Chapter 7 Love Saint Du Fu (1922)

one Today, I was asked by the Poetics Research Association to give a speech. Unfortunately, my literary literacy is very shallow, and I can't make any new contributions. I have to bring out the old antiques in our family and fight with you. The title is "Love Saint Du Fu".Before addressing this topic, there are two paragraphs that should be briefly explained: First, although new things are lovely, old ones should not be dismissed lightly.The antiques of Neizhong art are particularly valuable.Because art is the expression of emotion, emotion is not governed by the law of evolution; it cannot be said that the emotion of modern people must be better than that of ancient people, so it cannot be said that the art of modern people must be more advanced than that of ancient people.

Second, art expressed in words—such as poetry, opera, novels, etc., always has a certain national quality.Because the human language has not been unified, no matter what country a writer is, he must always use his own language as a tool; if this tool is not skillfully practiced, even if he has very rich and brilliant ideas, it cannot be an artistic expression. Based on these two reasons, I hope that young people who study literature in modern times will really spend a lot of effort to appreciate the works of famous masters in their country over the past two thousand years. Then Du Gongbu is naturally second to none.

two Du Gongbu was called "Sage of Poetry" by his posterity.It is difficult to determine the standard of what constitutes a "holy" poem, and we don't have to agree lightly.I thought the Ministry of Industry could at least be worthy of the title of Lover.Because the content of his emotions is extremely rich, extremely real, and extremely profound.He is also extremely skilled in the way of expression, can whip to the deepest part, can completely reflect him without losing his appearance, and can vibrate to the heartstrings of others like electricity. There is no such thing as a master of love in Chinese literature. People can compare to him, so I call him Love Saint.

When we study Du Gongbu, we must first briefly describe the era in which he was born and his life experience, so as to see his entire personality: during the hundreds of years of the Jin Dynasty and the Six Dynasties, it can be said that it was an era of mixed nationalities in China. The blood of the new nation; Jiangnan has improved the culture of the aborigines due to the successive relocation of the old families from the Central Plains.At that time, there were obvious traces of the Northern and Southern Schools in literature and art. The Northern School was straightforward and tragic, while the Southern School was neat and gentle. This division can be seen most clearly in the ancient Yuefu.After the completion of the nationalization and cooperation of the Tang Dynasty, political unity and influence on literature and art, it will naturally combine the characteristics of the two schools to form a new beauty of the great nation.The early Tang Dynasty was the age of dawn, and the flourishing Tang Dynasty was the age of maturity.During the 40 years of peace between Emperor Xuanzong and Kaiyuan of Neizhong, a golden age in the history of Chinese art was being born.During the Tianbao Rebellion, the gold suddenly turned into black ash.There is no comparison to the drama of current events.The literary world, which had a deep reserve at that time, became more and more magnificent after being stimulated by this kind of stimulation.Du Gongbu is the pride of this era.He is from Henan, and he was born at the beginning of Xuanzong Kaiyuan.In his early years, he roamed all over the world, and his footprints were found in the north of the river. At the same time, the great writers Li Taibai and Gao Dafu were all his close friends.During the Anlushan Rebellion in his middle age, he escaped from the bandits and went to Lingwu, Gansu to meet Emperor Suzong.There was a famine again, and in Tonggu County, Shaanxi, I almost starved to death.Later, he was exiled to Sichuan, where he followed an old friend, Yan Wu.After Yan Wu's death, Sichuan was in chaos again. He took refuge in Hunan and died on the way.He has two brothers and a sister, both of whom rarely see each other due to the chaos.He and his wife were also often isolated. His youngest son died of starvation, and his two eldest sons followed him in Sichuan in their later years.The simple experience of his life is roughly like this.

He is a very warm-hearted person and a very tempered person.Since childhood, he has been arrogant and arrogant, and refused to follow others.His poem says: In order to understand physiology, I am only ashamed of doing things. ("Fengxian Yonghuai") And said: The white gull is not mighty, no one can tame it. ("Gift to Wei Zuocheng") You can see his spirit.When Yan Wu was the governor of Sichuan, he went to join him when he was homeless, but he refused to accept him at all. According to legend, he bumped into Yan Wu several times, and Yan Wu almost couldn't let him go.There is a poem in his collection, which can be used as a symbol of his personality:

There is a beautiful woman in a peerless era, living in a secluded valley.Self-proclaimed son of a good family, scattered in the grass and trees. …The water in the mountain spring is clear, but the water in the mountain spring is turbid.The maid sells the pearls and returns, leading radishes to mend the mao house.Pick flowers without inserting temples, and pluck cypresses.The weather is cold and the green sleeves are thin, and the sun is leaning on the bamboo. ("beautiful woman") This beautiful woman has a very noble status, a very pitiful situation, a very kind-hearted mood, and a very high-resistance personality. This is the portrayal of herself.

three He is a most compassionate man.He has two poems: In the poor year, I worry about Li Yuan and sigh for the heat in my intestines. ("Fengxian Yonghuai") This is no nonsense, as can be proved everywhere in his works.There are two paragraphs at the bottom of this poem: The silk divided by Tongting is originally from Hannv.He whipped his husband's family and gathered tribute to the city. (same as above) And said: It is said that the inner gold plate is all in Wei Huo's room.The middle hall dances with immortals, and the smoke is scattered with jade.Warm guest ermine fur, sad tube by clear.Persuading customers to comel's hoof soup, cream orange pressed fragrant orange.While the rich wine and meat smell, the road with frozen bone. (same as above)

Such poetry is almost pure lip service to modern socialist parties.When he wrote this poem, it was the golden age of the Tang Dynasty, and people all over the country were drunk by the peaceful scene in the mirror.This scene was reflected in his eyes, but there was infinite sadness. His eyes often focus on the lowest class of society. He can see the conditions of the poor people at this level, which others cannot see; his emotions cannot be communicated to others, but he can communicate them.His famous works "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" were the most realistic films about the social conditions of that era, and "Farewell to the Boss":

The old wife is lying on the road and crying, and the clothes are single at the end of the year.Familiarity means farewell to death, and it hurts the cold again.If you go here, you will never return, and you will be advised to add another meal. From "Xin'an Official": Fat men are sent by their mothers, while thin men are alone.The white water flows eastward at dusk, and the green hills still cry.Don't make your eyes dry, and let your tears flow freely.When the eyes are dry, the bones are visible, and the world is ruthless. From "The Official in the Stone Trench":

The three men were garrisoned in Yecheng.One man attached a book, and the second man died in battle.The survivors live in stealth, and the dead are long gone. These poems were made only when the spirit of the author and the spirit of the person who wrote them became one.It doesn't matter whether what he writes is the facts he has seen and seen, or the images created in his mind; in short, when he wrote this "Farewell", he has already become the 60-70-year-old procrastinator. The old man of the soldiers, when he made this song "The Officials in the Stone Trench", he had already transformed into the old woman whose children died without food and clothing, so what he said was exactly the same as what they themselves said.

He also has a Qilu poem "Playing with Wu Lang", the first half of which is: In front of the hall, he is the neighbor to the west. There is no food, no children, and a woman.It's not because of poor family, I'd rather have this, but because of fear, I want to be married. ... This poem is not very good in terms of poetry, but it narrates a trivial fact at the time-a very poor neighbor woman stole his dates to eat, and the author's sympathy was aroused because of the panic of that person.This is also evidence of his attention to the lower classes. There is a song "Bound the Chicken", which shows his love for creatures, and it contains some philosophy: The slaves tied up the chickens and sold them in the market, and the chickens were tied up and quarreled with each other.The family hates chickens and eats insects and ants. It is unknown whether the chickens are sold or cooked.How thick are insects and chickens to people, I scold the slaves to untie them.There is no time for gains and losses, so pay attention to Hanjiang Yishan Pavilion. There is a song "The Thatched House is Broken by the Autumn Wind", which ends with a few lines: ... There are tens of thousands of mansions in Ande, which shelters the poor and the poor all over the world.Unmoved by wind and rain, it is as safe as a mountain.Alas!When I suddenly see this house in front of my eyes, it is enough for my house to be broken and frozen to death. Some people criticize him as a celebrity who speaks big words, but as far as I can see, this old man really has this kind of mind, because he sees the pain of the lower class clearly, so he often regards their pain as his own pain. Four He is so affectionate towards ordinary people, let alone those with whom he is related.Let's see how he talks to his friends: Zheng Qian, who was demoted to Taizhou Sihu for trapping a thief, sent him a poem: ... Then I bid farewell to my husband forever, and the deadline for Jiuchongquan Road was over. Another poem conceived him and said: The roof is separated by three rivers, and the wind and waves have no morning and evening.Zheng Gong was able to return home, but he was old and sick and didn't know his way. ... ("You Huai Taizhou Zheng Shiba Sihu") Li Bai, who rebelled against Changliu Yelang because of Fuyong Wanglin, had a poetic dream and said: Farewell to death has been swallowed, life is often sad.In the miasma in the south of the Yangtze River, there is no news.The old man enters my dream, making me remember each other.I'm afraid it's not a lifelong soul, and the road is far and unpredictable.The soul comes to Fenglinqing, and the soul returns to Guansaihei.You are in the net now, why do you have wings?The falling moon is all over the beams of the house, hesitating to illuminate the color.The water is deep and the waves are wide, don't let the dragon get it. (One of the two poems of "Dream of Li Bai") These poems are not ordinary words of entertainment. He really regards Zheng, Li and others as friends, and feels the same pain for their situation as he feels for himself, so every line of the poems he composes is full of blood and tears. He concentrated on missing his brother and sister's poems, there are more than twenty poems, and the sex is revealed everywhere.The most painful one is as in "Seven Songs of the Same Valley": There are younger brothers and there are younger brothers in the distance, each of the three is thin and who is stronger.Farewell to each other, Hu Chen has a long way to go.Flying forward and driving the goose and pheasant behind, An De sent me to your side.Alas!Three songs, three songs, three songs, where will you go to collect your brother's bones? There are younger sisters and younger sisters in Zhongli, and the beloved has long been gone.Changhuai waves are high and dragons are angry. I haven't seen them for ten years.The flat boat is full of arrows, and there are many flags in the southern country.Alas!Four songs, four songs, four songs, Lin Yuan sings for me in the clear day. The circumstances of his own small family are very difficult, but the love is very sincere.In his early years, he wrote a poem about homesickness: Tonight, it's the moon in Fuzhou, and I can only watch it in my boudoir.Pity the little children from afar, but don't remember Chang'an.The fragrance of the cloud is wet, and the jade arm of Qinghui is cold.When to lean on the false cover, and dry the tears with double photos. ("Moon Night") This kind of charming work is rarely seen in the collection.But this song already proves that the Ministry of Industry is a gentle and delicate person.After he reached middle age, he suffered many hardships, his family members were separated and separated, and he went through a lot of hardships.When he went home once before the chaos, his youngest son starved to death.His poem says: ... The old wife is sent to another county, and the ten people are separated by wind and snow.Who can ignore it for a long time, and share the hunger and thirst.The first entry is famous, and the youngest son died of hunger.I would rather give up a mourning, and weep in the alley.Ashamed of being a father, he died young without food. ("Fengxian Yonghuai") After the chaos, I was cut off from my family. There is a poem: Tongguan broke down last year; his wife was separated for a long time. ... It has been October since I sent a book.There is nothing wrong with the news of anti-fear. ... ("Shu Huai") Later, he escaped from the thieves and had to be reunited with his family. He wrote several poems about the situation at that time: the first of the three poems in "Qiang Village": The towering Chiyun West, the sun is flat on the ground.The birds in Caimen are noisy, and the returning guests come thousands of miles away.My wife and children blamed me for being there, and they wiped their tears in shock.The chaos of the world is drifting, and the survival is accidental.The neighbors are all over the wall, sighing and sighing.Yelan is more candle-lit, relatively like a dream. A passage from "Northern Expedition": What's more, I fall into the dust of the beard, and return to the end of my hair.After years of going to the hut, the wife's clothes are knotted.The weeping pines echoed, and the mourning springs swallowed together.The beauty of my life, the color is whiter than snow; I see Ye crying on the back, and the feet are dirty and not socks.The two little girls in front of the bed are just above their knees; the sea map is full of waves, and the old embroidery is twists and turns;The old man felt bad and vomited and lay down for several days.The silk in the bag will save you from the cold!Fendai is also unbudding, and the quilts are slightly listed.The face of the thin wife regains its radiance, and the idiot's head is scratched; the school mother does everything, and she wipes off her makeup;Survival is childish, like wanting to forget hunger and thirst.If you ask something and compete to pull your beard, who can drink immediately.Fansi is worried about thieves, willing to suffer from chaos. Afterwards, they pulled out their relatives to avoid chaos, and the road was very bitter.He recalled the situation at that time in a poem: Recalling the early days of avoiding thieves, traveling north through dangers and hardships.Late at night on Peng Ya Road, the moon shines on Baishui Mountain.Do room for a long time on foot, every person is so cheeky. ... The idiot bites me hungry and crows in fear of tigers and wolves.Covering his mouth in his arms, the sideways voice became more angry.The child forced to explain the matter, so he asked for Li Fan.Ten and a half thunderstorms, muddy each other. ... ("Peng Ya Xing") He and his family escaped chaos to the mountains of Tonggu County, and faced famine again, relying on grass roots and bark to survive. In his whole life of hardship, this time should be the worst.His poem says: Long 镵 long 镵 white wood handle, I have a child to support my life.Huang Duwu Miao Mountain is full of snow, and the number of short clothes can't cover the shins.At this time, returning with Zikong, men moan and women groan, the walls are quiet. ... ("Seven Songs of the Same Valley" Part 2) The poems mentioned above are about his own family situation, and I named him "Semi-realist".He exposes his subjective emotions everywhere, which is not a realist approach.However, articles such as "Qiang Village" and "Northern Expedition" often use the third party's objective qualifications to describe the observed environment and other people's emotions, and describe them in detail from extremely trivial fragments. This is indeed the method used by modern realists. , so it can be called semi-realistic.In the Chinese literature circle, although it cannot be said that Du Gongbu was the first to use this method, it can be said that Du Gongbu used it the most and is the most ingenious.In the past, there were some in the ancient Yuefu, but they were not as detailed as those described by the Ministry of Industry.The advantage of this kind of poem is that it is true, the more details are written, the more the true feelings will be revealed.We are familiar with him, and we can understand the truth of "truth is beauty". Fives Du Gongbu's "loyalty to the emperor and patriotism", the predecessors have praised him a lot, so I don't need to add more words.Almost a quarter of his works focus on current affairs and cry bitterly. If he is classified and studied, it will not only be valuable in literature, but also have great value in historical materials.Due to time constraints, I will not quote.Among them, the most valuable one is that it can truly describe the social situation and can truly sing the psychology of the times.The few poems of the semi-realist school mentioned just now are the most common methods in the collection, and there are many other purely realistic poems.To cite a few of his poems: The day of Xiankai followed, and the two tribes were quiet and safe.Yuyang is heroic, playing drums and shengyu.Yunfan turns to Liaohai, japonica rice comes to Soochow.Yue Luo and Chu Lian shine on Yutai.The chief general is highly respected, and his arrogance dominates Shangdu.People on the side dare not discuss it, and those who discuss it will die. (The fourth of five poems in "After the Fortress") Reading these poems, one immediately thinks of the extravagance and tyranny of the current warlords. ——Especially the situation of Zhang Zuolin before the war between Xiao Feng and Zhi Zhi.The most wonderful thing is that there is no word of criticism, but the objective facts are written directly, which will naturally make readers sigh or stare.Another example is the seven ancient poems in "The Journey of Beauty", which is a long novel of nearly 200 characters, and observes the facts from the position of a third party.From "the weather is new on March 3rd" to "the blue bird flies to hold the red scarf", 24 of the first 26 sentences are just trying to describe the extravagant and lively situation, not only there is no trace of sarcasm in the words, Not even in the bones.Until the last two sentences: The popularity is unmatched, so be careful not to get angry with the prime minister. It's a joke.But it is still not discussed, and the readers are completely left to criticize themselves.This can be said to be the highest technique in satirical literature.Because human beings have a common psychology when criticizing a certain social phenomenon, as long as the writer writes the phenomenon clearly, the reader's psychology will naturally react. If the author pours out what the reader wants to say first, it will be boring tasteless.Du Gongbu's poems of this kind are superior to Bai Xiangshan's "New Yuefu", and this is the point of contention. The techniques used in "Shihao Officials" and "Bie Lao Farewell" are all of this kind. Nine of the realistic poems written by the Ministry of Industry belong to the category of satire.Not only the Ministry of Industry is the case, modern European realistic literature, which one does not specialize in writing about the dark aspects of society?However, it is not uncommon for Du to use realism to write about the beauty of society.For example, in the article "Drinking by Tian's Father's Mud": Buxu follows the spring breeze, and every village has its own flowers and willows.Tian Weng forced the club day and invited me to taste the spring wine.The wine is full of praise for Xinyin, but the animal's eyes have not seen it.Turning back and pointing to the big man, "He is a crossbowman. His name is in Feiqi, and he has lived for a long time. The day before yesterday, he released the camp and worked hard to save the decay. If the poor man died, he vowed not to leave with his family. Can I live here?" Tell the woman to open a large bottle and take the basin for me. ...... loudly asked for fruit, and was elbowed when he wanted to rise.The command was rude, but I didn't feel that the village was ugly.The moon rises to cover me, and I still ask Shengdou in anger. This poem brings to life the extremely beautiful and true temperament of the rural people.You can see how affectionate his father-son couple is; how solemn his sense of duty to the country is; how frank and sincere he is in socializing.If we take this poem as a picture title, we can express the psychology of each person in the poem from their faces, and it will become an excellent custom.We need to know: among Du's poems about current affairs, this kind is the best. six The Ministry of Industry's love writing can gather many emotions of different natures into one article, and obtain the beauty of harmony.For example, the chapter "Northern Expedition" is generally regarded as a worrying work.However, the following paragraphs of "the blue clouds are happy, and the quiet things can be happy" are purely for appreciation of the beauty of nature. "Late at night through the battlefield, the cold moon shines on the bones" The following paragraphs pay tribute to the past. "Kuang I fell into the dust" and the following paragraphs are purely about the real life of the family, suddenly sad and suddenly happy. The following paragraph of "Supreme Shang Mengchen" positively lamented current events, while looking forward to the quick pacification of civil strife, and worrying about the danger of relying on Uighur external forces. "Recalling yesterday and the beginning of embarrassment" follows to the end of the article, bringing the facts of the past to my heart.It takes a lot of power to combine so many mixed emotions into one article, and to reconcile them just right. When the Ministry of Industry writes about love, it tends to become tighter and tighter, and deeper, like the article "Ai Wangsun", almost one sentence, try to use the current new symbols to read him, almost every sentence must use "." or "." ;"symbol.His emotions, like a pile of chaotic rocks, are suddenly in his chest, spit out intermittently, he can see order from chaos, and he is really capable of writing. The Ministry of Industry writes about love, and sometimes expresses it in one breath, such as the so-called "opening and closing" in the commentary of stereotyped writers.This kind is not known for its twists and turns, but it can also be extremely beautiful.Concentrating exemplary works, such as the second song of "Recalling the Past", from "Recalling the Heyday of Kaiyuan" to "Uncle and Grandson Rites and Music Xiao Helu", trying to trace the peaceful scene in the past, and praise it from the social moral point of view, which makes the meaning extraordinarily profound.From "Won't I hear that a piece of money is worth tens of thousands of dollars" to "The theory of chaos and separation at the beginning of rehabilitating fear", the current scene of chaos and separation is described after the passage, and the comparison of two pairs makes readers tremble with fear. The Ministry of Industry also has a special skill that can hardly be learned by others. He can use minimalist sentences, including infinite emotions, and write extremely profoundly.For example, the first two sentences of the third of the three poems "Xida Xingzai". If you die, you will pay for it, and when you return, you will feel sorry for yourself. In just ten words, it is so courageous to write out all the ups and downs of my life in ten months.Also, as quoted in the previous article "Shu Huai" Anti-fear news. In five words, it is really thrilling to write about the situation at home in the midst of chaos.Another example is in "Farewell to the Old": The situation is different under the city of Ye, and it is still wide when you die. Death has already been arranged, so I have to take a longer time limit as comfort.Also as quoted above: Zheng Gong was able to return home, but he was old and sick and didn't know his way. He clearly knows that he will never return, even if he makes a step back, it is already too much to look back on.In addition such as: Wearing armor all over the world, Hu Weijun travels far.Everything is the same, but what is my way? ("Miscellaneous Poems of Qinzhou") The country is broken by mountains and rivers, and the city is full of spring vegetation.There is no word for relatives and friends, old and sick have a lonely boat. ("Climbing Yueyang Tower") Throughout the ages, weep and cry, heartbroken and parting ways. ("Public Security Sends Wei Er Shao's Mansion") And so on, they all use very few words to express extremely complex and profound emotions. He uses it very skillfully, so he said: "The language is not amazing and endless." This is why it is a writer's literature. Sad and depressed emotions are easy to write, but joyful emotions are difficult to write.Among the ancient and modern writers, there is probably no second one except Du Ji's "Wen Guanjun Shouhe Henan and Hebei" that can write joyful emotions vividly. The poem said: Outside the sword, I suddenly heard that Jibei was harvested, and when I first heard it, my clothes were full of tears.But seeing what his wife is worried about, the scrolls of poems and books are ecstatic.Singing songs during the day requires drinking too much, and youth can return home with companions.That is to say, from Ba Gorge to Wu Gorge, it will go down to Xiangyang to Luoyang. The scene of dancing and dancing burst out from the heart. I said that he has the same style of writing as Gu Yuefu's "Gongwu Crossing the River".One is about the tragedy of sudden drastic changes, and this is about the joy of sudden drastic changes, both of which were taken with a fast-light lens. seven The Ministry of Industry has relatively few poems lingering on the scenery, but every time he writes, he must observe the scenery chanted in detail.He took the scene as a symbol and printed emotions from it.Such as: The coolness of bamboo invades the bed, and the wild moon fills the corner of the courtyard.The heavy dew becomes a trickle, and the few stars suddenly disappear.The fireflies fly in the dark and take photos, and the water birds call each other.Everything is at stake, and empty sorrow is clear at night. ("Tired Night") The title is "Tired Night". The scenery is written from the first night to the middle night and the last night. It is the scene seen when a person is alone, unable to sleep, tired and bored, the environment, sentences and psychological reactions.Another example: The wind is rushing, the sky is high, the ape screams and mourns, and the white bird flies back to clear the sand.The boundless falling trees are rustling, and the endless Yangtze River is rolling in. ... ("Climbing") Although it is just a scene, there is an old and sick person who climbs high in autumn alone.If you don't read the following two sentences, "Wanli's sad autumn is often a guest, and he is alone on the stage after a hundred years of illness", it is as if he has seen him.Another example: On the fine grass and the breeze on the shore, there is a lonely night boat on a dangerous mast.The stars are flat and wild, and the moon is surging and the river is flowing. ... ("Traveling Night Books") From the lonely environment, I can appreciate the taste of openness and freedom.The last two sentences say: "What does Piao Piao look like, the world is like a gull." Wake up with a little emotion. Therefore, most of the poems written by the Ministry of Industry use scenery as a tool for expression.Xiang Wang, Meng, Wei, and Liu's scene descriptions are also inseparable from love, but they are not as important as Du Zhiqing. Eight Poems are songs, laughing right?Or is it better to cry?In other words: Is the task of poetry to praise the beauty of nature?Are you complaining about the suffering of life?To put it another way: should we write poetry for the sake of writing poetry?Or should I write a poem about an item in the problem of life?There are strong reasons for each of these two propositions; we cannot and do not want to be extreme left and right.As I see it: purpose in life is not monotonous, and neither is beauty.To love beauty for the sake of beauty can also be said to be the purpose of life; because beauty is originally a part of the purpose of life.To tell the pain of life, to write about the darkness of life, can not but be said to be beautiful.Because the function of beauty is nothing more than to make oneself or others feel pleasure; the stimulation of pain is also one of the pleasures;Like Du Gongbu, who is so emotional, his works are naturally very stimulating, close to the way of crying for the purpose of life; those who advocate the artistic view of life must read him.But you also need to know: his crying is three-dimensional crying, full of true beauty; those who advocate the aesthetic view of art must read him.I am ashamed: my artistic accomplishment is shallow, and this speech cannot give full play to the value of the works of "Love Saint"; but I hope that the spirit of this Love Saint can last as long as our language; Part of it is injected into the minds of modern young writers.