, which is said to have come from Confucius. 〔1〕Confucius meant that although Ziyu was ugly, he was very well-behaved. It was a mistake to judge people by their appearance; Zaiyu could speak, but he was not trustworthy. It was also a mistake to judge people by their words.The next two sentences probably refer to this matter. Zaiyu is in Confucianism, in terms of qualifications, he is deep; in terms of ability, he is great.After the death of Confucius, Zigong tree Confucius, he is also powerful.Such a good student was scolded by the teacher as "you can't carve a rotten wood, and you can't smash a wall of dung". The main reason is that he doesn't mean what he says, and the teacher dares to lie. (Zai Yu) Notes: (1) Documents of the Han Dynasty, in addition to those quoted in "Historical Records", can also be found in "Hanshu", "Shuoyuan", "Lunheng", "Confucius's Family Language" and other books.This passage also exists in Warring States literature, such as "Han Feizi?But this passage does not seem to be original.Ziyu called the characters, and Zaiyu called them the names, so they should rhyme. "Da Dai Li? Five Emperors' Virtue" writes "Confucius said: If I want to judge people by color, I will change them from Ming Ming evil; if I want to judge people by language, I will change them from evil; Change it", may be more original.But it puts judging people by their appearance on Master Zhuansun.Tantai Mieming and Master Zhuansun, who is ugly is a question.
5.11 The Master said: "I have never seen a man who is just." Or he said to him: "Shen Jian." The Master said: "I also want to be strong, but how can I get it?" Disciple, birth and death unknown.This person is "Shen Dang" in "Historical Records: Biography of Zhongni's Disciples".Suo Yin quoted "Confucius' Family Yu" as "Shen Liao" (this is "Shen Xu"), and suspected that this person was Gong Boliao in 14.36 of "Xianwen" ("Disciple Biography" as "Gongboliao") . Confucius said, "Strength, perseverance, wood, dullness, close to benevolence" ("Zilu" 13.27). The characteristic of "just" is to have no desires, to seek oneself and not others.Lin Zexu wrote a couplet. The first couplet is "the sea is open to all rivers, and tolerance is great", and the second couplet is "a wall stands on a thousand feet, and one can be strong without desire". (Shen Jian) 5.12 Zigong said: "I don't want others to do to me, and I also want nothing to do to others." Zi said: "Give it to you, it is beyond your reach." Zi Gong weighed Forgive me.He once asked Confucius, "Is there anyone who has a word that can be practiced for a lifetime?" Confucius said, that is "forgiveness" ("Wei Linggong" 15.24). What is "forgiveness"?Confucius' explanation is "Don't do to others what you don't want yourself to do to yourself" ("Wei Linggong" 15.24, "Yan Yuan" 12.2).This is from my own side.I say forgiveness to others, but don't force it on them; others do the same to me, and don't force it on me.Forgiveness is very important. Confucius once said to Zeng Zi, "My way is consistent." Zeng Zi's students asked, what does this mean?Zeng Zi said, "The way of a master is loyalty and forgiveness" ("Li Ren") 4.15). Here, Zigong's words are also about forgiveness.It is divided into two sentences: the first sentence, "I don't want others to do to me", is fortitude; the second sentence, "I also want nothing to do to others", is forgiveness.These two are noble morals close to benevolence.I like Zigong's words.But Confucius said, Zigong, this is not something you can achieve, so it is difficult to do it. Zigong opposes imposing on others: It is not okay for others to bully me; it is not okay for me to bully others. Violence and war are imposed on others.Rape is a great crime, and the evil lies not in rape but in force.Zeng Zi said, "If you commit crimes, do not correct them" (Tabor 8.5), this is the doctrine of non-resistance.Gandhism is of this kind.Mao Zedong said, "If people don't attack me, I won't attack; if people attack me, I will attack."
There is another kind, which is "If people don't attack me, I will also attack; if others attack me, I will attack even more", which is called Jianzhao in Beijing dialect.The core of forgiveness is equality.Non-resistance is a one-sided understanding of forgiveness. Today's major powers do not talk about forgiveness, and bullying the weak by the strong is an international rule, which is no different from before.It is difficult not to bully others, and not to be bullied by others.Rising is rising, why is it still peaceful, they don't understand. This chapter also talks about "desire", which is related to the previous chapter. (Zigong) 5.13 Zigong said: "The articles of the Master can be obtained and heard; the words of the Master about nature and the way of heaven cannot be obtained but heard." What "the articles of the Master" refers to seems to be a problem.Here we say "you can get it and hear it", which seems to be something written down and passed on to future generations.Huang Shu quoted Taishi Shuming as saying, "these are called six books", that is, the books of six arts, but these documents were not written by Confucius, and they cannot be said to be articles written by Confucius. "Sex and the Dao of Heaven" is also a problem.The saying "you can't get it to hear it" here doesn't mean that Confucius didn't talk about it at all. It's just that these two major issues are too profound, so they are more difficult to talk about, and he talked about them less.When talking about "sex", besides this article, there is also "nature is similar, but habits are far away" ("Yanghuo" 17.2), there are these two sentences at the beginning; when talking about "Tiandao", there is no article except this article. Zigong's so-called "Day of Heaven" belongs to cosmology, and the study of such issues in ancient times is the study of numerology. "Sex" belongs to the life sciences, and the study of such issues in ancient times is the study of alchemy.In the past, people said that Confucianism did not care about the way of heaven and life, but Taoism did.After the Guodian Chu bamboo slips were discovered, everyone said that Confucius also talked about the way of heaven and life, but what Confucius talked about about the way of heaven and life is still a question worth discussing. Compared with the later Taoists, the difference is obvious.When he talked about the way of heaven, it was mainly not the sky, but the luck of being an official; when he talked about life, it was not about the body, but about the essence of human nature and the transformation of human nature. (Zigong) 5.14 Zilu has heard about it, but if he can't do it, he is afraid of hearing about it. "You have heard" means that you have heard something, who did Zilu listen to?What did you hear?The original text is not mentioned, so it is impossible to delve into it.This passage is related to 11.22 of "Advanced".Zilu asked Confucius, "When you hear what you say, do what you say", that is, what can I do after hearing about it?Confucius said, your father and brother are all here, how can you do it when you hear about it?Advise him not to do it.But when Ran You asked the same question, Confucius said, if you hear about it, do it.Gong Xihua was confused and asked Confucius why there were two answers to the same question.Confucius said that Ran You tends to back down when encountering difficulties, and Zilu tends to advance aggressively when encountering difficulties, so there are different answers.With my father and brother around, I can't do it. It must be a long trip or something dangerous.I suspect that the "youwen" here is also Wenzhu's master, and what he heard is some kind of big event.Zilu is impatient, the teacher said, he will do it right away, if he can't do it, he will go around.
Confucius said that the characteristics of a gentleman are "slow in speech and quick in action" ("Liren" 4.24), "slow in speech" is placed before "sharp in action".It is best to be able to do both of these two things, but Confucius' students often only have one.Among them, the most praised by the teacher are those who are morally cultivated, honest, and "speakable", and Yan Hui is the representative.Yan Hui said cautiously, in front of the teacher, he was quiet and reticent; the teacher never talked back when he spoke, not only did he not talk back, but also retreated to introspect, hiding in the room and pondering, pondering, and then figured out something, which made the teacher overjoyed ; The teacher said one sentence, and he could figure out ten sentences, creating and inventing something.This is a thoughtful gentleman.Zilu, on the other hand, was "speakable" and he couldn't do it.He spoke too hastily and too quickly, and he didn't know what to say. When the teacher was talking, he often interrupted.His characteristic is "sensitivity to action".In Confucianism, the number of action-oriented gentlemen is the majority, and Zilu is the representative.Let the teacher choose Yan Hui and Zilu, and Confucius will definitely choose Yan Hui.
"Min" means quick. Zilu is characterized by quickness. He not only moves quickly, but also speaks quickly. People speak quickly. Confucius likes to act quickly, but he doesn't like to speak quickly.When Confucius asked questions, Zilu responded directly, and often blurted out without thinking, no wonder he was often scolded by the teacher. (Zilu)
The above 14 chapters are mainly about commenting on students.
5.15 Zi Gong asked: "Why did Confucius call it 'wen'?" Zi said: "He is sensitive and eager to learn, and he is not ashamed to ask his subordinates. That's why he called it 'wen'."
"Kong Wenzi", Wei Qing, served Wei Linggong and Wei Chugong, his surname was Kong, his first name was Yu, and Wenzi was his posthumous title.The year he died, according to the records in "Zuo Zhuan", should be between 484 BC and 480 BC, that is, after Confucius returned to Lu in self-defense.Confucius had contact with him in Weiguo and had a good opinion of him.
This passage is related to posthumous posthumous law. "Yi Zhou Shu? Posthumous Posthumous Law" says, "Study hard and ask questions about Japanese", which is close.Confucius' words, "mind and eager to learn" seem to be phonetic training. Wen is a character of Ming mother language, and Min is a character of Ming mother language, with similar pronunciations. (Kong Wenzi)
5.16 Zi refers to Zichan: "There are four ways of a gentleman: he is respectful in his conduct, respectful in his affairs, beneficial to the people in support, and righteous in making the people."
"Zi Chan", the character of Gongsun Qiao, Zheng Qing.
The four virtues here are respect, respect, benefit, and righteousness. Respect and respect are a pair, and benefit and righteousness are a pair.Respect and respect are used for gentlemen and belong to etiquette.Gong is different from Jing, it is used to express oneself, to make others look polite and polite; Jing is used to serve superiors and elders, showing them great respect.Hui and Yi are also different.Benefit is to support the people and make them live well; righteousness is to make the people do what is righteous.Here, "encourage the people to be righteous" uses "righteousness", and Confucius said "the emperor envoys his ministers with propriety" ("Bayi" 3.19) and uses "ritual".Envoys are different from envoys.Li is for gentlemen and has nothing to do with ordinary people.Although the gentleman is completely different from the gentleman, and the gentleman is from the people, the subjects of the four sentences are all gentlemen, so it is called "the four ways of a gentleman". (Children)
5.17 The Master said: "Yan Pingzhong is good at making friends with others, and respects them after a long time."
"Yan Pingzhong", Yan Ying, styled Pingzhong, Qi Qing.He is good at making friends with people, and the longer he contacts, the more he is respected. (Yan Pingzhong)
5.18 The Master said: "Zang Wenzhong lives in Cai, and the mountain is full of algae. How can he know (wisdom)?"
"Zang Wenzhong", that is, Zang Sunchen, Lu Qing, the predecessor of Confucius, lived a long life in the history of Zhuang, Min, Xi, and Wen Sigong.
"Ju Cai" covers the tortoise room of Da Cai's tortoise.The tortoise of Dacai, see "Taiping Yulan" volume 802, volume 941 and "Mozi? All are "good treasures of princes".It is said that this kind of turtle has "three spines (ridges) and six different (wings)" (the turtle has three spines on its back and six small wings on both sides), which is very precious.
"Shanjie Zaoqi" and "Mountain Festival" are brackets carved into the shape of a mountain; "Zaojia" and "梲" sound zhuo are painted short columns on beams.This is to say that Zang Wenzhong's tortoise room is very luxuriously decorated.
"How to know (zhi) also" means, what is the intelligence of this person, he is too smart.This is irony.Confucius meant that this person is too extravagant, right?Luxury is silly. (Zang Wenzhong)
5.19 Zi Zhang asked: "Ling Yin Ziwen's three officials are Ling Yin, and there is no joy; the three have no displeasure. The old Ling Yin's politics must be reported to the new Ling Yin. How is it?" Zi said: "Loyal." Said "Is it benevolence?" Said: "I don't know, how can I get benevolence?" "Cui Zi killed the king of Qi, Chen Wenzi had ten horses, and abandoned them. As for other countries, he said: "My doctor Cui Zi also .'Violating it. One of the states, then said again: 'I still have my doctor, Cui Zi.' Violating it. How is it?" The son said: "Clear." Said: "Is it benevolent?" Said: "I don't know, how? Deren?"
"Zi Zhang", a student of the third period of Confucianism, talked with Confucius when he was in Confucius' later years.
"Ling Yin Ziwen", Dugu Yutu, styled Ziwen, Ling Yin of King Cheng of Chu, preceded Confucius.He served as Lingyin three times and was dismissed three times. This statement is also found in "Guoyu? Chuyuxia".
"Chen Wenzi", the doctor of Qi, whose name is Xu Wu, is the great-grandson of Chen Wan, who served Qi Ling, Zhuang, and Jing successively, and was at the same time as Confucius.
"Cui Zi" refers to Cui Zhu, the doctor of Qi.Cui Zhu killed Duke Zhuang of Qi, while Chen Wenzi went into exile and visited two countries, which are not mentioned in other ancient books. "Violation" means to leave.The original text said that Chen Wenzi was dissatisfied with the ministers of the countries he visited, and felt that they were as bad as Cui Zi.
Ling Yin Ziwen can go up or down, and is loyal to his duty, which can be called "loyalty"; Chen Wenzi condemns the rebellious officials and thieves, and can be called "clean" if he does not cooperate.Confucius spoke well of them, they are good people, but Confucius believed that they were not enough for "benevolence".
It seems that both "loyalty" and "cleanness" are lower than "benevolence". (Ling Yin Ziwen, Chen Wenzi)
5.20 Ji Wenzi thinks twice before acting.The son heard it, and said: "Again, this is enough."
"Ji Wenzi" means Ji Sun Xingfu.The son of Wenzi is Wuzisu (or Su), the son of Wuzi is Yuzi Yiru, the son of Mourningzi is Jipingzi, the son of Pingzi is Jihuanzi, and the son of Huanzi is Jikangzi.This person also preceded Confucius.
Ji Wenzi acts cautiously, always thinks about it three times before taking action.Confucius believed that twice is enough.
What does think twice mean?It may be to think about it positively and negatively, that is, think about it from the favorable side, and then think again from the unfavorable side. "Sun Tzu? Nine Changes": "That's why the worries of the wise must be mixed with interests. Mixed with benefits, it can be trusted, and mixed with harm, it can be solved." (Ji Wenzi)
5.21 Confucius said: "Ning Wuzi, if a state has Dao, it will know (wisdom); if a state does not have Dao, it will be stupid. Its knowledge (wisdom) is within reach, but its ignorance is beyond reach."
"Ning Wuzi", Wei Guoshiqing, named Yu, his father is Ning Zhuangzi (named Su), who preceded Confucius.
If a state has the right way, he will be smart, but if he has no way, he will be confused. This is a trick to hide.Confucius said that Ning Wuzi knew this.He is smart and studious, but confused and hard to learn. "I can't be stupid", later evolved into an idiom, which means extremely stupid, and the meaning has changed. (Ning Wuzi)
5.22 Zizai Chen said: "Return to (欤)! Return to (欤)! The boy of our party is mad and simple, brilliant and I don't know what to do.
To judge it. "
This is what Confucius said when he traveled around the world and served as Chen Mingong (491-489 BC).Sima Qian put this passage on the day when Ji Kangzi called Ran Qiu and Ran Qiu was about to leave ("Historical Records The Family of Confucius"), which was in 491 BC.
"Crazy Jane", Kong Zhuxun is simplified as big, and Zhu Zhuxun is simplified, which is to describe Zhida.
"Splendid and successful" is a description of literary beauty.
Confucius said, it's time to go home, it's time to go home, the young people in my hometown are very ambitious and talented, I really don't know how to guide them. (the joy of going home)