Chapter 32 Chapter 5 Modern and ancient tea utensils and tea drinking fashion-2

7. The Song Dynasty advocated the black ceramics of Jianyao black-glazed tea cups, which were first created in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.After the Jin Dynasty, the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Sui Dynasty to the Tang and Song Dynasties, it has become a unique ceramic treasure with a strong flavor of folk life, and is very popular at home and abroad. The black-glazed tea cups produced in Jianyang County, Fujian Province today are made by following the ancient black-glazed ceramic manufacturing process.Because of the black blue or light brown flow pattern in the black glaze, which looks like rabbit hair, it is called rabbit hair glaze.Because the tea sets in the Song Dynasty generally used tea cups, the black tea cups produced by Jianyao are commonly called rabbit hair cups.The Song Dynasty was the heyday of the production of black-glazed ceramics in Jianyao. At that time, it was as famous as Ding, Jun, Ge and other famous kilns.Rabbit cup or rabbit cup is a treasure among ceramic tea cups.

The shape of the rabbit is exquisite and generous, the mouth is deep and the bottom is thick, the fetal bone is thick, the glaze is dignified, black and moist, the texture is clear, and it is full of elegant folk style. The varieties of rabbits in Taiwan including the Song Dynasty are: Tuhao Tianmu , Its characteristic is that there are two pekoe-like bright spots on the outside of the cup near the bottom of the cup and the inside of the cup near the edge of the cup mouth, like eyes shining brightly, so it is called rabbit hair Tianmu tea cup; Yaobian Tianmu tea cup, There are large and small spots in the black glaze, which show colorful lights and shimmering with the change of angle under the sun, which is called Yaobian Tianmu tea cup; oil drop Tianmu tea cup, there are small silver circles hidden in the black glaze Points, shaped like oil droplets on the water surface, hence the name.Archaeologists have discovered that in the black glazed pottery fragments unearthed from the former site of the ancient kiln, the inscribed word "Jinguan" or the word "Gongyu" can be seen on the bottom of the bowl.

Why did the Song Dynasty advocate black-glazed tea cups produced by Jianyao?This is closely related to the appreciation and admiration of the quality of tribute tea and the customs of tea tasting and tea fighting at that time from the emperor to Cao Si and scholars.Song Huizong once said: "The blue and green are the most precious, and the rabbit hair is the most important." Su Shi said in the poem "Send Nanping Qianshi": "The Taoist came out of Nanping Mountain at dawn to try out the tea samadhi. Suddenly he was startled at noon, and the rabbit had spotty spots, and he made a spring urn of goose wine."This verse shows that when Taoists Qianshi and Taoists fought tea in Nanping Mountain, they also used rabbit hair cups, which were admired by people at that time.

Cai Xiang, who served as the supervisor of the tribute tea production in Fujian Caosi in the late Song Renzong Dynasty from 1023 to 1063, said in his book "Tea Records" compiled by order, the relationship between the black porcelain rabbit and the same tea tasting and tea fighting. It is more clear: "The color of tea is white, and black cups are suitable. Jian'an, which is today's Jianyang County, Fujian Province, was made in dark blue, with patterns like rabbit hairs.Its billet is slightly thick, and it is the most important to use because it is hot for a long time [xie], and it is thin or purple in color, which is not as good as it.Its green and white cups are not used by Dou Shijia. "

In the Song Dynasty, from the emperor, the court to the dignitaries, down to the tea masters and common people, all advocated the anointed tea in Cai Xiang's language of "the color of tea is precious and white".At that time, the super tribute tea made by Jian'an Beiyuan Royal Tea Garden, such as "Longtuan Shengxue" and "White Tea Water Bud", were all made of delicate tea buds, and the grinding process was as many as 16 times with sixteen water tea blanks. It is made by adding water after drying, and repeating the cycle. After the Qisu fire tea billet is put into the pot, it is baked with a slow fire for seven days and nights.

Therefore, when the literati and scholars in the Song Dynasty fought tea and tasted tea, they tried every means to obtain precious tribute tea. Drinking tea and fighting tea can add beauty and interest. According to the data, the black teacup produced by Jian Kiln is not only loved by Chinese people, but its reputation spreads far and wide overseas.According to the Kamakura period in Japan: approximately equivalent to the Qiandao and Chunxi years of Emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty, that is, from 1165 to 1189, the monks who studied in the Tianmu Mountain Buddhist Temple in Zhejiang, China, every time they received a Jianzhan and brought it back to their home country, they were regarded as treasures and called Tianmu glaze.Later, Tianmu glaze became synonymous with black glaze, and it is regarded as a national treasure by Japanese collectors.According to the records in the book "Chinese Ceramics", Jianyao black porcelain is also exported to Europe. Its value is as high as that of gold, and the supply exceeds demand, making it extremely precious.

8. The innovation of waste group tea and tea drinking utensils in Ming Taizu. From the creation of the method of frying tea by Lu Yu in the Dali period of the Tang Dynasty to the Renzong period of the Song Dynasty, it was gradually replaced by the method of ordering tea, and the tea drinking utensils have also been improved accordingly. The development trend is from complex to simple, variety and texture, from rough to high-end refined. Some of the series of tea utensils created and designed by Lu Yu have been replaced by other tea utensils.For example, the "鍑" used to make tea in the Tang Dynasty was replaced by the smaller "Cho" or tea bottle.

In the early Song Dynasty, Tao Gu said in "Qing Yi Lu": "It is very good to cook with Cho. Copper Cho boils water, followed by tin pot for tea." Song Caixiang said in "Tea Records": "The bottle should be small, easy to drink. Waiting for the soup, ordering tea again, the soup is accurate. Gold is the most important, and the folks use silver, iron, porcelain, and stone." Cai Xiang's "Tea Record" was written by Emperor Bingrenzong, so the tea bottle is "" "Gold is the top", naturally refers to the emperor's house; ordinary people can only "silver, iron, porcelain and stone".However, in the nearly 300 years from the publication of Lu Yu's "Tea Classic" to Cai Xiang's "Tea Records", although the number of tea utensils and tea sets series has gradually decreased, there has been no fundamental change.This is because in the Song Dynasty, from the emperor to the subjects, literati and tea masters all advocated paste tea or group tea.This determines that the long-term use of tea mills, tea Luo, etc. will continue to be used. Even after the reduction, there will be more than ten tea sets in the series.The use of series of tea utensils for tea drinking has undergone fundamental changes through the Tang, Song, Yuan, and early Ming Dynasties.

Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of a poor and humble family, proceeded from caring for the people and lightening the tribute. On September 16, 1391, the twenty-fourth year of Hongwu, he issued an edict to abolish tuancha and make leaf tea as tribute: Gengzi Zhao.Jianning offers tea at the annual tribute, and listens to the tea households to pick it up, and the company does not agree with it.There are fixed annual tributes for the places where tea is produced in the world.Jianning tea is the best, and those who enter it must grind and knead it.Pressed with a silver plate, large and small dragon groups.

The above is to work hard for the people, stop building dragon balls, and only pick tea buds to advance.There are four products: Tanchun, Xianchun, Cichun and Zisun.Set up five hundred tea households.Exempt him from corvee. "Ming Taizu Records" Volume 212 Ming Taizu's decree to ban group tea and improve tea buds has epoch-making significance in the history of Chinese tea science.It not only alleviated the heavy labor of tea farmers for making group tea, but also made fundamental changes in the way of drinking tea and tea utensils and tea sets.Abandoned Tuancha, the first to advocate the method of drinking tea, changing the leaf tea is the current tea, thus laying the foundation for the tea drinking method of modern people hundreds of years later, and the tea drinking culture has also developed from ancient times to modern times.After Zhu Yuanzhang abolished Tuancha, although the tea-makers in the Ming Dynasty still followed the method of ordering tea in the Song Dynasty and drinking powdered tea, in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, the method of ordering tea was replaced by the method of drinking tea. The tea utensils related to it were all discarded.In ancient times, the copper and iron sencha stove was also a light and cheap bamboo stove. Huishan bamboo stove was famous in the Song and Ming Dynasties.As tea drinkers drink all kinds of loose tea leaves, all kinds of exquisite ceramic teapots came into being.The Yixing purple clay teapots created by Gongchun and Shi Dabin, who are master potmakers, flourished in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and were valued more than gold and jade.This fully shows that Ming Taizu abolished tuan tea and pioneered the method of tea drinking, which had a profound impact on the progress and development of Chinese tea culture.

9. People in the Ming Dynasty loved Dingyao white porcelain tea sets. People’s love and aesthetic taste for tea and tea utensils also changed with the social tea drinking habits, cooking methods, and ceramic tea sets in different times.For example, in the Song Dynasty, from the emperor down to the subjects all admired the dignified and large black-glazed rabbit hair tea cups, but in the Ming Dynasty, people loved the pure white and small Ding porcelain tea bowls.From 1573 to 1619 during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Xu Cishu, a native of Qiantang, commented on the "Ou Zhu" in the book "Tea Shu": "In ancient times, the tea ou took the rabbit hair flower for the kiln, and it is also suitable for grinding tea. Today, it is Pure white is better, and it is more expensive than small ones. Ding kiln is the most expensive, and it is not easy to get." Ding Kiln, which is located in Runci Village and Yanshan Mountain, Quyang County, Hebei Province today, was named because it belonged to Dingzhou in Song Dynasty.The production of white porcelain in Ding kiln began in the late Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, white porcelain was mainly fired, and there were still purple, black, red and green glaze products.It is as famous as the Guan, Ge, Ru and Jun kilns at that time, and it is one of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty.Su Shi in the Song Dynasty was a master who was proficient in tea ceremony and appreciating famous utensils. He admired the floral porcelain tea sets produced by Ding Kiln.In his "Song of Fried Tea", there is a saying: "I don't see Lu Gong's tea learning from Xishu today, and Dingzhou flower porcelain carved with red jade." It is known as "Dingzhou Flower Porcelain Ou, the color shines during the day".Therefore, Xu Cishu said that Dingyao white porcelain bowls are the most expensive and hard to come by. 10. Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Tea Set and Tea Drinking Fashion in the Qing Palace Jingdezhen in Jiangxi Province has a long history of producing porcelain and was famous all over the country as early as the Five Dynasties.Jingdezhen was originally named Xinping in ancient times.Because it is located on the south bank of the Changjiang River, it was renamed Changnan Town, and Changnan Town was already a famous hometown of ceramics in the Song Dynasty. In 1004, the first year of Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty, in order to build an imperial kiln in Changnan Town to produce imperial porcelain for the royal family, the imperial court officially renamed Changnan Town to Jingdezhen, which belongs to Fuliang County.As a result, Jingdezhen became famous far and wide, becoming one of the four major towns in China along with Foshan, Hankou, and Zhuxianzhen. The porcelain produced in Jingdezhen is even more famous in the world.Because the Song Dynasty admired the black-glazed Tianmu rabbit hair tea cups produced in Jian'an, Fujian, the tea sets produced in Jingdezhen have not received due attention, but the blue and white porcelain tea cups, known as "fake jade wares", have been loved by people. During the Yuan Dynasty, the blue-and-white porcelain tea sets fired by the Dongjiawu kiln in Jingdezhen were extremely exquisite and famous all over the world.It got its name because of the blue decoration on the blue and white glazed porcelain.It has the characteristics of beautiful and solemn shape, white enamel with greenish green, green and clear tone, and simple and elegant picture.Blue and blue porcelain tea sets are also favored by Japanese tea people. Japan's "ancestor of tea soup" Pearl, especially likes this kind of tea set, and later called the blue and white tea set "Pearl Tea Set". In 1369, the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, a royal kiln factory was established at the foot of Zhushan Mountain in Jingdezhen, and then in 1392, the 25th year of Hongwu, a new royal kiln factory was established in Jingdezhen, specially for the firing of royal porcelain.Therefore, Jingdezhen became the center of the country's porcelain industry in the Ming Dynasty. There is a saying that "the most exquisite and beautiful porcelain in the Ming Dynasty came from Jingdezhen".Jingdezhen in the Ming Dynasty has developed into a world-famous porcelain capital.Since Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty issued an edict in 1391 in the 24th year of Hongwu to abolish tuancha and replace it with tribute leaf tea, the tea drinking trend created by Emperor Hongwu soon spread throughout the country.The new way of tea drinking has promoted the rapid development of ceramic tea sets. In addition to the vigorous rise of Yixing Zisha teapots, ceramic tea sets in Jingdezhen, the capital of porcelain, are becoming more and more exquisite, and are becoming more and more popular among people.During Yongle 1403-1424 and Xuande 1426-1435, the sweet white porcelain teapots and bowls produced in Jingdezhen were the most exquisite, with firm and fine texture, silky luster, thin body and exquisite shape, and were well-known both at home and abroad.The poets of the Qing Dynasty once praised its exquisiteness with the poem "I am only afraid of the wind blowing away, but I am still worried about the sun's sales". In the early Qing Dynasty, in 1645, the second year of Shunzhi, the craftsman registration of the Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory in the Ming Dynasty was abolished, and craftsmen were exempted from the system of labor service for official kilns.Later, in 1680, the nineteenth year of Kangxi, the imperial kiln factory was restored. More than 300 master craftsmen were dedicated to firing imperial porcelain for the royal family. There are hundreds of designs specially designed for imperial porcelain patterns, referring to ancient and modern styles, using new ideas, and preparing all kinds of ingenuity, especially for painting figures, landscapes, flowers and birds, each of which is extremely good. And it is exquisite, surpassing the kilns of the Ming Dynasty. During the three dynasties of Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong, the production of Jingdezhen porcelain reached its peak. The porcelain of the Qing Dynasty has the characteristics of firm and fine body, lustrous glaze, gorgeous colors, and exquisite carving. In the court of the Qing Dynasty, tea and drinking were very popular, and there were many kings in the past who were fond of it, especially Kangxi and Qianlong.According to legend, when Kangxi visited Dongting Mountain during his southern tour, officials offered tea, which was extremely fragrant. When they asked about the name of the tea, they answered: "Scent that scares people to death". Because of its indecent name, they named it Biluochun.Qianlong's famous spring and good water, when he was about to abdicate in his later years, even reached the level of drinking that "you can't live without tea for a day".He once visited Longjing Village in Hangzhou to watch tea making, wrote tea poems, wrote poems on imperial tea utensils, and gave imperial tea bowls to his officials. Emperor Jiaqing also liked to inscribe imperial poems on teapots, and had the habit of drinking tea in the morning.On the body of the imperial famille rose teapot made by the Qing Palace, which has become a rare treasure, there is a poem on tea made by Han Han in the small spring month of the year of Ding Si: The head of Jiaming pays tribute, and the moon must reunite when pouring poems. The bamboo stove is filled with live fire, and the stone is boiling and turbulent. The eyes of fish and crabs are raised slowly, and the shadows of flags and guns are thinly gathered. An Ou is clear and full of happiness, and the spring is full of spring to avoid the cold. This famille rose passion lotus teapot was produced by the Jingdezhen imperial kiln, and the imperial poem was inscribed in mid-October, 1797, in the second year of Jiaqing. We can find from the word "pouring poem" in this pot inscription poem made by Emperor Jiaqing that the emperors of the Qing Dynasty had the habit of drinking tea in the morning. "Poetry pouring", the name of drinking in the morning, evolved from "pouring books".Drinking in the morning is called pouring books.Volume 24 of Lu You's "Jiannan Poetry Draft" "Miscellaneous Fu Quatrains of Village Dwelling in the Spring Festival Evening": "Pouring books are filled with floating urns, and food is spread to sleep on the dream butterfly bed." Self-note: "Mr. Dongpo said that drinking in the morning is a pouring book." Jiaqing said in his poem that the tea he drank every morning was the first batch of fine tea picked and processed before Ming Dynasty.The wind of the Qing emperor drinking in the morning continued until Guangxu.Every morning, he would drink a large cup of fragrant tea before going to pay his respects to the Empress Dowager Cixi.In the Qing Dynasty, the court followed the Ming system, and set up an imperial tea room, a minister of management affairs, and 11 Shangcha principals and assistants under his subordinates, who were in charge of the affairs.The daily royal tea serving is 14 catties, 75 packs. Since the imperial court in the Qing Dynasty was fond of tea drinking, the custom of drinking tea among the people also rose, so the tea sets in the Qing Dynasty experienced a period of vigorous development.In particular, the royal teapots produced by Jingdezhen imperial kilns are extremely exquisite and gorgeous.Among the current domestic collections including Taiwan Province, the ones from the Yongzheng period include: enamel color happy news double security pot, enamel color butterfly teapot, enamel color bamboo sparrow teacup, enamel pheasant peony pattern bowl, the white body is delicate, the white glaze is white and bright, painted There are two male and female pheasants, living in the rocks and flowers. The side book is "gold powder in the color of tender pistils, heavy flowers and embroidered clouds"; in the Qianlong period: enamel color consecrated ladies teapot, Qianlong imperial painting enamel plum blossom handle pot; ;etc.These exquisite and unusual super ceramic enamel tea sets are rare treasures. 11. Yixing Zisha tea set has been treasured by the past dynasties. In the long history of our country, among the pottery tea sets cherished by people, there is nothing more than the ancient Yangxian Ziqu tea set in Yixing, Jiangsu.Yixing Zisha was created in the Northern Song Dynasty and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.In the Northern Song Dynasty, Yixing purple sand pottery pots were unique and loved by people.Mei Yaochen, a poet of the Northern Song Dynasty, said in the poem "Du Xianggong Xie Cai Jun Tea": "The son of heaven tastes the dragon roasted tea at the age of 1, and the tea official urges him to pick the buds before the rain. Xiaoshiquan keeps the early taste cold, and the new purple clay is full of spring." Seen in "Shiyuan" to the middle of the Ming Dynasty, with the popularity of tea drinking, Yixing purple sand tea sets became more and more popular among tea-loving literati and many drinkers. Favored by tea lovers.So why? Li Jingkang said in the article "Preface to the Study of the Yangxian Shahu Picture" written in the spring of 1934: "Yangxian clay teapots were made in the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty. According to: It was not the first creation, but Yixing Zisha actually flourished after the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Scholars appreciated its simplicity and elegance, and praised its production. Therefore, since offering spring and Dabin, you can see it immediately. Respecting art forests as curiosities. Derived from its origin, there are about several ends: teapots are necessary for daily use, made of Yangxian sand, and suitable for tea. There is no smell of copper and tin, no luxury of gold and silver, but good Contains the fragrance of tea, suitable for practical use, one also; Famous craftsmen come out, control ancient times and search for strange things, or imitate Shang and Zhou Dynasties, or imitate Han and Wei, next to flowers and fruits, occasionally animals, salty ingenuity, charming charm, several cases Chen The literati of the past dynasties, either wrote pot inscriptions, or wrote inscriptions, or engraved flowers, or used seals to engrave the meaning of things. and also." This article is published in "The Beauty of Tea Art in China" published by Taiwan Provincial Kindergarten Culture Corporation A photocopy of Li Shi's "Preface" essay, the incisive discussion is admirable.Since 1506-1521 in the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty, there have been more than 400 years of time. Why does Yixing purple sand tea set last so long? The reason why Yixing purple sand tea sets are cherished by people of all ages is not only the simple and dignified color, various shapes, ingenuity, pleasant charm, and artistic appreciation value, but also its inherent practical value that tends to be perfect.The production process of purple sand has ideal density and porosity, fine surface technology, no glaze on the inside and outside, using it to make tea, the cover does not take away the fragrance, and there is no smell of hot field, but it has the beauty of "color, aroma and taste". ;Cold and hot allergies are good, pouring boiling water or simmering on a simmering fire on a cold day, there is no risk of swelling; if you choose a small size, the surface of the pot is round, if you often add washing, its luster will become more and more beautiful, and it will last for a long time The utensil can make the taste of tea hidden and the lingering fragrance hidden. Even if it is poured into clean water, it will emit a faint tea fragrance. It has the magic of "no tea here is better than tea". . Yixing Zisha tea set is a ceramic handicraft with unique elegant style and artistic characteristics in my country. It is famous for its exquisite craftsmanship, rich and colorful shapes, and simple and elegant color. Repeatedly won gold medals.These brilliant achievements are made by masters of purple sand and art masters who have been handed down from generation to generation and inherited from ancient to modern. ceramic art treasures.Since the mid-Ming Dynasty, purple sand masters have emerged in large numbers, and the most prestigious ones in history are Gongchun and Shi Dabin and other ceramic masters. During the Zhengde and Xijing years of the Ming Dynasty, there appeared a famous pot maker Gongchun—also known as Gong Chun, a girl from Wu Yishan.Wu Yishan studied at the Jinsha Temple and offered spring to the servants. When the servants were free, he imitated the craftsman of the old monk. He also scoured fine soil and made round teapots with his hands. Later, he became the most famous potter in Yixing.Quoted from "The General History of the Tea Industry", people call the pot a spring pot, and there is a saying that "a pot for spring is better than gold and jade".At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Shi Dabin, Li Zhongfang, and Xu Youquan emerged and were known as the "Masters of the Three Pots".Shi Dabin, also known as Shi Dabin, Shi Dabin, named Shaoshan, a native of Wuyuan, Anhui Province, is a disciple of Gongchun, and the son of Shi Peng, one of the "Four Masters of Pottery Pot" during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty.He is the most famous pot maker after Gongchun. Shi Dabin's early works are larger in shape, with round and plump pot bodies, dignified and simple shapes, warm sandy texture, and pig liver color; his later works are mainly made of small pots with different shapes and shapes. .Most of the Ziqian treasures made by Shi Dabin are collected in the palace, and have a high reputation. There are praise poems such as "the palace is full of talk about Dabin pots, and they are sold with thousands of strange letters".Xu Cishu in the Ming Dynasty commented on tea utensils in "Tea Shu": "In the past, Gong Gong offered spring teapots, but these days, Shibin made them, which are greatly cherished by the people of the time. The lids are all made of coarse sand. It is made by hand, and it is quite exquisite. When it is fired, it must be fired with extreme firepower before it can be released from the cellar; if the pot is broken after a while, it will be more valuable." The unique skill of Yang Pengnian's purple sand products in the Qing Dynasty was: no need for molds or drafts, and he could make it with his own hands, which was called "the masterpiece of the time".Chen Mansheng, the magistrate of Liyang County, Jiangsu Province, who was the same age as him, had extraordinary ideas and was good at poetry and painting. He was known as "pot addiction".He cooperated with Yang Pengnian to create an art treasure of sand and purple sand tea sets, which is known as "Mansheng pot" in the world. Yixing purple sand production masters, talents come forth in large numbers.After the founding of the People's Republic of China, there emerged not only young and talented masters, but also emerging talents. The purple sand treasures they produced were highly praised at home and abroad.For example, Gu Jingzhou is an outstanding contemporary purple sand pottery artist. He has been in the art for more than 50 years, with profound skills and exquisite skills.Arts and crafts artist Li Changhong is a student of teapot master Gu Jingzhou. He cooperated with arts and crafts artist Shen Juhua to "bamboo tea set" and won the gold medal in the 1984 Aipzig International Fair.Li Bifang, a student of the famous pottery master Zhu Kexin, is an arts and crafts artist. She is good at combining the strengths of various schools, with superb skills, and is good at tendon pots. 12. Modern Tea Sets and Family Tea Drinking Today, the modern tea sets displayed in front of the vast number of tea drinkers are a colorful art world with different shapes.Chinese tea set is a treasure in the ocean of splendid ceramic art. It has a long history and exquisite quality, and is well-known both at home and abroad. Ceramic tea set: The tea set in Jingdezhen, the capital of porcelain, still has great artistic charm today.The traditional ceramic tea sets produced by famous kilns in Jingdezhen have re-exhibited their former glory on the world porcelain altar.For example, blue and white exquisite porcelain tea sets with inlaid glass; pastel porcelain tea sets with bright and beautiful colors, crystal clear and long-lasting fading; A treasure among contemporary tea utensils. Longquan, Zhejiang Province is a famous hometown of tea sets in my country.The celadon tea set produced by Longquan Porcelain Factory has enjoyed a long-standing reputation for its graceful shape, antique flavor, crystal clear glaze, and warmth like jade.The white jade porcelain tea set produced in Tangshan has a thin and transparent body, a smooth glaze, and a white to green color. It is famous for its crystal clear jade.Bone china produced in Zibo, Shandong, also known as calcium porcelain tea set, has fine texture, smooth glaze, and screen printing, making it exquisite and elegant. Guangzhou Zhijin colored porcelain multi-head tea set, with hand-painted flowers, birds, fish and insects, landscape figures, finely painted, brightly colored, shaped like brocade, and unique in style.The purple sand tea set produced in Shanxi Xiangning is comparable to Yixing purple sand tea set. Get" wonderful. The modern ceramic tea sets produced by various manufacturers in Yingge Town, the hometown of ceramics in Taiwan Province, are also famous for their unique artistic style. Glass tea set: It is favored by people because it is as bright as crystal, as bright as water, and can be used for tea and wine.Nowadays, there are many manufacturers of glass tea sets, each with its own characteristics.Among them, the high-grade lead crystal glass tea set produced in Dalian is novel in shape, exquisite in design, unique in pattern, hand-carved and unique. Lacquer ware tea sets: Carved lacquer tea sets from Beijing, bodiless tea sets from Fuzhou, and bodiless lacquer ware tea sets produced in Boyang and Yichun, Jiangxi, etc., have unique artistic charm, and Fuzhou is the best among them.Those dazzling and colorful products are amazing.The well-known categories include "Golden Agate", "Baoshan Flash", Glazed Gold Silk", "Inlaid Silver", "Red Gold Sand", "Antique Porcelain" and "Dark Flowers". These products are exquisite and unusual, red as gems , green like emerald, like a bright mirror, bright and bright, is a noble art tea set. Other tea sets: In addition to creating enamel cups and thermos cups that have been in the world for many years, magnetic therapy cups have also become one of the necessary tea drinking utensils for families in recent years.The "Ha Ci" cup produced by the Harbin Magnetizer Factory, which has obtained the national patent, and the "Tianci" cup produced by Tianjin Magnetic Material General Factory are also ideal home health care tea drinking utensils, especially "Ha Ci". The vast number of tea drinkers are faced with the sea of ​​tea art in various poses and with different styles, different categories, and a dazzling array of beauty. So, which tea set is better to choose?This should be determined according to the tea drinking habits of each region, the tea drinkers' aesthetic taste for tea sets, and the exploration of the artistic conception of tea drinking.In short, it varies from person to person and from tea to tea.Because the tea set is a daily essential utensil in every family, in addition to its practicality, it also has its artistry, and it should form a harmonious beauty with the living environment and settings of the family. Due to the accelerated pace of life of modern people, for many people, there may not be so much time and leisure to explore the artistic realm of tea tasting, but some basic knowledge that should be understood when drinking tea, or called the way of drinking tea, should still be In particular, this is: 1.Coordination of tea products and tea sets: For example, northerners drink tea, they are used to making tea in a teapot with a large capacity, and then pour it into a teacup to drink it.This is suitable for drinking scented tea, black tea, oolong tea and other tea products.But it is not suitable to drink green tea, especially high-grade green tea of ​​many varieties.For example, flower-type tea, the raw materials are selected from relatively tender fresh buds and leaves, which are not rubbed or lightly kneaded in the production, and then dried, the buds and leaves are connected like flowers, such as white peony, small orchid, green peony, Weishan tea, etc. Maojian, etc.; sparrow-shaped tea, the raw material is one bud and one leaf first unfolded, and the shape after processing is like a sparrow tongue, and its varieties include Guzhu Zisun, Jingting Lvxue, Huangshan Super Maofeng, etc.; In the tea process, there is a special straightening and binding process. Dozens of buds are straightened together, tied into different shapes with silk threads, and finally dried. The bundled into chrysanthemum-shaped is called chrysanthemum tea, and the bundled into brush-shaped is called dragon tea. To tea and so on.Another example is needle-shaped teas, white tea white tea silver needles; yellow tea Junshan silver needles; green tea. The above-mentioned types of tea are generally not suitable for brewing in a pot, but in a glass cup with high transparency, so that the tea drinker can enjoy a very beautiful and vivid scene during the brewing process—or flowers, bouquets, etc. , or such as silver needles, green pieces and other multi-shaped, colorful and multi-colored tea buds, when they are washed by water in the cup, they roll up and down, swim up and down, and slowly unfold-you can smell their fragrance, taste their taste, and You can see its shape and look at its color, which is really pleasing to the eye and too beautiful to absorb.Drinking the above-mentioned high-quality teas in a glass can also prevent the disadvantages of aging the tea due to high water temperature; at the same time, the tea drinker can also identify the color of the tea leaves and the degree of tenderness and brokenness of the leaves, so that You can judge the quality of various teas you drink frequently. 2.Cleaning utensils and the play of tea fragrance: When drinking tea, after the tea product is selected, while preparing water, the first priority is to clean the utensils.Lu Yu mentioned in "The Classic of Tea Six Drinks" that there are "nine difficulties" in tea. When discussing tea utensils in the third article, he said: "It is not a utensil." This is to say that the utensils used for drinking tea should not only be used for special purposes, but also should be clean, so as not to have a fishy smell, otherwise the tea fragrance will be lost.Zhang Yuan, a tea master in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, said in his discussion of the tea ceremony: "The tea ceremony is refined when it is made, dry when it is stored, and clean when it is steeped. Refined, dry, and clean, the tea ceremony is complete." Cleaning the utensils when drinking tea can complete the whole process. achievement. This shows how important it is to clean utensils and drink tea.Generally, teapots, cups, and plates should be washed clean before making tea, scalded with boiling water, wiped dry, and then used to make tea and drink.Only by brewing tea with clean tea utensils and tea sets that do not adhere to strange smells, and under normal water temperature, can the natural aroma of tea be truly displayed.Therefore, when drinking tea, pay attention to the cleanliness of tea utensils, including boiling water containers, and tea sets. Whether you drink tea at home or entertain guests, you should pay full attention. 3.The relationship between water temperature and tea quality: This is because when making various teas, there are great differences in the varieties of tea trees selected, the degree of tenderness of buds and leaves, and the methods of making various teas are also very different. Therefore, drinking It is very necessary to pay attention to adjusting the water temperature from time to time.For example, people in Fujian, Shantou and Chaozhou in Guangdong like to drink Gongfu tea. They all use purple sand teapots. Before the tea leaves are put in, the teapots are preheated with boiling water. After the tea leaves are put in, they are poured with boiling water to make the tea fragrant.Even if you don’t drink Gongfu tea in other areas, when you drink Tieguanyin and Wuyi rock tea, you should generally use purple sand pots or ceramic pots to make tea, and you should also use boiling water to make tea. Worried about making the tea old.For example, Tieguanyin tea is known as "seven brews with lingering fragrance". Drink it three or four times with boiling water, and the color and fragrance of the tea will be just right.As for the high-grade West Lake Longjing green tea, when selecting materials, it is delicate and tender, with one bud and one or two leaves. It is required that the buds are longer than the leaves, and the buds and leaves are evenly formed into flowers; The buds and leaves are just unfolding, and about 60,000 bud heads are needed per catty of tea, which are extremely fine.If you drink this kind of high-grade tea, if you brew it with boiling water, the water temperature will be too high, which will age the fragrant and refreshing tea and lose its proper charm.Therefore, when brewing high-grade green tea, it is more appropriate to brew with hot water at 85-90°C. 4.The relationship between the way of using tea sets and seeing the color of the soup and smelling the fragrance of the tea: when drinking tea in ancient times and drinking Gongfu tea by modern people, they all pay great attention to seeing the color of the soup, smelling the fragrance and savoring the taste when tasting tea.Undoubtedly, this is the artistic conception of pure heart, ease and elegance when exploring tea.Therefore, when setting up the Gongfu tea set, a small scented cup is specially set up.Pour the brewed tea soup from the small sand pot into the smelling cup, and the tea lovers can observe its color and smell its fragrance.Then, the host pours tea and drinks to everyone in the way of Guan Gong touring the city. Throughout the ages, people's selection and use of tea utensils and tea sets has been closely related to the tea drinking fashion and tea drinking customs of the times, and the way of using tea sets also reflects people's knowledge and understanding of tea science, tea nature, and tea culture. Degree.At present, when people use tea sets and tea sets, some disadvantages should be improved; if some put tea into a thermos bottle, and then directly brew it with boiling water, it is more common in office places and general meetings; some use a thermos cup to make tea; Zisha teapots drink tea with the mouth directly on the spout.None of the methods mentioned above are acceptable.The first two methods of brewing tea are detrimental to the nature of the tea and cause the tea to lose its proper aroma and flavor; The color of soup, the process of smelling the fragrance of tea.Moreover, due to the different quality of tea, some teas have more dust and impurities. Drinking tea directly is often easy to drink impurities into the mouth, which is not conducive to health.Even if it is a small sand pot for personal use, it is better to pour the brewed tea into a small cup and drink it. When families use sand teapots to drink tea daily, it is advisable to maintain relative stability in the selection of tea products for a certain period of time. For example, drinking tea from the same teapot without changing the tea quality from time to time will cause the inner wall of the teapot to be damaged. The aroma of the tea leaves contained becomes more complex.While making tea with a porcelain pot, although there are many changes in tea products, as long as it is cleaned every time, it will not be affected by this. Thirteen. Collection and Explanation of Interesting Names of Ancient Tea Utensils. The utensils used at that time were also different. In ancient tea drinking utensils, not only were there many varieties and each performed their duties, but those who paid attention to the way of drinking tea also gave these utensils very unique elegant names and nicknames, which is very interesting.Twenty-seven of them are recorded according to "The Collection of Ancient and Modern Books Tea Department", with brief notes for the appreciation of tea lovers. 1.Bitter Festival King - Xiangzhu Wind Stove.It was popular in Song Dynasty.A square Sencha stove made of fine moso bamboo.Enamel it with high temperature resistant soil to prevent it from burning.A bitter king means that although he is roasted by flames every day, he is still able to guard himself because of his chastity and elegance. 2.Building a city - Tibetan tea cage.It is used to seal and store tea products that are not consumed daily in the high cabinet.Ruo cages are bamboo cages woven from "Ruo bamboo".Ruo bamboo, the stem is hollow and slender, the leaves are broad and large, the stems and leaves can be used for wrapping, weaving, etc.; the bamboo shoots are edible.Out of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian-Guangzhou areas.People in Jiangxi use its leaves as tea scorpions, which are valuable because they do not produce evil spirits. 3.Xiang Bamboo Roasting——The baked tea box is covered on top to absorb the fire; there is also tolerance in the middle; the fire is placed under it, and the tea feet are removed, so the tea color and fragrance are also cultivated. 4.Yuntun——Spring Fou·Pottery container, used to hold spring water for sencha. 5.Wufu - Bamboo baskets filled with charcoal, which are used for sencha. 6.Shuicao—that is, porcelain jars or earthenware pots, which store clean water for washing utensils. 7.Mingquan - a pot for boiling tea.The 24 pieces of tea utensils listed by the tea sage Lu Yu in the "Tea Classics" used "catkins" to make tea; in the Song Dynasty, the method of ordering tea was used, so tea was boiled or ordered in pots or copper bottles. 8.Pinsi - Weaving bamboo into bamboo pans, collecting and storing various tea leaves.The bamboo box. "Songs of Chu Nine Sighs of Resentment": "Flooding Fang Zhi in a rotten well, abandoned chickens in a basket." 9.Filter dust or heavy dirt - wash with ancient tea.It is a utensil for washing tea utensils before brewing tea. 10.Fenying - water dipper.That is, the water rule mentioned in the "Tea Classic" is used to measure two catties of water. 11.Executive power - quasi-tea scale.For every sencha one tael, use two catties of water and two liters a day. 12.Hexiang - the tea bottle that is used for daily drinking and used for storage. 13.Guijie - Bamboo whisk broom also, used to wash pots. 14.Shangxiang - ancient stone tripod.A stone tripod-shaped stove for frying tea. 15.Pass fire - copper fire bucket is also used to carry fire. 18.Jianghong—copper fire chopsticks, that is, copper fire chopsticks that do not need to be connected. 17.Guofeng or Tuanfeng - Xiang bamboo fan, used to get angry. 18.Zhuchun - teapot. 19.Still boiling - bamboo frame.In ancient times, those who paid attention to the way of tea drinking had "Tea Classics" in the tea room, which generally refers to various tea books and put them on bamboo bookshelves for the drinkers to refer to. 20.Yunduo - a fruit knife.In ancient times, tea drinkers did not eat all kinds of fruits; they used to cut fruits during tea feasts.Duoyun is an ancient precious metal knife with a sheath.Its name comes from antique weapons. 21.Liaoyun - bamboo teaspoon, used to fetch fruit. 22.Sipping incense - tea pot, tea bowl. 23.Gan blunt - wooden anvil pier.A tool for smashing charcoal. 24.Najing——Xiangzhu tea stand, which is used to put teacups. 25.Easy to hold - the secret pavilion of carved lacquer for receiving tea. 26.Contaminated - wipe with a rag to clean the Ou. 27.器局——竹编方形箱笼，用以收存茶器具者。