Chapter 3 The lost dog learns first
Reasons for Confucius' Conviction
Each article is a title with the first words of the article, that is, the two words at the beginning of the article are used as the title, which has neither deep meaning nor reflects the content.The content of this article is rather complicated. On learning, there are only six chapters (1.1, 1.4, 1.6-8, 1.14). Others, there is no concentrated theme, most of the chapters are plain, but 1. 8's "He who has no friends is not as good as himself" is very interesting. There has always been controversy, and the debate is more interesting than the original words.Everyone always wants to protect Confucius, but they can't protect him well.After reading this passage, you can know where the troubles of celebrities are.
1.1 The Master said: "Study and learn from time to time, don't you say (pleasure)? Have friends come from afar, isn't it a pleasure? People don't know but don't feel angry, isn't it a gentleman?" "The Master said", yes Confucius said.The "Zi Yue" in the whole book is said by Confucius.In ancient Zishu, the teacher was called "zi".For example, the thirteen chapters of "Sun Tzu" often start with "Sun Tzu said"; the ten chapters of "Mozi" such as "Shang Xian" also start each chapter with "Zimo Zi said".Such "zi" is a respectful title for teachers.For research, we need to know what the earliest teachers in China called, students called Confucius "Zi", and what does "Zi" mean. "Zi" was originally the title of the children of nobles.In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the children of nobles were often called "boys", and even kings called themselves "boys" in front of the gods.During the Spring and Autumn Period, people referred to Doctor Qing as "Master" or "Zi", that is, the aristocratic bureaucrats at that time. "Master" is a third person pronoun, which is equivalent to his old man. "Zi" is the second person pronoun, which is equivalent to your old man. "Master" can also be referred to as "son" for short. Both "Master" and "Zi" are respectful titles.Confucius was a doctor of Lu for a short period of only three years, but his students used this title to call their teachers.The "子" here is an omission of "Master".In ancient times, there was only one kind of learning at the beginning, that is, the learning of being an official, and the chief is the teacher, which is called the learning of officials and teachers.Confucius emphasized that reading to be an official is not his invention, but the tradition of learning from officials and teachers. The "son" of "Zhuzi" comes from the official teacher, and calling the teacher is the same as calling the head. "Study from time to time", one means "scholars recite and practice at the time" ("Ji Jie" cited Wang Su), that is, review on time; time to review.Yang Bojun said that it is not advisable to say that the former is the usage of the ancient books of the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and that the latter is to explain the ancient books with the meaning of the words of later generations. [1] [1] Yang Shu, 1 page. "Mandarin? Lu Yuxia": "Scholars receive their jobs in the dynasty, talk about the practice in the daytime, and practice in the evening." [2] [2] Sun Shu, 1 page. The review is at night. "Peng", the ancients called classmates, colleagues, colleagues and other peers "friends", "friends" or "friends", here refers to classmates.The bell inscriptions of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty often use the words "father and brother" (or "brother"), "marriage" and "friend" to say that father and brother (or brothers) are related by blood, marriage is related by marriage, and friends are related by social or political relationship. . This chapter is like the entrance of graduate students, the tutor gives them a lecture, mainly about the joy of learning. The first joy is personal happiness. You come to my door, listen to my preaching, review on time, and enjoy it. The second joy is being with your classmates. You not only learn by yourself, but also people come here to become your classmates. Wouldn't it be nice to sing together? The third joy is outside the teacher's door. If others don't understand, don't be angry, because your goal of learning is to become a gentleman, and learning is for yourself. If others don't know, you are still a gentleman. You have the happiness of a gentleman, and the inner heart Happy, isn't it nice too? Confucius is eager to learn, regards learning as joy, and believes that the joy of seeking knowledge is more important than seeking knowledge itself ("Yong Ye" 6.20).What these words have in common is happiness. "Shuo" means joy, pleasure, "le" means happiness, and "not stunned" is pleasure or happiness.
This is the first chapter, very good. This chapter mentions "gentleman", which is an important concept of Confucius.What is a gentleman?What is a villain?It will be mentioned repeatedly later.The gentleman and villain mentioned by Confucius have two meanings: one is status, nobles and people with status are gentlemen, slaves and people without status are villains; the other is morality, people with high morals are gentlemen, and people with low morals are gentlemen. people are villains. The distinction between a gentleman and a villain is originally a concept of blood lineage.The characteristic of aristocratic society is the theory of blood. In the early days of the "Cultural Revolution", I participated in the debates and couplets, and I have an unforgettable experience.The so-called couplets were invented by the children of cadres.The couplet is the theory of blood.The middle school students made a fuss, but no one cared about it. Tan Lifu, a college student, followed suit and even defended the couplet, saying "bastard" what's wrong?It's just a "foolish boy".I wrote a leaflet against the theory of bloodlines, but it was not thorough, and I still talked about "the theory of composition—not only the theory of composition—emphasis on expression."Poor Yu Luoke died under his "On Birth". (1)
Class enmity can be hereditary, and its effect is far beyond our imagination, and it has not been diluted even today. After the "Cultural Revolution", the children of cadres were still cadres, the children of actors were still actors, and the children of intellectuals led the new trend of going abroad.Recently, time has turned back, and there is still "nobility fever", comparing each other.who am I?master.Tangible assets are gone, compared to intangible assets, let's see who can eat and drink, and is proficient in food.Nobles are involved in everything, even the cooks of rich people. "The land is rich against the bad and the right", except "bad", put everything on your face, the bigger the official, the better, Beiyang, the Kuomintang, the puppet Manchukuo, it doesn't matter, it is best to be a relative of the emperor.Confucius, his ancestors are also glorious, but he himself has long been a commoner. He has suffered from the hardships of the people and been looked down upon by the nobles. This is a very good education.He was very disgusted with the arrogance and lust of the nobles.
Confucius' opposition to the theory of blood was not thorough enough, and it was not easy to be thorough at the time.His attitude is also "There is a theory of ingredients - not only the theory of ingredients - the emphasis is on performance".He admired the old aristocrat and regarded him as a role model, but what was more important to him was how he was at that time, to see who was more moral and learned.This is especially reflected in his use of the word "gentleman".
The "gentleman" mentioned by Confucius is to use old nouns to pretend to be new concepts.In his opinion, the nobles in the past not only had noble blood and status, but also had moral knowledge and gentlemanly demeanor.But the nobles at that time were different. They often only had status and status, without moral knowledge and gentlemanly demeanor.Therefore, he gave a new meaning to "gentleman", that is, he has moral knowledge, but does not necessarily have status.This kind of person is a bit like the ronin in Japan, they are free elements.Some of them are like him, born noble, but their families are in decline, and they are the second and third children in the family.This free element is the object of Confucian teaching, and later the main body of "scholar culture".
China's aristocratic system collapsed very early. Except for the emperor's relatives, there have long been no decent aristocrats, such as those in Europe.Many of the rich and powerful people under the imperial examination system came from remote areas.But in every era, there are a group of people who have status but no moral knowledge or who have moral knowledge but no status.Who is a gentleman?Who is the villain?Still a problem.
Studying and becoming an official is the ideal and legacy of Confucius, and I don't like it.I prefer Confucius without officials.
Wu Jingzi satirizes scholars and those who study for officials.After writing this kind of person, as an ideal, at the end of the novel, he deliberately wrote four strange people, one each for "Qin", "Chess", "Book", and "Painting". Commoners hidden in the market.He said, "Look at the official! Is there no one who can be a virtuous person from now on..." The last one, Jing Yuan, played a song of high mountains and flowing water, which made the old man cry and spoke very sadly.
This is the "gentleman" described by Wu Jingzi. (the joy of learning)
Note: [1] In fact, "On Birth" is not something that directly kills him.It was because of this article that he caused controversy among the three factions in Beijing middle schools and attracted the attention of the Central Cultural Revolution. He accidentally discovered that he had also written an article opposing Yao Wenyuan's "Comment on "Hai Rui's Dismissal from Office"".Incriminated because of this earlier article.