Chapter 12 1. Tea and Culture-4

my country is the originator of tea culture, and it is also the only country in the world where an independent drama - "tea-picking opera" has emerged from the development of tea affairs. The so-called tea-picking opera is a type of opera popular in Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and other provinces.In the provinces, the popular areas are often different, and the names of the places are used to distinguish them.Such as "Northern Guangdong Tea Picking Opera" in Guangdong, "Yangxin Tea Picking Opera" in Hubei, "Huangmei Tea Picking Opera", "Qichun Tea Picking Opera" and so on.This kind of drama is more common in Jiangxi, and there are many types of drama.For example, the types of tea-picking operas in Jiangxi include "Gannan tea-picking opera", "Fuzhou tea-picking opera", "Nanchang tea-picking opera", "Wuning tea-picking opera", "Jiandong tea-picking opera", "Ji'an tea-picking opera", "Jingdezhen tea-picking opera" and "Ningdu tea-picking opera" Wait.Although there are many names of these operas, they were generally formed during the period from the middle to the end of the Qing Dynasty.

Tea-picking opera is directly developed from tea-picking song and tea-picking dance.If a tea-picking opera becomes an opera, there must be a tune, and the earliest name of the tune is called "Tea Picking Song".Another example is the performance of the characters in the tea-picking opera, which is very similar to the folk "tea-picking lantern". The tea-lantern dance is generally a man and a woman or a man and two women; , Xiaosheng or once a lifetime ugly to participate in the performance.In addition, tea-picking operas in some places, such as Qichun tea-picking opera, also maintain some traditions of folk tea-picking songs and tea-picking dances in the form of singing.Its characteristic is that one singer sings in harmony; that is, one actor on the stage sings, and other actors and musicians sing "ahho" and "yiyo" together when they sing to the end of each sentence.Singing, backing, and accompaniment of gongs and drums make the tune more tactful, the rhythm more distinct, the style unique, and the fragrance of the earth more.Therefore, it can be said that if there is no tea-picking and other tea-related labor, there will be no tea-picking songs and dances; tea-picking show.Therefore, tea-picking opera is not only related to tea, but also a splendid cultural content formed by tea culture derived from the field of opera or absorbed by opera culture.

Secondly, the formation of tea-picking opera not only stands out from tea-picking songs and tea-picking dances, but is also very similar to the style of Lantern Opera and Huagu Opera, and has an interactive relationship with them. Lantern Opera is a collective name for the categories of Lantern Opera popular in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangxi and other provinces; Yunnan Lantern Opera has the most types of operas.It came into being a little later than tea-picking opera and Huagu opera, and was mostly formed in the late Qing Dynasty.Huagu opera has the most types in Hubei and Hunan provinces, and its formation time is roughly the same as that of tea-picking opera.These two operas also originated from folk songs and folk dances.Because tea-picking opera, lantern opera, and flower drum opera have similar origins, formation and development time, and styles, there is naturally a cross-relationship of mutual absorption and mutual nourishment among the three.

The influence of tea on operas not only directly produced operas such as tea-picking operas, but more importantly, it can also be said to have an impact on all operas. Playwrights, actors, and audiences all like to drink tea; it is the influence of tea culture on people. All aspects of life, even drama cannot be separated from tea.For example, there was an art school in the creation of Chinese scripts in the Ming Dynasty, called "Yumingtang School" (also known as Linchuan School), which originated from the fact that Tang Xianzu, a great playwright, loved tea and named his residence in Linchuan "Yumingtang School". caused.Tang Xianzu's plays focused on expressing the emotions of the characters and paid attention to rhetoric. After his "Four Dreams of Yumingtang" was published, it had an immeasurable influence on the creation of plays at that time and later generations.In this regard, the role played by tea master Tang Xianzu in the history of Chinese drama should not be limited to just one name of the genre.

Another example is that in the past, not only playing and singing, cross talk, drums, commentary and other folk arts were mostly performed in teahouses, but also theaters for various drama performances. They also sold tea concurrently or were also in teahouses at first.Therefore, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, all commercial theater performance venues were generally referred to as "tea gardens" or "tea houses".Because of this, the income of opera performers was previously paid by teahouses.In other words, the income of early theaters or theaters was mainly from selling tea; they only charged tea money and did not sell theater tickets. Acting was for entertaining and attracting tea drinkers.For example, the most famous "Chajia Teahouse" and "Guanghe Teahouse" in Beijing at the end of the last century, as well as "Dangui Tea Garden" and "Tianxian Tea Garden" in Shanghai, are all performance venues.This kind of tea garden or tea house is generally built in the middle of a wall, and the flat ground in front of the stage is called a "pool", surrounded on three sides by corridors as audience seats, and tea tables and chairs are set up for the audience to watch while drinking tea. play.The current professional theater only appeared around the time of the Revolution of 1911. At that time, it was specially called "new theater" or "theater garden" or "theatre hall".The characters "yuan" and "guan" come from tea gardens and teahouses.Therefore, some people also vividly said: "Opera is an art that is watered with tea juice in our country."

In addition, since the production, trade and consumption of tea has become an important aspect of social production, social culture and social life, it is naturally impossible not to be absorbed and reflected by dramas.Therefore, many famous dramas in ancient and modern China and abroad not only have the content and scenes of tea events, but some even use tea events as the background and theme of the whole play.For example, in the opening words of the traditional Chinese opera "Xiyuanji", there is "buy Lanling wine and cook Yangxian new tea", which leads the audience to the specific local customs and 722 tea culture chapters.Another example is in the early 1920s, in "Huanlin and Rose" created by the famous playwright Tian Han in our country, there were many scenes of boiling water, taking tea, making tea and pouring tea, which made the whole play closer to life and more vivid. Realistic. After the 1950s, with the further prosperity of my country's drama industry, the content of tea events in dramas was not only often seen on the stage, but also appeared, such as "The Tea Song of Magpie Ridge", etc., with the background of tea culture phenomenon and tea conflicts. Content drama and film.

It is the masterpiece of the famous Chinese writer Lao She. The whole play takes the old Beijing Yutai Teahouse as the venue. Through the rise and fall of the teahouse in three different eras and the encounters of the characters in the play, it exposes the corruption and darkness of old China.This drama has been performed in China for a long time, and after it was performed in Paris, it caused a sensation in France and the whole of Western Europe. Not only on the Chinese stage, tea has already been reflected in the dramas of other countries.For example, in 1692, the British playwright Thorson specially inserted the scene of the tea party in the play "The Wife's Forgiveness".The other two British dramas "Double Merchant" and "Love Under Seven Masks" also have a lot of tea drinking and tea-related plots.Another example is "The Lady with a Tea Lover", which was staged in the Netherlands in 1701, and it still appears on the stage as a classical play in some European countries.As for our country’s east neighbor Japan, its appreciation of tea even surpasses that of our country in some respects, so in their films and television, as in our country, the plots of tea drinking and tea ceremony can be seen everywhere. For the main thread of the movie. "Princess Yin" tells the story of Sen Rikyu, the master of Japanese tea ceremony, who opposed the powerful Toyotomi Hideyoshi's military expansion, and finally died in martyrdom.Its main propaganda is the so-called tea ceremony spirit of "harmony, respect and tranquility", which requires people to love peace, respect elders and friends, and be pure and ascetic.

(Zhu Zizhen) Fine art is a kind of "plastic art", which is an art that creates visual images by means of composition, modeling, and coloring.Therefore, its scope or content, in addition to generally considered painting and sculpture, even includes architecture.The sculpture skills in tea culture mainly focus on the shape and decoration of tea sets such as pots, bowls, cups, and cups, as well as group tea and cake tea.For example, the dragon and phoenix tribute teas of Beiyuan in the Song Dynasty are particularly particular about the decorative patterns and are often updated.There was also an activity of adding other decorations on the tribute tea in the palace, which was called "embroidered tea" at that time.Another is the content of the tea event in the craft sculpture.There are also many examples of this kind. For example, during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the famous sculptor Du Shiyuan in a sculpture of "A Tour of Red Cliff on Dongpo" immediately had a boat with seven people in different styles, and a boy at the bow was cooking tea with a fan. There are three teacups in the middle, which are clearly visible.As for the buildings related to tea, there are mainly tea houses, tea houses, tea rooms and tea kiosks, etc.Here we focus on a brief introduction to the painting aspects of fine arts.

Painting is a description or reproduction of natural scenery and social life.The origin of painting is very early. As early as in the caves inhabited by humans in the Paleolithic Age, there were paintings of early humans on the walls of the caves.Tea is also a kind of prehistoric ready-to-drink beverage in our country. However, the relevant picture scrolls about drinking tea and tea were not mentioned until the Tang Dynasty.It is said that in the existing historical annals, the earliest tea-related painting that can be found is the "Tune the Qin and Sip Tea Scroll" of the Tang Dynasty.

However, some people also pointed out that the tea in Chinese paintings should not be so long behind the tea in poems; both are based on materials or reflect social life. Many works in the Western Jin Dynasty mentioned tea or specially chanted tea. In the picture scroll, there should not be and it is impossible that there is no reflection of tea.The famous painters Wei Xie and Zhang Mo in the Western Jin Dynasty have a wide range of themes in their works. Did they ever paint tea in their 922 tea culture paintings?Because there are no records, it is difficult to find historical evidence; however, among the Eastern Jin Dynasty Wang Zhen, Gu Kaizhi, Dai Kui, Xia Zhan, Sun Shangzi and Jin Ming Emperor Sima Shao, they grew up or lived for a long time in the south of the Yangtze River where tea is called "Su Industry". Therefore, according to common sense, the content of tea events in Chinese paintings should have existed before the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but this kind of painting and the records related to this kind of painting have not been handed down.

Similarly, there are not only a few tea-themed paintings in the Tang Dynasty, such as "Tuning the Qin and Drinking Tea", but it should be the same as the tea poetry in the Tang Dynasty. After Kaiyuan, there was a process of development day by day. .Because the Kaiyuan period was not only the flourishing period of tea and poetry, but also the prosperous period of Chinese painting.For example, during the Kaiyuan period, the famous painters in our country included Li Sixun, Li Zhaodao and his sons (commonly known as Da Li and General Xiao Li), as well as Lu Hong, Wu Daozi, Lu Lenga, Zhang Xuan, Liang Lingzan, Zheng Qian, Cao Ba, Han Gan, Wang Qia, Wei Tianmin, Chen Hong, Zhai Yan, Yang Tingguang, Fan Qiong, Chen Hao, Peng Jian, Yang Ning, Wang Wei, Yang Sheng, Zhang Yu, Zhou Fang, Du Tingmu, Bi Hong and dozens of others.At this time, as recorded in "Feng Shi Hearing and Seeing Notes": drinking tea in temples has "become a custom"; in localities and the capital, shops have also been opened to "sell fried tea".There are so many famous painters mentioned above, especially when they made murals for temples, such as Wu Daozi, an outstanding painter at that time, who painted more than 300 murals for two Taoist temples in Chang'an and Luoyang. The emerging custom of drinking tea in daily life is absorbed into the paintings. During the Five Dynasties, Western Shu and Southern Tang both set up painting academies and invited famous painters to enter the academies for creation.The Song Dynasty also inherited this system, and established the Hanlin Academy of Painting, and also set up painting courses in the Imperial Academy.Therefore, after the Song Dynasty, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which are closer to the present, there are not only related records, but also more and more paintings with tea as the theme.Below, choose to introduce a few. The most complete surviving tea art works in the Song Dynasty are the "Portrait Bricks of Women Cooking Tea" in the Northern Song Dynasty.In the Northern Song Dynasty, in addition to Li Cheng, Fan Kuan, Guo Xi, and Mi Fu's great development in landscape painting, murals and prints also flourished.For example, at that time, the four corridors of the door and verandah of the Daxiangguo Temple in Bianliang were all painted by Gao Wenjin, the waiter of the painting academy, with stories of Buddhist characters, and they were famous at that time.At this time, woodcut prints became popular with the development of the printing industry.Brick portraits were a combination of carving and painting that was popular before the Han Dynasty, but became rare after the Tang Dynasty. The brick portrait of a woman cooking tea in the Northern Song Dynasty is obviously a masterpiece in an attempt to restore brick painting influenced by folk woodcuts.The portrait brick picture shows a woman in a long skirt with a high bun and wide collar, cooking tea in front of a stove with tea bowls and teapots on the stove, and the woman is wiping the tea set in her hands.The whole shape looks simple and elegant, with delicate brushwork. In addition, according to records, Liu Songnian, a famous painter in the Southern Song Dynasty, once painted a picture scroll of fighting tea.Liu Songnian was a famous and outstanding painter in Qiantang (now Hangzhou) in the Southern Song Dynasty.During the Chunxi period, he studied painting at the Academy of Painting. During the Shaoxi period, he worked in the Academy of Painting and waited for an edict. Because he lived in Qingbomen (commonly known as "Secret Gate" at that time), he was called "Secret Gate Liu".He is good at landscapes, and he is also a craftsman with beautiful colors. He is also known as the "Four Masters of the Southern Song Dynasty" together with Li Tang, Ma Yuan, and Xia Gui.It's a pity that this "Picture Scroll of Fighting Tea" has not been handed down. However, although Liu Songnian's "Picture of Fighting Tea" has disappeared, the painting of the same name by Zhao Mengyu, a famous calligrapher and painter of the Yuan Dynasty - "Picture of Fighting Tea" has been handed down.Zhao Mengyu (1254-1322 A.D.) was named Ziang, and his nicknames were Taoist Songxue and Taoist Shuijingong.A native of Huzhou (now Wuxing, Zhejiang Province), the Song clan, from Yuanguan to Hanlin Bachelor Chengzhi, was granted the title of Wei Guogong.As soon as his paintings departed from the "court style" of the Southern Song Dynasty, he formed his own style. The critics believed that "there is the beauty of the Tang Dynasty, but the thinness, and the heroism of the Northern Song Dynasty, but the roughness", which had a great influence on the painting style of that time and later generations. There are four figures painted in "Tea Fighting Picture", and there are several pairs of tea poles holding tea sets beside them. The person on the front left is holding a teacup and a tea bucket in the other, with his chest and arms exposed, showing a complacent look.One person behind him is holding a cup and the other is carrying a pot, pouring the tea from the pot into the cup as in 132 Tea Culture Chapter.The other two stood aside, staring at the former. Judging by their clothing and appearance, the tea fighters seem to be judging the tea leaves they have developed themselves, with high fighting spirit and serious posture.Tea fighting first appeared in Tang Dynasty and prevailed in Song Dynasty. Although tribute tea in Yuan Dynasty still followed Song Dynasty’s system of Fengtuan tea and cake tea, the folks generally changed to drink leaf tea and end tea; It is said to be the last painting left before the disappearance of tea fighting in my country. The tea-themed paintings in the Ming Dynasty are generally represented by Tang Yin's "Minming Tea Picture", Wen Zhengming's "Huishan Tea Party Picture" and Ding Yunpeng's "Yuchuan Cooking Tea Picture".Tang Yin's "Music Tea" depicts a mountain village with beautiful mountains and green waters. In a thatched hut, one person prepares tea and waits for it. On a small bridge nearby, a bearded old man walks with a stick, and the queen of the old man is accompanied by a boy holding a piano. , Looking closely at the side room, there is still a person who is cooking tea carefully.The whole picture is very quiet.Tang Yin wrote a poem on the painting, saying: "What do you do in the long days, you can hold the tea bowl by yourself; under the south window, the breeze will fill your temples." This can also be said to be the artistic conception of this painting. Wen Zhengming's "Huishan Tea Party Picture" has no buildings or rooms in the picture, and it is not sitting around drinking tea, but just painting a bamboo stove under the shade of a tree by the rock. , it seems that the framing tea party is "on the verge of opening".Ding Yunpeng's "Yuchuan Cooking Tea Picture" is a story painting, based on the rumor that the Tang Dynasty poet Lu Tong (named Yuchuanzi) was fond of tea. Tang Yin (1470-1523 AD), born in Wu County, Jiangsu Province, was an outstanding painter and writer in the Ming Dynasty.Wen Zhengming (1470-1559 A.D.) and Tang Yin were the same age and from the same hometown.Together with Zhu Yunming and Xu Zhenqing, they are called "Four Talents in Wuzhong"; together with Shen Zhou and Qiu Ying, they are also called "Four Masters of Ming Dynasty".Among the four Ming families, Tang Yin was the most famous.He learned from Zhou Chen for the first time in his painting, and later integrated the masters of his predecessors to develop an independent style. He is extremely skilled in landscape painting, and is also good at figures and ladies;According to the clues of Ming Yuzheng's "Tea Collection", Tang Yin also painted a painting "Lu Yu Cooking Tea Garden", which is said to be painted in the Wanli period and was included in the "Tea Collection" by Yu Zheng. At that time, there were many inscriptions attached. .From Tang Yin's "Lu Yu Cooking Tea" to Ding Yunpeng's "Yuchuan Cooking Tea" in the late Ming Dynasty, it is not difficult to see that among the painters of the Ming Dynasty, tea paintings with the theme of tea celebrities in history once emerged; Ding Yunpeng's "Yuchuan Cooking Tea" "Picture", obviously imitating Tang Yin's "Picture of Lu Yu Cooking Tea". Tea painting in the Qing Dynasty is relatively close to the present, and more of them have been handed down. Whether it is the "Four Kings" (Wang Jian, Wang Hui, Wang Shimin, Wang Yuanqi) and "Six Schools" (Four Kings plus Wu Li, Wang Yuanqi) in the early Qing Dynasty Yun Shouping), or later the "Eight Eccentrics" of Yangzhou. In their works handed down from generation to generation, you can find tea themes and paintings with tea utensils. However, it is often mentioned now that Xue Huai's "Mountain Window" "Qing Confession" figure. This picture is clear and far away, with a large and small teapot and a teacup in the painting. It also inscribes a line from Hu Qiao's poem of the Five Dynasties "Zhan Ya's old surname is Yu Gan, and he should be sealed as the Marquis of Sleeplessness".The whole picture is outlined with a dry brush, and the layers of light and shade are very clear, full of three-dimensionality, similar to the current sketch. Tea-themed paintings are not only in China, but with the widespread spread of tea in the world, tea paintings have also become popular in other countries.The first is Japan. Japan is one of the countries that absorb and retain more ancient Chinese culture.They introduced tea culture from my country earlier, and imitated my country to draw tea-themed paintings earlier.The famous tea paintings include "Tea Travel" scroll painting, "Matsushita Cooking Tea Picture" and "Chrysanthemum and Tea". The picture "Tea Travel" depicts twelve scenes in Japanese history where new tea is transported from Uji to Tokyo every year as a tribute.The total distance from Uji to Tokyo is more than 480 kilometers, and the pictures reflect the grand occasion and etiquette of welcoming and sending off at each station. "Matsushita Boiling Tea" was made by Okada Yoneyama, a famous painter in Japanese history. In the middle of the painting, there is a smoky waterfall. Looking from the valley below, there are stacked distant mountains; At the lower end, under a big tree, a hermit is sitting and playing the piano, and several people beside him are cooking tea and waiting to drink.The layout, conception, meaning and style of the whole painting can be found in many similarities in ancient Chinese landscape paintings and tea-related paintings; even the author's name refers to himself as "Mountain Man", and he may have followed the example of Chinese painters. For example, Wang Fu's name is "Jiulong Shanren" and Zhu Da's name is "Bada Shanren". "Chrysanthemum and Tea" is the work of Japanese painter Yushin Nishikawa in the 18th century. The picture shows a gentleman sitting quietly with a pot of chrysanthemums in front of him. In the center of the painting is a group of beauties with different postures. On the right side of the painting, there is a teapot painted on the corridor and other tea sets.The characters in this painting, except for the difference in clothing, and even the whole picture, can also be found in the same ancient Chinese paintings.It is not difficult to see that Japan not only drinks tea and tea, but also can clearly find the birthmark of China in many aspects of its entire tea culture. Similarly, in the 18th century, with the rise of tea drinking in Europe and the United States, tea-themed paintings were also seen in Western countries one after another.According to the introduction of "The Complete Book of Tea" by William Ukers of the United States, in 1771, the Irish painter N. Horne once created a "Drinking Tea Picture", in the image of his daughter, he painted a girl in a gorgeous dress, The right hand holds a saucer with a teacup, and the left hand uses a silver spoon to blend the tea soup in the cup.Another example is that in 1792, the English painter E. Edwards once painted a scene of drinking tea in the box of Pampion Teahouse on Oxford Street.A noble lady is drawn to receive a cup of tea from a man. There are several tea sets on the table in front of her, and a woman is drawn beside her whispering to the noble lady.Another example is the Scottish painter D. Wilkie in the last century, who also created a tea painting called "The Pleasure of the Tea Table".The picture depicts two men and two women drinking tea sitting around a round table with white cloth spread out, the fire in the fireplace is red, and a cat is curled up motionless in front of the fire. The cozy and comfortable atmosphere.In addition, Caesar's "A Cup of Tea" and Paiden's "Tea Leaves" are now collected in the Metropolitan Museum of Fine Arts in New York, and "Spring Day", "Afternoon Tea in Ostend" and "Characters and Characters" are collected in the Royal Museum of Belgium. "Tea Event" and "Tea Room" suspended in the Leningrad Academy of Fine Arts in the Soviet Union are also famous paintings of tea events that have been loved by people in the past two centuries. Although tea painting is not derived as an independent cultural phenomenon like tea sets, it not only adds to the painting themes of various countries in the world, but also enhances the life atmosphere of related paintings. For tea culture, it also has an active and rich influence. effect. (Zhu Zizhen) The tea couplet is a dazzling flower in the treasure house of Chinese couplets.There is no limit to the number of words in it, but it requires neatness of duality and coordination of level and obliqueness, which is the evolution of the form of poetry.In our country, wherever there is a "friendship with tea", such as tea houses, tea houses, tea rooms, tea shops, tea houses, on the gates or stone pillars, on the walls of tea ceremony, tea ceremony, tea ceremony performance halls, and even in the living room of tea people, It is common to see tea couplets hanging with tea affairs as the content.It makes people see that it not only has the beauty of simplicity and elegance, but also has a sense of "public morality and righteousness" and noble sentiments. It can also bring associations to people and increase the interest of drinking tea. Couplets, also known as antithetical couplets, are said to have originated from the inscription on the peach charm board at the door of the bedroom by Meng Chang, the ruler of Houshu in the Five Dynasties.In the Song Dynasty, it was popularized and used on the pillars, and later it was generally used for decoration or communication.From the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, tea drinking flourished and was highly praised by literati. Therefore, the emergence of tea associations should be no later than the Song Dynasty.But there are currently records, and there are a relatively large number, but in the Qing Dynasty, especially Zheng Xie. Zheng Xie is good at poetry and painting, and understands the fun of tea and is good at drinking tea. He has written many tea couplets in his life.When I was studying at the Biefeng Nunnery in Jiaoshan, Zhenjiang, I wrote a tea couplet: 532 Tea Culture Chapter Draws water from the river to cook new tea, and buys all the green hills to use as a painting screen. Incorporate famous tea, good water, and beautiful scenery of green mountains into the tea association. In his hometown, Zheng Xie used dialect and slang to write tea couplets, which made the villagers feel very cordial when they read them.One of them wrote: Sweep bamboo leaves to cook tea, chop pine roots and cook vegetable roots. This kind of poor life of crude tea and vegetable roots is a portrayal of ordinary people's daily life, which makes people feel appropriate and interesting after reading it. Zheng Xie had a relationship with ink in his life, but he also had a friendship with tea. For this reason, he integrated tea and ink into the tea couplet: Molan has a few sticks of Xuande paper, and a cup of bitter tea from a Chenghua kiln. The couplet combines the "Four Treasures of the Study" with tea and tea sets, vividly reproducing the author's love of ink and tea. Zheng Xie also wrote a tea couplet to promote Rizhu tea in Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang): There are eight or nine ancient springs in Leiwen, and three or two cups of new tea are cast every day. In addition, Zheng Xie also wrote tea couplets for teahouses, and wrote in "Tizhenzhou (now Yizheng County, Jiangsu) Jiangshang Tea House": The mountains and rivers are rushing to the face because of the tide and rain, and the river turns back to be the evening tide. Hanging tea couplets was like this in ancient times, so why not in modern times.Just take the "Tea People's House" in Hangzhou as an example. There is a pair of tea couplets hanging on the main gate post: A cup of spring dew stays temporarily, and the breeze under the two armpits makes me feel immortal. Here, it not only explains how to use tea to retain guests, but also expresses the feeling of using tea to clear the heart and make people feel ecstatic.After entering the front hall and entering the courtyard, there is another couplet hanging on the wooden post in front of the reception room, which reads: To enjoy the same joy with the world, you can't live without this king for a day. Although there is no word "tea" in this pair of tea couplets.But people can tell at a glance that it expresses people's common love for tea and the owner's eagerness to "meet friends with tea".When people read it, they have the feeling that "no tea here is better than tea".On the gate of the showroom, there is another couplet, which reads: The fragrance of the tongue of the dragon group comes from the valley, and the jade cup of the tripod and Yi is as bright as the haze. Lianzhong's wording is implicit, and it points out famous tea and famous utensils, which makes people feel like entering a treasure mountain without visiting it. Another example is that in Shaoxing, there was a pair of tea couplets hanging in the tea pavilion in Zhubiling, which said: A scoop of sweet spring is good for cooling and warming guests, and the road between two mountains must warn pedestrians of the danger. The meaning of this couplet is profound, not only the comfort brought by sweet spring tea to passers-by, but also the hardships of the journey in life. There is also such a couplet hanging on both sides of the gate tower of the "Beijing Tea House" in Qianmen, Beijing: The big bowl of tea is widely known to guests from Kyushu, and the second child is devoted to it. This not only portrays the true nature of the teahouse's "friendship with tea", but also further clarifies the business purpose of the teahouse. 732 Tea Culture Chapter All these things illustrate a good tea couplet with meaningful meaning and endless aftertaste.Tea associations can make tea more fragrant, and tea can also make tea associations brighter. Therefore, in the history of tea culture in my country, there have been many elegant moves to levy tea associations at high prices. It is said that more than 80 years ago, in the famous tea house "Tao Taoju" in Yangcheng, Guangdong, the owner used the word "Tao" as the beginning of the upper and lower couplets in order to expand its influence and attract business, and paid a lot of money for a pair of tea couplets.At that time, although many people were eager to try it, it was difficult to produce good works because of the strange words.As a result, a passing foreigner who was fond of tea and good at writing finally made a pair of tea couplets.Lian said: Tao Qian is good at drinking, Yi Ya is good at cooking, and he drinks and cooks with moderation; Tao Kan cares about points, Xia Yu cherishes every inch, and he does everything. Four personal names are used here, namely Tao Qian, Yi Ya, Tao Kan, and Xia Yu; four allusions are used, namely, Tao Qian is good at drinking, Yi Ya is good at cooking, Tao Kan Xifen and Xia Yu Xicun. Embedded at the beginning of each sentence, it makes people look natural and smooth, and skillfully reveals the tea-making skills and operating characteristics of the teahouse, which is naturally welcomed and recited by shopkeepers and tea people. Another example is Chengdu, Sichuan. It is said that in the early years there was a teahouse that also ran a liquor store, but because of the lack of characteristics in the operation, the business was sluggish.Later, referring to the customs of local merchants, the shop owner asked local talents to write a couplet of tea and wine, saying: Busy for fame, busy for profit, take a break from the busy schedule, and drink a cup of tea; work hard, work hard, have fun in the midst of hardship, pour another glass of wine. This pair of tea and wine couplets is both unique and appropriate, and it appeals to both refined and popular tastes. People spread word of mouth, and tea lovers and drinkers go there admiringly. As a result, the business has improved greatly. In short, in our country, couplets with tea as the theme can be seen everywhere, with extensive content and profound meaning.Common collections are listed below: Visitors from all over the world are not welcome, and friends gather together. It is only because of the fragrance that it becomes clear and interesting, and it is all because of the strong and strong feelings. For the love of Qingxiang, I sit frequently, and I am happy to talk with my confidant. Orchid buds and sparrow tongues are expensive today, but phoenix cakes and dragon balls are treasured in ancient times. Strange?Not surprising, not surprising and strange! Round?It's a circle, it's a circle, it's not a circle! Vegetables are sold at street stalls, and tea is fragrant in pots. If you want to compare West Lake to West Lake, good tea is always like a beautiful woman. Longjing Yunwu Maojian melon slice Biluochun, Yinzhen Maofeng Houkui nectar purple bamboo shoot tea. I feel like a drunken old man, wanting to drink wine together with a dipper, Tiantian poetry and guest sentences, pouring lotus dew and trying to cook tea. Doubtful into clouds and mists, the fragrance of morning dew floats out. The dust is cleared for a while, and the breeze is born in both arms. The fragrance floats inside and outside the house, and the taste is mellow in a cup. Tea on Mengding Mountain, water in the heart of the Yangtze River. Set up the Eight Immortals table and attract sixteen parties. The heart of the customers is always hot, and the tea is not cold when people leave. A thousand cups of fine wine can hardly make you a confidant, but a cup of clear tea can also intoxicate you. The wind outside the tea leaves the shadow of the moon, and the night beside the pot is quietly listening to the pines. The poem writes plum blossoms and moons, and tea is fried in valleys and rains in spring. Xiucui Minghu often visits the place where the stream is crossed, and the ancient well is full of joy and tea-picking. Tea Association, this elegant tea culture and art, is not only widely used in my country, but also spread to Japan, North Korea and other countries in the east.There, not only tea couplets can be seen in teahouses and tea shops, but also they are used to hanging tea couplets during tea ceremonies and tea ceremony performances to increase the simple, peaceful and tranquil atmosphere of high Athens. (Yao Guokun) Tea proverbs are another cultural phenomenon derived from the development of Chinese tea culture. The so-called "proverbs", in the words of Xu Shen's "Shuowen Jiezi", "proverbs: rumors"; that is to say, it refers to a common saying that is easy to say, easy to remember, and rich in philosophy.Tea proverbs, in terms of their content or nature, generally belong to two categories: tea drinking and tea production.In other words, tea proverbs are mainly derived from tea drinking and production practices. They are a summary or expression of tea drinking and production experience, and are preserved and circulated in the form of proverbs by oral memorization.Therefore, tea proverbs are not only a precious heritage of Chinese tea science or tea culture, but also a beautiful flower in Chinese folk literature from the perspective of creation or literature. Tea proverbs do not exist with tea, but a cultural phenomenon that occurs when tea production and drinking develop to a certain stage.my country has a very long history of tea drinking and tea growing, but the description of tea proverbs was not seen until the end of the Tang Dynasty in Su Zhen's "Sixteen Soups". The "Price Reduction Soup" in "Sixteen Soups" states: "The proverb says that using tiles for tea bottles is like climbing a height on a horse with folded feet." The "tiles" mentioned here refer to rough pottery, which means that using rough Tea bottles stored in clay vases are prone to moisture and deterioration, just like climbing a mountain and riding a lame horse, which is not ideal.The other is the "tea family law" mentioned in "Legal Soup": "Water should not be stopped, salary should not be smoked".Although this article is not called a "proverb" like the previous article, it is obvious that it is actually taken from a proverb. Su Zhen's life is unknown, but his "Soup" was quoted in "Qing Yi Lu" by Tao Gu of the Five Dynasties. Based on this, this work is generally classified as a work of the late Tang Dynasty or the late Tang Dynasty.It needs to be added here that the tea proverb described in "Sixteen Soups" is the existing but not the earliest tea proverb in my country.Because from the two types of tea proverbs, the main source and carrier are tea production practices and laborers, and tea proverbs related to drinking appear not only later than productive tea proverbs, but also less than productive tea proverbs. saying.This point of view can also be explained by the content mentioned in the preface of Pi Rixiu, a famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty, in "Miscellaneous Odes in Tea".It said: "Before Ji Zhen (Lu Yu), it was said that those who drink tea must cook it, which is no different from those who sip vegetables. Ji Zhen is divided into three volumes. Teach him how to make, set up his utensils, and order him to cook it, so that he can prepare for it.” That is to say, before the middle of the Tang Dynasty, tea drinking in our country was mixed and cooked, just like making tea and soup. Later, its collection, utensils, and cooking began to pay attention.Therefore, it is obvious that the proverbs about brewing and drinking tea, such as the above-mentioned tea proverbs such as "Don't stop drinking water and avoid smoking", were the first tea proverbs that appeared after the mid-Tang Dynasty. As mentioned above, the emergence and quantity of productive tea proverbs in our country are more than those related to drinking tea. Then, why are there no individual records before and after "Sixteen Soups"?This is closely related to the class nature of ancient Chinese literati.In my country's long feudal society, except for a few celebrities such as Lu Yu, most literati neither cared about tea planting and picking, nor had access to tea producers, and could only be called tea drinkers. Therefore, in their writings, they are unfamiliar and indifferent to the productive proverbs of the masses, but sometimes they are very enthusiastic about those feudal superstitions.For example, Lang Ying in the Ming Dynasty quoted such a proverb in "Seven Revised Class Drafts": "The elders plant sesame seeds, but they may not necessarily eat tea."The previous sentence is called planting sesame seeds, and it is customary for couples to plant them together, saying that this way can produce more seeds.The last sentence "I don't necessarily have tea" means that the monk has never been married.Here, the author does not explain much why unmarried people are not suitable for growing sesame seeds, but the explanation for "drinking tea" is detailed and detailed.It is said that "when tea is planted, it cannot be transplanted, and if it is transplanted, it will not come back to life, so women are hired, which is called eating tea."In fact, the tea tree cultivation technology in the Ming Dynasty was very developed. At that time, the people knew that tea trees could not be transplanted. However, Lang Ying did not mention a word about other productive tea proverbs, but chose this tea proverb, which is essentially for publicity. "Anyone who hires a tea ceremony can see his righteousness." Here is a further point to add, not only in the Tang and Song Dynasties, but in almost the entire ancient tea books and other related documents in China, basically no proverbs about planting tea, that is, proverbs about tea making and tea collection, were not mentioned until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. , there are two records: "Tea is grass, Ruo is treasure", and "Yue Ling Guangyi" quoted "proverb: good steaming is not as good as fan (doubtful) frying, good drying is not as good as good roasting" two records.Under ancient conditions, the collection of tea leaves is moisture-proof, mainly using bamboo reeds.Seal the mouth with a reed, cut the reed and put it in the tea, which is much less troublesome than burying the "burned ashes" or storing the baking cage.The latter proverb says, "It is not as good as steaming greens as good as frying them", which means that steaming greens is worse than frying greens; It reflects the admiration and preference of various green teas in some regions or some people.However, these two tea proverbs, no matter now or at that time, played a certain positive role in tea production and tea preservation. In fact, there are still many proverbs about tea production technology in my country, especially in Zhejiang, Hunan, and Jiangxi.Here we might as well take the tea proverb in Zhejiang as an example to analyze: For example, there are proverbs about advocating and persuading the planting of tea trees. There are province-wide sayings, "thousands of teas and thousands of mulberries, and everything prospers." ",etc.These tea proverbs are relatively simple. Although they were collected in the middle of this century, compared with some proverbs about planting oranges and fruits, in terms of style, they are very similar to tea proverbs from the Ming and Qing Dynasties or even older. To grow tea, one must first choose an environment that is suitable or favorable for the growth of tea trees. Zhejiang has accumulated a lot of experience in choosing tea gardens.For example, the proverb "Famous tea from high mountains" has many sayings in various parts of Zhejiang.For example, in the Quzhou area, there is a saying that "high mountain tea leaves, low mountain tea seeds"; in Shaoxing area, there is a saying that "the flat land has good flowers, and the high mountains have good tea"; "Tea" means not all high mountains, but foggy high mountains can be famous for tea.In addition, there are various requirements for tea garden soil and topography.For example, in the western Zhejiang and Huzhou areas, "the soil is thick to grow mulberries, and the soil is sour to grow tea"; Stay" and so on.当然，这些谚语，从现在茶叶科学技术的角度看，提法不免原始，有的说法也不全面，但是，特别是在古代条件下能有此认识，并以之指导生产，也就不知集多少代人的经验，并起到较显着的作用了。 再如茶树种植和茶园管理，浙江茶谚也涉及到这些茶事的各个方面。如关于栽茶季节，平阳、瑞安一带有“正月栽茶用手捺，二月栽茶用脚踏，三月栽茶用锄夯也夯不活”的说法。这条谚语，从字面看，是讲春天不同月份种茶压根的不同方法，但实际是讲这一带最适和适宜种茶的时间。再如施肥方面的谚语，浙西和绍兴一带流传的茶农说法有：“茶树本是神仙草，只要肥多采不了”；“茶树不怕采，只要肥料足”；以及淳安一带的“一担春茶百担肥”等等。这些是泛指种茶和要多产茶叶需增施肥料。此外，浙江各地还有不少有关肥效和茶树施肥技术方面的谚语。如“根底肥，芽上催”；“浇肥不埋潭，宁可粪坑里满”；“栏肥、壅肥三年青”；以及嵊县一带的“若要肥，泥加泥”等等。应该指出，在我国古代茶书和文人笔下的记述中，强调茶树的清雅和茶叶的吸附能力，对茶树施肥，特别是施厩肥、粪肥，是不大重视甚至是反对的。如明代罗廪《茶解》中就指出：“茶性淫，易于染着，无论腥秽及有气之物，不得与之近。”另在“艺部”中又提出，“茶园不宜杂以恶木，惟桂、梅芳兰、幽菊及诸清芬之品，最忌与菜畦相逼，不免秽污渗洒，滓厥清真。”所以，关于施肥的茶谚，不但是对上述偏见的一种否定，也是对我国古籍中施肥记载的一种最好补充。 茶园管理除施肥外，在中耕除草方面的经验，更是丰富。 其实无论是中耕或除草，谚语都是从保肥、节肥和从肥的角度提出的。如浙江各地都说的“动动铁器，三分壮气”；“三年不挖，茶树开花”；以及东阳一带所说的“茶山不要粪，一年三交钉”；杭州一带的“宁可少施一次肥，不能多养一次茶”；金华、义乌一带流传的“若要茶树好，铺草不可少”等５４２茶文化篇等。“铺草”即在茶园行间隙地铺一层稻草、麦秸，一用以保墒，二可以防止杂草生长。关于茶园各个时期中耕或耕作的效益，浙江各地也有一套完整的谚语：如全省性的谚语有“若要春茶好，春山开得早”；“要吃茶，二八挖”；“若要茶，伏里耙”；“茶地晒得白，抵过小猪吃大麦”等等；另外，奉化、新昌、建德一带的谚语有：“头茶荒，二茶光”；淳安的耕作谚语有“七挖金，八挖银，不挖茶园成草林”；或“七挖金，八挖银，九冬十月了人情”；浙东嵊县、新昌的说法是“七挖金，八挖银，九、十月挖的不如屋里困。”这几条谚语，是强调中耕要适时。锄以后，杂草也容易死掉，九、十月中耕的效果要差些，但不是没有用。又如绍兴、余杭一带，有“秋冬茶园挖得深，胜于拿锄挖黄金”的谚语，说的是对深耕的要求。 浙江的生产性茶谚，也和其他有关省市一样，以茶叶采摘的谚语为最多。这或许是因为在茶叶生产劳动中，茶叶采摘的用工最多，茶叶采摘与茶叶经济性状关系最为密切的缘故。浙江全省采摘茶叶的谚语面广量大，单以杭州一地这方面的谚语为例，最具代表性的谚语，如“清明时节近，采茶忙又勤”；“谷雨茶，满把抓”；“早采三天是个宝，迟采三天变成草”；“立夏茶，夜夜老，小满过后茶变草”；以及“头茶不采，二茶不发”；“春茶留一丫，夏茶发一把”；“春茶苦，夏茶涩，要好喝，秋露白”等等，就都体现了这一采摘指导思想。这里要附带指出，在唐代以前，从史籍记载来看，似乎是不采制秋茶的，唐代特别是唐代中期以后，随着我国茶业的蓬勃发展，秋茶的采制才逐渐盛行起来。所以，“春茶苦，夏茶涩，要好喝，秋露白”的谚语，是一条流传较早的古谚，其主要的含义，是提倡和鼓励人们采摘秋茶，并不真正说秋茶的质量就比夏茶和春茶为好。 浙江茶谚，只是我国茶谚总数中的一小部分。但是，就从这些列举中，也可清楚看出，其内容从茶园择地一直到茶叶采摘，包括茶树从种到采整个茶事技术的各个方面。如果从浙江和全国所有的茶谚来说，无疑，茶谚也是传承于我国民间口头，以语言艺术为特点的一宗独特的茶叶文化现象。千百年来，我国一代代的“园户”、“山民”，不是依靠别的，正是依靠这些简朴的谚语，从事茶叶生产和发展茶叶生产技术的。 (Zhu Zizhen)