Chapter 9 Lost dog Gongye Chang fifth
5.1 The son refers to Gongye as the elder, "you can be a wife. Even if you are in a prison, it is not a crime." It is said by his son and wife.
Daughters are the highest reward.Who is willing to marry his own daughter to a labor camp prisoner?Confucius.This article is mainly about character evaluation.Confucius evaluated a total of 24 people, Confucius' students accounted for half, and other figures accounted for half.
"Gongye Chang", a disciple of Confucianism, his birth and death are unknown. "Gongye" is a compound surname, that is, a two-character family name. Strictly speaking, it is actually a surname, not a surname.He may be an official.Gongguan in the Warring States Period often used the word "gong" to indicate the official camp, and called the officials responsible for casting bronze or iron ware "Yeshi" or "Ye".Sima Qian said that he has a long name and a long character, and the name and character are the same, which is a bit strange. "Confucius's Family Language" is slightly different, the name is Chang, and the character is long.Its name, Fan Ning quoted "Jiayu" as Zhi, and "Shiwen" as Zizhang.What is his name, there are many different records, but comparing the following chapters, the "Gongye Chang" here is called by a character, no problem.His character should be Zichang, and Zi is omitted here.
The sound of "wife" is qi, which is a verb, referring to Confucius marrying a daughter to Gongye.Gongye has been in prison for a long time, how can he get married?There are so-called six ceremonies in the wedding of ancient scholars: accepting the color, asking the name, accepting the gift, accepting the sign, asking for a date, and welcoming in person. "Book of Rites? Nei Ze" says that "the engagement is the wife", and the engagement is the next dowry gift, which only arrives The fourth step is to call your wife.I guess he's just engaged, not married yet.Confucius married his daughter to Gongyechang, which is remarkable.Of course, Gongye Chang was his student, and Confucius knew he was innocent.
Many of the disciples of Confucianism have compound surnames, such as Qidiaoqi mentioned (zikai), Gongxichi (zihua), Wumashi (ziqi), Duanmuci (zigong), Tantai Mieming (ziyu), Sima Geng (ziniu), and Nangongshi (zirong) are all compound surnames.In the dialogues in the book, disciples are called teachers, often called characters, or a certain son, and Confucius calls his disciples, and he directly calls him by his name.Here, "Zi means Gong Ye Chang" and "Zi means Nanrong" (2.5.2), "Zi means Zijian" (5.3) and "Zi Gong" (5.9) below. The same as "Ziwei Zichan" (5.16 below), they are all called characters, but the difference is that his characters do not have "Zi" in front of them, and a compound surname is added.The following and later "lacquer carving" (5.6), "Wuma Period" ("Shuer" 7.31), "Gongxihua" ("Advanced" 7.34 and 11.22, 11.26, 11.34), "Sima Niu" ("Yan Yuan" 12.3-5) are called so.
"缧绁", pronounced leixie, refers to the rope used to bind prisoners. "绁", the current version is called 绁, and the ancient version is called 绁. 绁 is a new word created in the Tang Dynasty to avoid the taboo of Tang Taizong (Li Shimin). "缧绁中" refers to being locked in a prison.
"Zi", in ancient times, there were so-called sons, who were daughters.I don't know the name of Confucius' daughter.
Why was Chang Gongye arrested?Why did Confucius say he was innocent?have no idea.Anyway, Confucius liked him, otherwise he would not have married his daughter to him.
The teacher-student relationship in China is modeled on the father-son relationship. The teacher appreciates the student and will marry his daughter to him. This is our old tradition.
It may be a good thing for the teacher to choose an outstanding student as his son-in-law.But if you don't ask whether the students are willing or not, and whether the daughter is willing or not, it becomes an arranged marriage. Since the "May 4th Movement", new women escaped from marriage, where did they escape?There are only two places to go, one is the kiln, and the other is the school.You can't go to the brothel, you can only go to school. (1)
In the past, matching a talented man with a beautiful woman was a unique fantasy of Chinese literati (different from scientific fantasy, I call it humanistic fantasy), and only brothels can realize their dreams.No wonder the old-fashioned old gentlemen would call the school a whorehouse.In the new school, teachers and students, students and students, like-minded, like-minded, are a match made in heaven, so the relationship between teachers and students and classmates has become a common practice, and many great writers and artists (such as Lu Xun, Xu Beihong) have become friends for a hundred years. It's a pity that Confucius couldn't see him.His old man does not accept female students, a daughter and a niece are finished after marriage, and there is no surplus at all. (Public Ye Chang)
Note: [1] Lu Xun said, what happened after Nora left? "There are only two ways: either to fall, or to come back", see "What Happened After Nora Gone"
Sample", "The Complete Works of Lu Xun", Volume 1, Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House, 1956, pp. 268-274.That
In fact, there is another way, which is school.
5.2 The son refers to Nan Rong, "If the state has the way, it will not be abolished; if the state has no way, it will be exempt from torture." He refers to his brother's son and wife.
Confucius married his niece to another student.This student is the exact opposite of the previous one.He is not a person who goes to prison innocently, but a person who protects himself wisely and is good at avoiding prison.The fact that Gongye Chang was in prison and was not guilty does not prevent him from being a good student of Confucius; Nan Rong is even more a good student if he is not in prison.
"Nan Rong", Nan Gong Shi (also known as Nan Gong Kuo), styled Zi Rong, is also a disciple of Confucianism.Nangong is a compound surname. It was originally named after the palace where it lived. There were such surnames in the Western Zhou Dynasty.In ancient times, apart from Nangong, there were Donggong, Xigong and Beigong.Here, Nan Rong is called by his name, and his birth and death are unknown.King Wu of Zhou had "ten rebellious officials" ("Tai Bo" 8.20), among them was Nan Gongshi, who had the same name and family. Nan Rong seems to be slippery.If the country is right, he protects officials; if the country has no rules, he protects his life.But Confucius liked it, otherwise he would not marry his niece.This niece of Confucius is the daughter of his elder brother Mengpi. Why Confucius likes Nanrong is related to his philosophy of life, he does not advocate risking his life.Confucius believed that the parents who receive the gifts are obliged to take good care of these gifts. If you die or become disabled, it doesn’t matter. To make your parents feel sad is terribly contrary to filial piety. (Nan Rong) 5.3 Zi refers to Zijian, "A gentleman is like a man! If there is no gentleman in Lu, how can I take him?" "Zijian", Mi is not uniform, the word Zijian, a student of the second period of Confucianism . Confucius commented on characters, including sages, benevolent people, and gentlemen.He is a gentleman. Confucius said, if there is really no gentleman in the state of Lu, where did he learn it?The answer is very clear, he learned it from the gentlemen of Lu, especially Confucius! (Zijian) 5.4 Zi Gong asked: "How about a gift?" Zi said: "Female (you) is a vessel." Said: "What kind of vessel?" Said: "Hulian also."
"Hulian", pronounced hulian, is a precious food vessel, but not as important as a gui.These two characters are not very common in ancient books. What is "hu" is relatively clear. According to unearthed discoveries, it is a kind of utensil that appeared in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and was used until the late Warring States period.This kind of utensil was called "簠" by Song people, and it has been used until it was corrected in the 1980s. However, the archaeological circle is used to calling it "簠" and refused to change it, so it is still called "簠". What "Lian" is is still unclear. "Book of Rites? Ming Tang Wei" said, "There are two Duns of the Yu family, Si Lian of the Xia Hou family, Liu Hu of the Yin Dynasty, and Ba Gui of the Zhou Dynasty"; It's called Lian, and in Zhou it's called "簠gui".We only know that it is a utensil similar to Gui, Hu, Dun, and Hu, and it is used to hold rice, and it is a guy who eats. Confucius said that "a gentleman is not a weapon" ("Weizheng" 2.12), that is, a gentleman does not take skills as his goal, but morality as his goal.The four subjects of Confucianism are virtue (morality), speech (diplomacy), political affairs (internal affairs), and literature (humanities). Confucius believes that virtue is the most important, speech is second, political affairs is second, and literature is last.Without morality or low morality, it can only be regarded as a "vessel" and has not yet reached the standard of "Tao".Zigong is very capable, good at speaking, good at diplomacy and business, he asked Confucius, how am I, and wants to be praised, Confucius said you are just a tool, Zigong asked what kind of tool, Confucius said Hulian.Hulian is a heavy weapon, but not the most important weapon. (Zigong) 5.5 Or said: "Yong is also benevolent and not a flatterer." The Master said: "How can you use a flatterer? You give to others with your mouth, and you are often hated by others. If you don't know his benevolence, how can you use a flatterer?" "Yong" , Ran Yong, courtesy name Zhonggong, a student of the second period of Confucianism, one of the ten philosophers of Confucianism.Ran Yong is talented in political affairs, but among the four disciplines of Confucianism, he belongs to the discipline of morality. One of the reasons is that he does not like to talk.People in the Morality Department don't like to talk.He succeeded Zilu as Ji's head. Confucius likes honest and quiet people.Zhong Gong meets this standard.Some people say that Zhong Gong has reached Ren, but he is not very good at talking.Confucius said, why do you have to be able to speak, and you are often hated by people when you communicate with people by speaking; I don’t know if Ran Yong is considered to be benevolent. "Ning" is able to speak.Zi Gong can speak, but Zhong Gong can't.Confucius said, "Strength, perseverance, wood, and stupidity are close to benevolence" ("Zilu" 13.27), not to be flattering is to be stupid, and it is not only not contradictory to benevolence, but also very close. "I don't know" is a way of saying that Confucius expressed his dissatisfaction and negation. It seems that even Zhong Gong can't meet the standard of "benevolence". (Ran Yong) 5.6 The son made Qi Kaishi.Confrontation said: "I can't believe it." Zi said (Yue). "Qidiaokai" is a student of the first period of Confucianism with Qidiao as his surname, named Qi, and Zikai.Carving with carving refers to depicting on lacquerware.In the Warring States Period, there is "桼 (lacquer) Diaoli" in the pottery inscriptions of Qi Dynasty, which is the name of the village where craftsmen who make lacquerware live together.This person is from Lu, and the country of Lu also has this kind of residential area.Among the disciples of Confucianism, Qidiao is the surname, and there are also Qidiao Duo and Qidiao's apprentice, who are also from Lu, so they should be in the same place.In the ancient manufacturing industry, prisoners of labor reform were often used.This person has been tortured and is disabled ("Mozi? Non-Confucianism").Confucian disciples include craftsmen, prisoners of reform through labor and disabled people.In ancient times, industry and commerce were discriminated against, and industry and commerce could not be officials. Confucius made lacquer carvings an official, which is more noteworthy.Qi Diaokai said, "I can't believe it", probably still has a sense of inferiority and lack of confidence. Confucius felt that he was humble and self-restraining, so he was very happy. (lacquer carving)
5.7 Zi said: "The way is not good, take a boat and float in the sea. If you follow me, what is the reason?" Zilu was delighted when he heard it.Confucius said: "You can be braver than me, and there is nothing to draw from."
"桴", sound fu, is a small raft.
Confucius was desperate for the world, and it was not without the idea of staying away from politics.He sighed and said, my idea doesn't work, I really want to find a small raft, drift on the sea, follow me, it must be Zilu, right?When Zilu heard about it, he was very proud.The relationship between Zilu and Confucius is like Li Kui and Song Jiang.Wherever Confucius went, he went.Confucius' words were just venting, but Zilu was puzzled, thinking that the teacher really wanted to sail.But Confucius said, you are brave, surpassing me, but there is nowhere to find the materials for shipbuilding. "Nothing to draw" is just an excuse, he still can't bear to leave his inner thoughts.
Confucius understood that "the way is not enough", probably during his travels around the world (497-484 BC) or after he returned to Lu (484-479 BC).Before this, he would not say these words. (Zilu)
5.8 Uncle Meng Wu asked, "Is Zi Lu benevolent?" The Master said, "I don't know." He asked again, and the Master said, "Yu Ye, a country of a thousand chariots can be governed by its talents, but I don't know its benevolence." How about it?" The Master said: "I beg you, a city of a thousand houses, a house of a hundred vehicles, can be made to be a ruler, and I don't know how benevolent it is." "What about red?" The Master said: "Red is also tied with a belt and stands in the court. , so that you can talk to guests, but you don’t know their kindness.”
"Uncle Meng Wu", see 2.6 of "Weizheng".He asked Confucius, your students, Zhong You, Ran Qiu and Gong Xichi, which of them can be called benevolent.
"Zilu" is Zhongyou's character.He is a student of the first period of Confucianism, older than Uncle Meng Wu, and he is called Zi here.
"Ran Qiu", the word Ziyou, is a student of the second period of Confucianism, so it is named here.
"Gongxi Chi", whose name is Zihua, is a student of the third period of Confucianism, and is also named.
At the same time, these three students are mentioned, and there are two more, both in the "Advanced" chapter, one is "Advanced" 11.22, and the other is "Advanced" 11.26, you can compare them.
Confucius' views on Zhong You, Ran Qiu and Gong Xichi are:
Zhong You is the oldest, the most capable, and the most ambitious.Confucius said to him, "A country with a thousand vehicles can be governed by its Fu."His specialty is to collect money and manage money for a big country, to enrich the country and strengthen the army, and he is a talent for governing the country and using soldiers. "Fu" is the system of expropriating grain, fodder, chariots and horses, armor and military service, that is, the military tax system. "Zhou Li" said that it is Dazai's business to govern Fu.Confucius meant that Zhong You had such great ability.But Zilu had only been Ji Huanzi's butcher, not Lu Jun's, so he still had a lot of skills that he hadn't used.Confucius once asked him what his aspirations were, and Zilu was very angry.He said, "The country of a thousand vehicles is taken between the big countries, and it is added with divisions and travels, so it will be famine. From this, it can be compared to three years, so that you can be brave and know the way" ("Advanced" 11 .26), his administrative ability and military ability are very outstanding, and he was wronged when he became Ji's governor.
Ran Qiu is younger and more low-key. "A city of thousands of houses, a family of hundreds of chariots, can be appointed as the governor." It is to be the governor of Lu Jun (the chief of the public town), or to be the minister of the Qing Dafu (the chief of the private town), not to rule a country. , but rule a town.After Zhong You and Ran Yong, he also served as Ji's steward and housekeeper.Confucius once asked Ran Qiu about his aspirations, and Ran Qiu said, "Fang six or seventy is like fifty or sixty, so do what you ask for, and it will take three years to make the people enough" ("Advanced" 11.26). The word "zumin" can show that his talent is manifested in financial management.It's just right for him to be Ji's slaughter.
Gongxi Chi's specialty is verbal coping, "Standing in the court with a belt can make you talk to guests."Confucius once asked him what his aspirations were, and Gong Xichi said, "If the affairs of the ancestral temple are reunited, Duan Zhangfu, I wish to be a junior minister" ("Advanced" 11.26).What he wants to be is a "little minister" who is responsible for presiding over ceremonies and receiving guests.Gongxi Chi was ordered to be an envoy to Qi State ("Yong Ye" 6.4), and also participated in diplomatic activities.He is the youngest among the three sons, and he is more low-key than Zhong You and Ran Qiu.
Zhong Yuan and Ran Qiu are good at political affairs, Gong Xichi is good at speech, and they are all action-oriented talents.Confucius' evaluation of them is "not knowing their benevolence", just like Zhong Gong. (Zhong You, Ran Qiu, Gongxi Chi)
5.9 The Master said to Zigong, "Which one will heal you, a woman (you) or Hui?" He said to him, "Why do you dare to look at Hui? Hui also hears one and knows ten, and Ci also hears one and knows two." The Master said: "Fruya. My daughter (you) is like that."
Confucius opposed the study of memorizing questions and emphasized that students should have comprehension.Yan Hui had a high understanding, and Confucius liked him more than all his students.This chapter is a comparison with those above.
"Which one is healer, a woman (ru) or Hui", who is stronger, you or Yan Hui.Confucius asked questions knowingly.Zi Gong said, I am of course not as good as Yan Hui (note that he also called his peer Yan Hui by name).
"My daughter (you), Fu Ruye", there are two ways of reading: one is to agree with "and", that is, I completely agree with your self-evaluation, you are not as good as him; the other is to use "and" It is a conjunction, that is, you and I, neither of us can compare to Yan Hui.The latter evaluation is higher.This is the end of the teacher's praise of the students.The teacher said so, are others still talking?
When we read this passage, we naturally ask, if Yan Hui is so brilliant, is he considered benevolent?Confucius didn't say it, so it's inconvenient to speculate.But one thing is for sure, if he is not, there will be no one in Confucianism. (Duan Muci, Yan Hui)