Chapter 4 Confucius' logic is to obey the leader
1.2 Youzi said: "As a man, he is filial to his younger brother. Those who like to offend their superiors are rare. Those who are not easy to offend their superiors but like to cause chaos are rare. A gentleman's business is fundamental, and Dao is born from the foundation. He who is filial to his younger brothers is benevolent. The foundation and (欤)!" This chapter is about filial piety as the foundation of one's life.In fact, it is more than the foundation of one's life. Confucius believed that it is also the foundation of a country. Being a filial son at home is the same as being a loyal minister in the court.If you are filial to your father, you will obey the leader. If you obey the leader, you will not commit crimes. If you don’t commit crimes, you will not cause chaos.This is the logic of Confucius. "Youzi" is the respectful title of Youruo, a reincarnated disciple of Confucianism.There is a son whose name is Ruo and whose character is Ziyou. He is of the same generation as Bu Shang, Yan Yan, Master Zhuan Sun and Zeng Shen, and they are all students of the third period of Confucianism.You Ruo is not only honest, good morals, the teacher likes it, but also looks exactly like Confucius. After Confucius died, there were no idols. Bu Shang, Yan Yan, and Zhuan Sun masters used You Ruo as a corpse (living people who played the role of the dead, mostly by direct descendants For this), he was publicly elected to replace Confucius and was worshiped by his disciples.In this matter, Zeng Shen was not convinced, saying that he had no qualifications to represent Confucius.Duanmu bestowed the tree on Confucius as a sage, and if there were any participants. "Filial younger brother" is the core concept of ancient family ethics. "Filial piety" means that the son should serve the father, and "brother" (the same fraternal brother) should be the brother who should serve the brother, which is completely male-oriented.The word filial piety, Cong Zi Cong Lao Sheng, is related to the words Kao and Lao.Old calligraphy is like a hunched old man, with a cane is a test of calligraphy.The ancients called their father Kao, and a son should be filial to his father.Love the old, respect the old, and provide for the elderly, this is called filial piety.Confucius respected the old, not only respecting old men and old ladies, he also respected all ancient things.The elder brother is the elder brother, the eldest brother among the elder brothers, he is the legal heir of the father, and the future head of the family is also very important.As a younger brother, you should respect and serve your elder brother at home, especially the elder brother. This is called a younger brother. "A filial younger brother is the foundation of benevolence (欤)", Yang Bojun pointed out that "a filial younger brother is the ancestor of benevolence" in "Guanzi? Jie" has the same meaning as this sentence.
"Benevolence" is the core concept in Confucian thought.Its basic meaning, said Confucius, is "to love people" (Yan Yuan 12.22).Ruan Yuan, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, specifically discussed the word "benevolence" in Chinese ("Jing Jing Shi Ji? <The Analects of Confucius> On Ren"). How many characters for "benevolence" are there in "Lun"? He said it was 105, but it was actually 109. What does "ren" mean?To put it in the simplest terms, I treat people as people.The first is to treat oneself as a human being, and the second is to treat others as human beings.It is unkind to treat people as inappropriate. [1] It is not easy to treat people as people.Human beings are instrumental. When you go to work, you should be a tool, and when you are off work, you should be a person. Half and half, that's not bad.It's not uncommon for people to be completely inappropriate. 〔2〕Early Chinese state was a small patriarchal country. The "state" (originally called "bangjia", which was changed from state to avoid the taboo of Han Emperor Gaozu) was a compound word. The state was based on the family, and the family was the With males and male heirs as the backbone, one is the father and the other is the eldest brother.The truth at that time was that as long as you respect your father well and take good care of your elder brother, the family will be reconciled, and everything will be fine if the family is reconciled.Ruling the country by the family is the core thought of Confucius, a conservative thought with a retro color.At that time, the country was linked by blood relatives, marriage relatives, and pseudo-kinship relationships. It was divided, connected, and maintained. It was a framework.Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the patriarchal clan system was destroyed, and the family still exists, but it is just a cell like a thing under the country. The family is a small family, not a big family, and the country cannot be housed in the family.Speaking of filial piety since the Han Dynasty is different from the pre-Qin period. 〔3〕(filial piety is the foundation of benevolence) Note: 〔1〕benevolence is the character 人 plus two short horizontal strokes. Xu Shen said that this character comes from Ren Er ("Shuowen? Ren Bu"), and most of the predecessors thought it was It means people and puppets, people and people.During the Warring States period, the character Ren in Qin script was written like this, and the character Ren in Chu script was from the heart and body.The two short horizontal strokes of this character should be to distinguish it from the character 人, just like heavy text.Confucius used "love people" as a saying, and he used benevolence as a verb, just like "Xianxian" (1.7) below, which means people (verbs) and people (nouns).
〔2〕Chapter 5 of "Lao Tzu" says, "The heaven and the earth are not benevolent, and treat all things as straw dogs; the sages are not benevolent, and treat the people as straw dogs." Do you also treat others as human beings?Wang Shuo has a famous saying, "Don't treat me like a human being".In his opinion, it doesn't matter whether others love or not, but what is important is not to take yourself too seriously.If you don't take yourself seriously, you will be invincible. In another word of his, "the ignorant have no fear".Laughing at yourself is also a survival strategy.
〔3〕 Later generations only know that serving the emperor is loyal, loyalty and filial piety are not equal, and they would rather give up filial piety.Confucius didn't say that.See Guodian Chu bamboo slips "Yu Cong III".
1.3 The Master said: "Smart words and beautiful words are rare and benevolent."
"Smart words and tricks", Confucius hated the most.Confucius believed that such a person most lacks "benevolence". "Smart words", words are words.Skilled in tongues, eloquent, and good at using words to please others, Confucius is called "Ning".Confucius was full of curses on "Ning" (mentioned many times later). "Lingse", color is the complexion (the ancients called it color), the appearance.We should not think that only women can move people with their looks, and men also have deep knowledge of this way.They winked, bowed and bowed, and were very good at mobilizing their facial expressions and body language.Smart talkers are people who are good at flattering people.
Confucius hated the rhetoric to be false, but the truth did not necessarily please him.Confucius doesn't like people who don't know what to say, people who are emotional, such as Zhong You, who speak directly and frankly, which is different from smooth talk.What he likes more are people who don't talk or talk less -- the stuffy gourd type. The opposite of "Qiaoyan" is "Na", and "Na" is slow in speech, and the words are not easy to speak; the opposite of "Lingse" is "Mu", and "Mu" is expressionless, like a lump of wood.What he likes are dull people, and he thinks that dull people are close to benevolence (Zilu 13.27). (Confucius hates clever words and tricks)
1.4 Zeng Zi said: "I reflect on myself three times a day: Are you not loyal to others? Are you not trusting your friends? Are you not used to teaching them?" "Zeng Zi" is the respectful title of Zeng Shen, a reincarnated disciple of Confucianism.Zeng Shen, courtesy name Ziyu, is a famous Mr. Morality.After Confucius died, Bu Shang and others recommended You Ruo to be worshiped by his disciples on behalf of Confucius, but he was not convinced.Among the ten philosophers of Confucianism, there is no Zengzi, but Song Confucianism established orthodoxy and praised him very high. In the Ming Dynasty, Zengzi was named "Fusheng".This is the creation of Song Confucianism.
"Body" is not the body, but the self. The three items mentioned here belong to self-discipline and are not too high requirements.Morality includes noble morality, general morality, and minimum requirements as the bottom line of morality.Noble morality, ordinary people can't do it, or it's very difficult to do it. If you do it, it's admirable, and if you can't do it, you can't blame it.On moral issues, it is better to persuade everyone to fulfill their duties and do less bad things than to be "high-handed" and talk about usefulness everywhere and make the whole country go crazy.It is counterproductive to be artificially elevated, which is called hypocrisy in Beijing dialect.For example, it is easier said than done to be brave.A gang of gangsters, armed with guns and knives, unarmed, dry and skinny, without fists and courage, how can they stand up?The responsibility of the police should be left to ordinary people, and that's it.In my opinion, general morality, basic morality, is more important than this. "loyalty" is related to the words "zhong" and "zhong".What is "loyalty"?The ancients took apart characters to explain them, and there was a saying that "the center is loyalty".To put it simply, it is to do things for others, to be sincere and wholehearted, and never to fool others.Now, many of our compatriots are full of honey, not to mention doing their best, running out of money, not doing anything, and running away. This is "conspiracy and disloyalty". "Faith", from words, has something to do with speaking. The ancients took apart words to explain them, and there is a saying that "people do not deceive people with their words".To put it simply, it means keeping what you say, keeping your promises, and keeping your promises.Nowadays, Chinese people don’t count their words, break appointments and be late, as if they are playing, make wishes indiscriminately beforehand, apologize indiscriminately (or even not apologize) afterwards, and don’t blush at all. This is "making friends without trusting them". There is another one, "Passing without learning", this is even simpler, that is, the teacher has said it, and you don't review it when you go back. If you are a student, you are fooling the teacher.
The three major problems, leaders, colleagues, friends, teachers, anyone dares to fool, these are very immoral things. We Chinese are very fond of fooling around, even dare to fool ghosts and gods, let alone human beings? In terms of keeping promises and keeping time, China is not as good as the West.The West is not all good people, but the average level of playing tricks, being clever, taking advantage of the loopholes, stealing and cheating, is definitely not as good as that of China. [1] The law of supply and demand of morality is that the more something is lacking in life, the more it will demand something.In the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, there was a great deal of loyalty and trustworthiness, precisely because there was no loyalty ("loyalty and trustworthiness" was printed the most in the Warring States Period).Therefore, the thirty-eighth chapter of "Lao Tzu" says, "He who is courteous is the least loyal and trustworthy, and the leader of chaos."Since the Song Dynasty, Guan (Guan Gong) and Yue (Yue Fei) have been talked about a lot because there are too many traitors. The "three provinces" here are very famous, such as Chen Shengshen and Yu Shengwu, which are named accordingly. We must pay attention to where to start learning, "three reflections on myself", reflection is self-examination, and the body is oneself.Rather than pointing fingers and being a teacher to others, we might as well reflect on ourselves first. (It’s better to reflect on yourself than pointing out things.) Notes: (1) Some people say that Europeans and Americans generally speak out straightforwardly when they don’t want to accept things; Chinese people promise quickly and forget quickly, not really forgetting, but deliberately teasing you.Of course, foreigners are not monolithic. For example, they are punctual and trustworthy. Everyone has the impression that the Germans and Japanese are relatively conservative, while the French and Italians are not.
1.5 The Master said: "The way (guidance) is a country of thousands of vehicles. Respect things and be trustworthy, save money and love others, so that the people can be timely." "Tao" means leadership. The "country of a thousand vehicles" is a big country.In the Spring and Autumn Period, there are generally thousands of chariots in a large country, and the Lu State is not too big, and it is also a "country of a thousand chariots". "Guo" was changed to avoid the taboo of Han Emperor Gaozu, so it should have been "Bang". "Respect" is still a modern language dedicated to work, which means to be loyal to one's duty and fulfill one's duty.Since the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, people love to say these two words, "Siyan", "Respect" and "Faithful", are all common in the seal of the Warring States proverbs. The meanings of "people" and "people" in ancient books are similar, but there are differences.Yang Bojun and Zhao Jibin said that "people" in ancient books has broad and narrow meanings. "People" in the broad sense refers to all people, and "people" in the narrow sense only refer to people from all levels above the scholar-bureaucrats, and "people" refers to the lower class. people".In the last two sentences, "love people" is opposite to "make people", and the "people" of "love people" is in a narrow sense.
It seems that when Confucius talked about frugality, he felt sorry for the rich, powerful and well-known people.People without status, just master the seasons and seasons when ordering them. (How to govern a big country) 1.6 The Master said: "When a disciple enters, he will be filial; , refers to the children or students in the village. In ancient times, the relationship between teachers and students imitated the relationship between father and son. Students regarded the teacher as their father, and the teacher regarded the students as their sons. .Master's master is "Patriarch Master".In later generations, the dignity of teachers has always retained this tradition.As a teacher, you have to find jobs for your students. If you are proud of your students, you can even take care of your daughter-in-law. As a student, you have to do your best to promote the teacher’s teaching, defend the teacher’s words, and honor the master’s school. The father needs to build a house for his son to marry a wife, and the son needs to carry water and firewood for the old man and prepare a coffin.In today's schools, there is a saying about cultivating children and soldiers. The term is "building an academic echelon", and there is this kind of fatherly kindness and filial piety.The gate of Peking University is deep, and the teacher is a big tree.From the Academy of Social Sciences to Peking University, I have a deep understanding of this.The dignity of teachers should be emphasized, but this kind of relationship is not good.A teacher is not a father, and a student is not a son. "Sincerely" means taciturn. "Love all but benevolent", "public" refers to the people, and "benevolence" reads people. "If you have enough energy to do it, you should learn literature." "Xing" is a verb, and here it refers to acting as a person. It is the practice of morality, not morality itself. "Action" is relative to "learning".The morality is good, there is still energy, what to do?Confucius said, "Study literature". What is "text"?It is culture, especially the humanities related to rites and music. The ancients also called it "literature".Morality is quality, ritual and music are text.Text and quality go hand in hand.Confucianism is learning rituals and music when reading books.Ritual and music are culture, not official documents, not Chengwen ink scrolls, and not romantic and entertaining poems. 〔1〕The ancients are not like the later generations. They rely on their articles to be famous and handed down to the world, and they value what is written down.Confucius emphasized that after improving moral cultivation, cultural cultivation should also be improved.Number one, don't be a badass.Second, don't be an idiot.That is to say, be a good person first, and then be a well-educated person. (If you have spare energy, you should study literature) Notes: [1] In ancient primary schools, it was mainly to recognize characters and numbers, but in universities, it is to study rites and music, and finally to learn rites and music.Wen is not words, but culture, which cultivates the culture of gentlemen.
1.7 Zixia said: "The virtuous and virtuous change their appearance, serve their parents with all their strength, serve the king with dedication, and keep their words with friends. Although they say they have not learned, I will call them learned." " Zixia", the word of Bu Shang.He is a student of the third period of Confucianism, one of the ten philosophers of Confucianism, and is good at literature. "Xianxian Yise", the first word "Xian" is a verb, that is to regard the virtuous as the virtuous, respect the sage, and respect the sage.The ancients had three understandings of the word "Yi", replacing, changing, and despising.In my opinion, the first is the best, and the third is the worst. "The virtuous and the virtuous change their color" is what Confucius mentioned twice, "Love virtue as much as lust" (Zihan 9.18, Wei Linggong 15.13).It means to be as "virtuous" as "lustful".Visible color is okay. 色 is a sexy appearance, mainly refers to the sexy appearance of a woman in the eyes of a man, that is, female sex.Masculinity is rarely mentioned.There's nothing wrong with liking beautiful women.What's wrong is that they like it in their hearts, but they say it cheaply, saying that "brothers are like brothers and feet, and wives are like clothes". Using "virtuous" instead of "lusty" is not abstaining from sex, but like a man and a woman who are as energetic as men and women, have inner impulses, and cannot stop their emotions.Women are not bad things, you have to quit.Zixia shifted her lustful heart to love the virtuous, which fully complied with the teacher's teaching. (Replacing color with virtue) 1.8 Master said: "If a gentleman is not serious, he will not be powerful, and if he learns, he will not be solid. If he has no friends who are not as good as himself, don't be afraid to correct his mistakes." In Beijing dialect, hold it up.People who don't hold their heads up are "not majestic". It seems that they are not as majestic as they are majestic. What does this have to do with learning?I think that the "learning" that Confucius said is not only reading, but more importantly, practicing etiquette and morality.One of the goals of practicing etiquette and morality is to have a gentleman's demeanor. If there is no gentleman's demeanor, there is not enough solemnity, and there is more than frivolity. Of course, it means that he has not learned the home, and "learning" is naturally "not solid". The last three sentences of this chapter are also found in "Zihan" 9.25. “The Lord is faithful and trustworthy” means that you must be faithful in your plans and keep your word, which has been mentioned above. "If you have no friends who are not as good as yourself, don't be afraid to correct your mistakes." Don't make friends with people who are not as good as yourself, and don't be afraid to correct mistakes. "Those who have no friends are not as good as themselves" is the big problem in this article.Because literally, the original text says, you must never make friends with people who are not as good as you.Lu Xun said, this is snobbery. [1] Why is Confucius so awesome?impossible?Many people think that this damages the image of Confucius, so Qu said a lot.They said that this is not the original meaning of the words, it is completely on the contrary, "There is no friend who is not as good as yourself", in fact, it means that there is no friend who is not as good as you, all of them have strengths, and they are all worthy of your study. With full modesty.For example, Nan Huaijin and Li Zehou, they explained it like this.
The latter explanation is very beneficial to protecting the image of Confucius, but unfortunately it is not correct.Liu Baonan and Cheng Shude found a few passages from ancient books, which can fully prove that Confucius' statement is actually very well-founded. Its original meaning is to be afraid of making friends with those who are not as good as yourself: Therefore, Zhou Gongdan said: "Those who are not as good as me, I Those who are not with me will tire me; those who are equal to me, if I am not with them, will not benefit me." Only the virtuous must be with those who are virtuous to themselves.The availability and location of a sage is also the etiquette. ("Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals? Guanshi") Therefore, a gentleman who is not as good as himself is not ashamed of the other, but a big ego.Those who are not as good as themselves must be planted by themselves.But if you have too much time to help others, who will help me?There is no day for my embarrassment. ("Zhonglun? Guiyan". "Quanshu Zhiyao" volume five and six quotes, "Those who need to be self-planted" are written as "Those who need to be cautious.") The fake son said: "Fu Gaobi is therefore Guangde, Compared with the good ones, it is a step of self-advancement. Compared with the evil ones, it is the cause of self-retreat, and the "Poetry" doesn't say that?" (Volume 7 of "Han Shi Wai Zhuan". There are similar words in "Miscellaneous Words", "Fake child" is "Nan Xiazi") How can it be cost-effective to make friends?There is a legend in the Han Dynasty, "After Qiu's death, the merchants will grow stronger, and the bestowals will be worse. The merchants are better with those who are worthy of themselves, and the bestowals are better for those who are not as good as themselves" ("Shuo Yuan? Miscellaneous Words").Zixia loves to make friends with people who are stronger than himself, and grows up every day; Zigong loves to get along with people who are not as good as himself, and regresses every day.It seems that Zixia won the teacher's true biography, the most cost-effective; Zigong deviated from the teacher's teaching, and suffered the most. The meaning of Confucius is actually very clear, there is no need to beat around the bush.His old man said that one should learn from people with high morality and great ability, "When you see a virtuous person, you should think about it, and when you see an unvirtuous person, you should introspect yourself" ("Liren" 4.17), there is nothing wrong with this.The only problem is that "friend" is a concept of equality, but people's virtuous and unworthy are very different. At least there are three categories: superior, as oneself, and inferior. If those who are inferior to themselves are not worthy of making friends, then the superiors are I shouldn't make friends with you, follow the push, not the reverse.
Confucius did not make friends with people who are inferior to him. This is what the wise people in ancient times thought of long ago, and the smart people now want to do the same.Let's put ourselves in his place and think about it. His thinking is simple, mainly because he is afraid of suffering.Nowadays, stars and wrists all need admirers, the more fans the better, according to Hong Kong and Taiwan, they are very popular.But you must hold every hand, ask for warmth, answer every letter, answer patiently, are you tired?Celebrities have their troubles too.In the era of Confucius, it was not so tiring, but it is certain to suffer.Make friends with those who are not as good as yourself, just let others learn from you, but you can't learn anything. After a long time, you will definitely regress.It's like a professional chess player playing chess with an amateur chess player. After playing chess, he himself is an amateur.My experience is, don't treat yourself as a celebrity, and don't reply to letters from the masses (reply is an exception). But I can say this, but Confucius can't.Confucius' mistake was that he said all these words.Because if you want to say that, people will ask, if the university president only makes friends with the Minister of Education, and the Minister of Education thinks so, won’t you also be unable to make friends?For example, Nan Huaijin used this analogy.Of course, he never believed that Confucius had such bad thoughts. He believed that this was a wrong understanding. Actually, Su Dongpo asked the question exactly in this way about Confucius' statement.He said, "If you must win yourself and then make friends, then the one who wins yourself will not be my friend."This kind of question is tricky, but reasonable.I said in an essay, "There are many disadvantages in making friends with those who are 'not as good as yourself'. First, you will suffer. Zhu Xi said that if you are not as good as yourself, it will be useless and detrimental." , do not make friends with others'. Mr. Yang Bojun felt that Confucius would not be so good, so he translated this sentence as 'Don't (actively) make friends with those who are inferior to yourself' ("Annotation of Analects", Zhonghua Book Company, 1958), It doesn't matter if you don't make friends. But it may be problematic to only make friends with people who are stronger than yourself, because if that strong person takes sugar and duanpu like him, it is obvious that he can't be a "friend". What's more, the saint is an "extreme" wise' man, there is no one above him".
My joke is derived from Su Dongpo's question. Here, I refer to Mr. Yang Bojun's translation.His translation can be found in the old edition of his "Annotations to Analects of Confucius" (Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, first edition in June 1958).In this version, he deliberately mediates the old theory.He said, "People in ancient and modern times have a lot of doubts about this sentence, so they have some explanations. The word 'actively' is added to the translation to explain it."I guess what Mr. Yang means is that the ancients were very self-respecting and had a good face, and those who are not as good as themselves can still make friends if they come to the door, but they must not take the initiative to make friends (p. 6).However, the later version (the second edition in December 1980) was changed, and the translation was "Don't make friends with people who are not as good as you" (page 6).Mr. Yang said, "The translation is only translated literally", and the word "actively" is gone.It seems that Mr. Yang also felt that adding words was inappropriate. Yuan Chen Tianxiang has an explanation, saying that "ru" means "similar", not "win", "not as good as yourself" means that the other party is not equal to me, and people are divided into three grades: inferior to yourself, like yourself, and better than yourself. Those who are like themselves should be teachers, those who are like themselves should be friends, and those who are not as good as themselves are neither teachers nor friends, so they cannot make friends ("Four Books Differentiate Doubts").This is also protecting Confucius.He said that Confucius could not distinguish between teachers, friends and those who could not be friends, so he divided them for Confucius. This sentence is very simple, but when it is explained, it is a set of routines, which really makes us a lot of fun. (Making friends also talks about economics) Note: [1] Lu Xun's "Miscellaneous Memories": "Mr. Kong Lao said: 'You have no friends who are not as good as yourself.' There are still many such snobbish eyes in the world today." Income , "The Complete Works of Lu Xun", Volume 1, Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House, 1956, p. 321.
1.9 Zeng Zi said: "Be cautious in the end and pursue the distant future, and the people's morality will be strong."
"Careful to the end" means to be cautious when dealing with death.
"Chasing far", Kong Zhu has an explanation of "sacrifice to the utmost respect", "chasing" is related to sacrifice, but the word "chasing" itself does not mean sacrifice, but the meaning of following and remembering.Western Zhou bronze inscriptions often have such words as "pursuing filial piety to former literati", "former literati" are the dead of their own family, the ancestors of the eight generations, even after death, I will follow behind to honor him.The "chasing" here also means this.The ancients not only respected the old, but also the dead, not only those who had just died, but also those who had died for a long time and were far away from them.This love lasts forever, and today's people can't compare it.
In the next chapter, Confucius said that filial piety to parents is a lifetime, "When you are born, you should do things with propriety; end", "sacrifice with propriety" means "chasing away".
In ancient times, there was posthumous posthumous title, but now there is posthumous title.Awards are popular now, and it is said that a lot of motivation can be judged.Once, when our school judged an award, dead people also participated in the competition.This kind of award can be called the "Careful Final Pursuit Award". (Pursue the future with care, the virtues of the people will be strong)
1.10 Ziqin asked Yu Zigong, "Master, as for being a state, you must hear about its politics. Ask for harmony (欤)? Do you agree with it (欤)?" Zi Gong said: "Master, you are gentle, kind, and respectful. , frugality, and yielding to get it. What the Master seeks is also different from what people seek and (欤)!"
"Zi Qin", Chen Kang's word.He appeared 3 times in "Ji Shi" and "Zi Zhang" 19.25 in addition to this chapter. 16.3 of "Ji Shi" was asked about Kong Li (the son of Confucius), and this chapter and "Zi Zhang" 19.25 were asked about Zigong. "Historical Records? Biography of Zhongni's Disciples" does not have a separate biography of Chen Kang, but attaches Chen Kang to Zigong, based on this.The third time I saw him, the two times I asked Zigong for advice. Scholars suspected that he was a student of Zigong.Confucian students, some students of students.
"Zigong", the word given by Duan Mu.Duanmu gift, ancient books are also called Duanmu gift.Zigong is also called "Zigan" in ancient books, Han Shi Jing and Chu bamboo slips are also written in this way. "Zigan" is the original appearance, but "Zigong" is simplified.He is a student of the second period of Confucianism and one of the ten philosophers of Confucianism. He is good at speaking, dealing with guests, engaging in public relations and diplomacy.After Confucius died, Zigong had the highest prestige, and it was his credit that Confucius became a saint.
"Master is a state", "Master" refers to Confucius; "is a state" refers to a certain country.Which state is the "state" here, it is estimated that it is a certain country that Confucius visited in his later years.Because Zi Gong was 31 years younger than Confucius, Confucius was still a child under the age of 5 when Confucius was in his early years, and it was impossible to discuss such issues with Zi Qin.When Confucius traveled around the world, he was 24-37 years old.In addition, Confucius never went abroad.
"You must hear about its politics", in fact, you must ask about its politics.Confucius likes to investigate and research, such as "When I entered the Taimiao, I asked about everything" ("Bayi" 3.15).Wen and Q have the same origin, and in ancient Chinese characters, there was only the word Wen for hearing and fainting, and there was no word for questioning and answering.Wen has a double meaning. What he wants to inquire about can be either heard or asked.Later, in order to distinguish between active and passive, another question word was created.The "smell" here, whether to ask or to smell, is exactly what Ziqin asked. "Seek it" is to ask, "with it" is to hear.Zigong’s answer was that the news about Confucius was obtained through “gentleness, kindness, respectfulness, frugality, and acquiescence”. He was very humble and kind, and he was very humble and kind. People were willing to talk to him. It was an inquiry. In fact, it can also be said that someone else took the initiative to tell him.
"Qizhu" is an uncertain tone, meaning "I'm afraid". (How did Confucius conduct research)
1.11 The son said: "When the father is alive, watch his aspirations; when his father is gone, watch his actions; if he does not change his ways for three years, he is filial." "Confucius believed that whether a son has filial piety should be tested in two stages.When Dad is alive, it depends on what he thinks; when Dad is dead, it depends on what he does.What is the point of this?The main reason is that my father is alive, and I have to obey my father's orders in everything, and I can't do anything.Can only think, can not do.If you want to do it, you have to wait for your father to die, and it’s not good just after death. A filial son has to go to mourning for three years. During the mourning period, you can’t violate your father.It's not like kids in America.American children, once they are 16 years old, they can't control their fathers and mothers. What is "the way of not changing your father", you can change it if you say so.
"Three years without changing the way of the father", "three years" is three years of mourning, not an empty reference. Confucius's words, at the time, may have been quite appropriate and justified, but after 1919, especially now, it sounds awkward no matter how you listen to it.Yang Bojun has noticed this kind of dyslexia. He said that Tao mostly refers to positive things, and the "Tao" that "has not changed from father's Tao for three years" actually refers to the "reasonable part" of father.But it is reasonable, and it is not allowed to change for three years. Can it be changed after three years?What we want to change is not the "unreasonable part" of Dad, but his "reasonable part"?I guess, the logic of Confucius, saying that Dad is unreasonable, is itself unreasonable.What's wrong with Dad? "Father's way" is what Lao Tzu says, and what Lao Tzu says is the way. Since the "May 4th Movement", everyone often scolds this paragraph.It is foolish loyalty for a subject to be loyal to a faint ruler; it is foolish filial piety to do so.We live today, and we have different views on fathers. People want to ask, if the father is a villain who kills and sets fire, will the son not change his ways? Of course, we can assume that Dad is a good person; or prefer to believe that Dad is a good person.But fathers in this world are not necessarily good people, and good people are not necessarily fathers.This is obvious. I still remember that during the "Cultural Revolution", many people wrote big-character posters out of fear, insulted their parents with very ugly words, and even led the "revolutionary" masses to search their homes.Doing so is too much.It is obvious that parents are parents, good or bad, and they are also your parents. (Three years without changing the way of the father)
1.12 Youzi said: "For the purpose of etiquette, harmony is the most important thing; the way of the ancient kings, this is the beauty. The small and the big depend on it. Do something wrong: know harmony and make harmony, and it is impossible to do it without etiquette."
This passage is a bit convoluted, how to punctuate is a problem.
"For the purpose of etiquette, peace is the most precious; the way of the kings, this is the beauty", this is one level.Youzi means that the function of ritual is mainly to harmonize, and the way of the former kings is that harmony is the most beautiful, that is, as the saying goes, "harmony is the most precious".
"From the small to the big" is a summary of the above."From" here means to go along the way. "Tabo" 8.9: "The people can be made to know it, but they cannot be made to know it." "From it" also means this.As mentioned above, etiquette is for harmony, and harmony is the most important thing, so small and big things must be handled in accordance with the principle of harmony.
"Something can't be done" has another meaning, which is the opposite of the previous one.As I said before, small and big things must be done according to harmony. This is the basic principle, and it is usually done in this way.That said, there are exceptions.What is an exception?I put a colon under this sentence, and the explanation is below the colon.It means that reconciliation is of course very good, but it should not be too much, reconciliation for the sake of reconciliation; even if it is reconciliation, it is not feasible without etiquette.
Ritual deals with differences, and through differences, order is established, and order is harmony.Harmony is not equality, but inequality, or seeking equality with inequality.True equality is just an ideal, and the ancients called it "Datong" ("Book of Rites? Li Yun").Confucius also dreamed of Great Harmony, but he knew that etiquette should be discussed only when Great Harmony cannot be achieved.That's why he said "Gentlemen are harmonious but different" (Zilu 13.23).A harmonious society is well-off, not Datong.
The society of Shang and Zhou is like a big village with a clan ancestral hall, and the king is the head of the clan, who sets the family rules and laws, governs the village, and coordinates all kinds of relationships in the village.Man is born neither free nor equal, contrary to what Rousseau said.The most important purpose of etiquette is to make peace with each other, and try to find ways to control inequality within a reasonable range, so as not to cause trouble.The difference between etiquette and morality is not personal cultivation, but habits and traditions, which constrain people's behavioral norms. (For the purpose of etiquette, harmony is precious)
1.13 Youzi said: "Faith is closer to righteousness, and words can be repeated. Respect is closer to propriety, and farther from shame. Because one does not lose one's relatives, one can also be respected."
These six sentences, "Faith is closer to righteousness", "Respect is closer to propriety", and "Because you don't lose your relatives", are all conditional sentences.
"Faith is closer to righteousness, and words can be repeated." "Fu" means to keep promises. This usage of "fu" is also found in "Zuo Zhuan" in the ninth year of Duke Xi and the sixteenth year of Duke Ai.If you say what you say, you must do it. This is faith.But there are big letters and small letters.Confucius believed that only faith that is close to righteousness is great faith and must be practiced; faith that is not related to righteousness is small faith and exceptions can be made.He said, "Words must be believed, deeds must be resolute, even if you are a villain" ("Zilu" 13.20), "A gentleman is chaste and never forgives" ("Wei Linggong" 15.37).In his opinion, words must be believed, deeds must be resolute, stubborn, and life-long faith is the faith of a villain, which is not worth taking.Mencius said, "A grown-up does not need to believe what he says, and does not need to be fruitful in his deeds, but righteousness lies in it." discount.It can be seen that the same morality has two standards.In human society, as long as there is inequality, there will be double standards. Humans and animals are double standards.
"Respect is closer to propriety than to shame", Gong has a humble face and polite words.It's good to be polite, but being too polite is actually nasty, and it's unavoidable to bring shame on yourself. Only by being polite can you avoid shame.
"Because you don't lose your relatives, you can also be a clan", "because" is read as marriage.In ancient society, blood relationship was the most important thing, and blood relationship was "zong".The second is the marriage relationship, and the marriage relationship is the "cause".The former is also called Neiqin and Neizong, while the latter is also called Waiqin and Waizong.Confucius meant that although grandma and uncle's family is not as good as grandpa's family, if they are not close, they are equal to clan. (A gentleman only keeps his faith)
1.14 The Master said: "A gentleman has nothing to eat, nothing to live in, and nothing to live in. He is sensitive to things but cautious in his words. He has the way and is righteous. He can be said to be eager to learn."
"There is no food for satiation, and no housing for safety", that is An Poverty.
"Be sensitive to things but cautious in words" means to be diligent in doing things and cautious in speaking.
"There is the way and righteousness" is to seek advice from people with moral knowledge. (What is studious)
1.15 Zigong said: "How about being poor without flattery, and being rich without arrogance?" The Master said, "Yes. It is not like being poor but happy, rich and polite." Zigong said: "The "Book of Songs" Yun: "It's like cutting like drawing, like cutting like grinding', what do you mean by giving (欤)?" The Master said: "Gift, only then can you say that the "Poetry" is over, tell everyone who has gone and knows what will come."
"Zhu", Jude.
Money is a big test for people.Keeping the Tao to live, it is inevitable to be hungry.To be a gentleman, you have to be prepared to starve—what will you eat if you are not an official?Never farm.Confucius did not advocate self-reliance.When he talks about the rich and the poor, he focuses on the poor.Confucius said that drinking cold water with your head on your head is enjoyable; wealth is often ill-gotten gains, "to me like floating clouds" ("Shu Er" 7.16).
Zigong was a businessman and the most generous student of Confucianism.Sima Qian talked about the great merchants in ancient times, and Zigong was one of them.Now it is fashionable to talk about Confucian businessmen.企业家，不仅会做买卖，还有文化、道德，多好。难怪有学生说，要做学术界里最有钱的人和有钱人里最有学问的人。如果说，真有儒商，子贡就是祖师爷。 (1)
但可惜的是，全国老百姓，只知关老爷，不知子贡为何许人也。
孔子跟子贡论贫富，是找对了人，因为子贡和其他学生不一样，他们多是寒门，不足论贫富。子贡有钱，孔子周游列国，有人猜测，就是由他赞助。有钱，才能看透钱。但有多少才看得透，不知道，恐怕因人而异。反正没钱，往往看不透，见钱眼红，穷凶极恶，一点办法都没有。历史上，农民造反，到头来总是失败，多半都栽在这上头。
对钱，子贡的态度是：穷，不低声下气，巴结阔人；阔，不趾高气扬，欺负穷人。孔子赞同他的态度，但补充说，更好的态度是，穷要开心，阔要好礼（怎么叫好礼？不知道，没准是当慈善家吧），即在贫富问题上，该怎么样比不怎么样更重要，自己该怎么样比对别人怎么样更重要。子贡引《诗》为喻，问孔子说，“如切如磋，如琢如磨”就是这个意思吗？他想说，砥砺德行，就像工匠加工骨、牙（象牙）、玉、石，也是精益求精呀。孔子认为，他的理解很对，我跟他讲穷开心，阔好礼，就是这个意思。 “往”是第一步，“来”是第二步。孔子教学，最重启发，他喜欢的是举一反三的学生，所以跟子贡说，从此我可以和你讨论《诗》了，你有这个资格了。
子贡引用的《诗》，出自《卫风?淇奥》。“如切如磋”，是加工骨、牙（象牙）类的制品，“如琢如磨”是加工玉、石类的制品。（穷开心，富好礼）
注：〔１〕阔人难守其财。子贡很阔，但古人说，他的儿子端沐叔是个大败家子（《列子·杨朱》）。
子曰：“不患人之不己知，患不知人也。”
上文说，“人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎”（１.１），也是这个意思。后面，还有三处，也是讲这类想法。如“不患莫己知，求为可知也”（《里仁》４.１４），“不患人之不己知，患其不能也”（《宪问》１４.３０），“君子病无能焉，不病人之不己知也”（《卫灵公》１５.１９），都是孔子的话。
知识分子最好名，特别是虚名。能够看破名的，几乎没有。孔子强调，不怕别人不了解自己，怕的是自己不了解别人；不怕别人不了解自己，就怕自己没本事。
他要真不在乎，确实了不起。
不过，我们千万不要以为，他老人家真不在乎别人怎么看。他的话，有掩饰心理，越说不在乎，其实就是越在乎。
孔子说，“君子去仁，恶乎成名”（《里仁》４.５），“君子疾没世而名不称焉”（《卫灵公》１５.２０），对名，他还是非常在乎。他说不在乎，干吗还感叹，“莫我知也夫”，“知我者其天乎”（《宪问》１４.３５），说除了老天，没人了解他。孔子在卫击磬，荷蒉而过孔氏之门者也听出来了，他是为“莫己知也”发愁（《宪问》１４.３９）。他的内心，其实很孤独。（孔子真的不在乎名吗）