Chapter 5 The lost dog is the second in politics

2.1 The Master said: "Government is governed by virtue, such as Beichen, where all the stars (grow) together." For politicians, there has always been a debate on whether virtue is important or whether it can be important.It is generally believed that it is best to have both ability and political integrity. No, I would rather give up my ability than my ability.No one said that if one has the ability to be wicked, one can also be in politics.For thousands of years, people have always believed that those in power must be virtuous. "Government with morality" means governing by morality.Confucius was a person who was keen on politics, and he often mentioned "being in politics" and "being in politics".To be in politics is to be an official, and to be in politics is to govern.Here, we should pay attention to the fact that those who engage in and act in politics do not necessarily have to be monarchs, but can also be officials. "Zilu" 13.3 "The king of Wei treats his son and governs" all talk about Confucius governing.  "Beichen", "Erya? Shitian" listed Beichen as a star name, saying that "the North Pole is called Beichen". "Spring and Autumn Fanlu? Fengben" also said, "There is no star greater than Beichen".In other words, Beichen is just the North Pole, and there are places but no stars, which is wrong.In the following, "living in its place where all the stars share (arch) it", the "place" in "living in its place" is the North Pole, and the subject of "living in" is Beichen, which must be a star near the North Pole.If Beichen is not a star, but the North Pole, it is tantamount to saying that the North Pole is located at the North Pole, which is completely nonsense. "It lives in its place and all the stars share (grow) it" means that Beichen is located in the center of the universe, and the stars in the sky surround it.The Big Dipper, there are two stars at the front of the dipper, which are the α and β stars of Ursa Major. The connecting line of these two stars extends upward five times, which is the current Polaris, that is, the α star of Ursa Minor, but the ancient Polaris is Ursa Minor The β star, the pole star can be changed, but the position remains unchanged. The ancients used the North Star to represent the North Pole. "Total" means the same arch, like two hands enclosing, here refers to the arch guard, which surrounds the Polaris and faces the Polaris. Confucius advocated the rule of virtue. He hoped that those in power would be moral models, set an example for the whole people, and "the great river flows eastward, and the stars in the sky join the Big Dipper" (the theme song of the TV series).This wish, of course, is very good, but it didn't work at the time, and it didn't work much later. Politics of good people or politics of capable people, Cao Cao's view is opposite to that of Confucius. He was also born in troubled times, but he valued ability.He doesn't care whether he is born noble or not, his moral character is noble or not, as long as he has the ability.He said that even if "the name of being insulted, the behavior of laughing, or the art of governing the country and using soldiers for being unkind and unfilial", they are also recommended objects ("Order of Seeking Talents", "Order of Promoting Talents Without Restricting Character"). Contemporary politicians, Western politicians, are just the spokespersons of interest groups, and many of them study politics, economics, law, etc., not humanities, or science and engineering. At the end of the 1980s, intellectuals turned around, and the theory of intellectuals governing the country was popular in my country, especially the theory of technocrats governing the country, and some people still believe in it.In fact, a politician is a politician, not a moral model, not an incarnation of wisdom, and even the best wish is still a wish, everyone should understand. The earliest Utopia in the West is Plato's philosopher king; the earliest Utopia in my country is Confucius' moral king.They are all fantasies, the oldest humanistic fantasies of mankind. (The stars in the sky refer to the Big Dipper) 2.2 The Master said: "The "Poems" are three hundred. In a word, they say: 'Thinking is innocent.'" "The "Poems" are three hundred", that is, there are 305 articles.  "In a word", that is, inoneword in English. A word can be a word or a general sentence.The same is true for us. "言" can be a word or a sentence. For example, the five thousand words in "Laozi" are 5,000 words, and the "Si Wuxie" here is a sentence.  "Si Wuxie", see "Poetry? Lu Song", the original text has a lot of "thinking" characters:  Stallion, in the wild. ...Thinking without boundaries, thinking about the limitless.  Stallion, in the wild. ...Thinking is endless, and Sima is talented.  Stallion, in the wild. ...Thinking without shame, thinking about it.  Stallion, in the wild. ...Think innocently, think masquerade. The above eight "thinking" characters are used as verbs by Zheng Xuanjian, and there is no specific explanation. "思", often seen, what does it mean to put it at the beginning of a sentence?It is generally thought that it is a spoken word, which is just a function word and has no real meaning, but Zheng Xuanjian said "Si, wish" in the "Sihuang Toast" in "Poetry? Daya? Wenwang", but said that this word expresses wish. There is a word "" in Zhouyuan oracle bones, and Professor Edward Shaughnessy's textual research proves that it is the word "si" here.His textual research was proposed early and published late.He pronounced the word on Zhou Yuan's oracle bone as "Si", which is quite correct.I have discussed this character on the divination slips of Chu. Another way of writing it is "si", which can prove that Xia's statement is correct.

"Chu Ci? Li Sao" "Thinking of the broadness of Kyushu", "si" as "", Wang Yi's annotation said, ", ancient writings, thinking, also as thinking", is also proof.The character on the oracle bone in Zhouyuan is either officially designated by scholars as "Fan" or pronounced as "Si", which is inappropriate. There are also slight mistakes in the writing of "Chu Ci? Li Sao". "Fan" is the fontanel of the fontanelle, which is another word. In "Song of Lu" and other sentences such as "Sima Sizang", "Si" and "Si" appear at the same time, and it is impossible to be equivalent.Xia Wen mentioned the "Mao Shi Shuo" written by Chen Yu in the Qing Dynasty. Chen said that the eight "Si" characters in "Lu Song?"The idea is interesting.It reminds me of a five-generation poem, "Spring feast, a cup of green wine and singing again, and three wishes to Chen: first, I wish my husband a thousand years; "Unfortunate Girl"). "Three wishes" are congratulations, and "si" used in divination in the Zhou Dynasty also expresses wishes. "Wuxie", the original text is juxtaposed with "no border", "no period" and "wuxie". "Wuxi" means insatiable.They both mean endless.The "Weiyang" that the Han Dynasty liked to use also meant this. The meaning of "wuxie" is probably similar to it, and "xie" does not necessarily mean evil. 〔1〕In the era of Confucius, gentlemen used speech when they got together, just like during the "Cultural Revolution", when ordering food in restaurants, they used Chairman Mao's quotations, asking and answering.Jiang Kun and Li Wenhua have a cross talk, "Photographing like this" is the reappearance of the scene.What is the original meaning of Confucius' words here?It is generally believed that it is all that is said. In a word, the idea is very decent, and there is nothing evil or crooked at all.But the original meaning of "Si Wuxie" is not necessarily so, at least "Si" is not.It expresses wishes, not the thoughts of the Three Hundred Poems.Most of the quotations from Confucius at that time were ignoring the original meaning and making use of the topic, including many deliberate misinterpretations and misuses. Westerners call it catachresis (intentional misuse of words).This kind of deformation is commonly used by writers, and the ancients called it "taking meaning out of context" (such as "Wen Xin Diao Long? Zhang Ju"). (Thinking of Wuxie) Notes: [1] Qing Zheng Hao's "Annotations to the Analects of Confucius" has pointed out that the "evil" in "Wuxie" is not evil, but his interpretation of it as false meaning may not be accurate.See Cheng Shu, Volume 1, pp. 66-67. "Wuxie" may also be read as Wuyu, Wushi and so on. 

2.3 The Master said: "Tao (guidance) is based on government, and it is punished, and the people are free from shame. It is governed by government, and it is punished by punishment", which is to rule the country by law. "Government" is a government order, and "punishment" is a penalty.According to Foucault, it is training and punishment.It manages society in the same way as cattle and horses are domesticated: if they are obedient, they will be given grass to eat; if they are disobedient, they will be whipped. Confucius believed that these means could not fundamentally solve the problem.It will make ordinary people "shameless and shameless". Although there are political punishments, they are lucky, they hide when they can, and they run away when they can.  "Tao (guidance) is based on virtue, and it is based on etiquette", which is different from "Tao (guidance) is based on politics, and it is based on punishment". It is based on virtue. "De" is self-discipline, and you have moral standards to control yourself in your heart; "Li" is heteronomy, which has various regulations on human behavior and mutual relations, such as the Ten Commandments of Moses' Ten Commandments, the Eight Precepts of Pig Bajie, Confucius' " Do not be evil" ("Yan Yuan" 12.1) is such a constraint.This kind of consideration was very common among the ancients. For example, Plato’s first-class country in his mind was also governed by virtue, and political punishment was useless.But later, he understood that the real world had to be governed by the law. "Shameful and regulated", "shameful" means to have a sense of shame and inner restraint, which is the opposite of "shameless"; Confucius is moral centrism.He believes that family affection should be the core of society. There is no smallness, but there is no bigness, which seems reasonable.But morality and etiquette are small principles, government and punishment are big principles, and small principles govern big principles, which is the opposite.There are disadvantages in political punishment, and Confucius’ criticisms are reasonable, but morality and courtesy are not omnipotent. If it is true that governing the country with virtue is effective, there will be no morality and bad music.  In the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period, the rituals were broken and the music collapsed.Rituals are bad and music is broken, and the result is that the government and punishment are harsh.The government and punishment in the Qin Dynasty were harsh, and the result was the uprising of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, and the rebellion of Xiang Yu and Liu Bang.The failure of the Qin government is that it only emphasizes the hard truth, not the soft truth, which is hard and naked.Respecting Confucianism in the Han Dynasty did not mean giving up hard truths, but in addition to hard truths, it also emphasized soft truths, knowing how to wrap hard truths with soft truths and change its image.Yang Confucianism and Yin Law, both soft and hard, is hard in the front and soft in the back;The last word is still political punishment, and the law is as solid as fat.There are four kinds of soft principles, one is ritual and music, the other is morality, the third is learning, and the fourth is religion.The royal family has etiquette, the civil and military officials are selected based on morality and knowledge, and the common people have places to worship when they burn incense and kowtow.Confucianism since the Han Dynasty, and later Buddhism and Taoism, are all used to make up for the lack of political punishment. Punishment alone cannot eliminate shamelessness, and even without punishment, it cannot. For two thousand years, the Chinese have had their own philosophy of survival (or art of war). Virtue, equalize it with courtesy, be ashamed and respectable", but it has never been achieved. "The people are free and shameless" is everywhere in our lives. It has been like this for a long time, and it is not just now.In China since the Song and Ming Dynasties, the culture was developed and the society was corrupt. At that time, morality was the favorite thing to do. How about morality?The novels and notes are very clear and bad.

In my opinion, it is possible to rule morality with virtue.It is also possible to rule the country by the country.It is a misuse of the country to govern morality, with no relatives and no friends. It is too impersonal.The worst thing is to govern the country only by virtue.If we only talk about governing the country with virtue, then morality must be fake, and the country must perish, both of which are wrong. Of course, what the ancients said about governing the country by virtue is not really governing the country by virtue.Virtue is just a decoration, just like spraying perfume in the toilet so that you don't feel the smell. (How to eliminate shamelessness)